Abstract This study utilized normal and defective epithelial cell cultures and epidermal skin samples to examine intra- and intercellular calcium signaling. The main interests of this thesis were Hailey-Hailey disease (HHD), Darier disease (DD), neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) and transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). HHD and DD diseases are rare autosomal dominant skin disorders characterized by dissociation of epidermal keratinocytes (acantholysis) at the suprabasal layer of the epidermis. HHD and DD diseases are caused by mutations in the genes encoding the calcium pumps in the Golgi apparatus (hSPCA1) and endoplasmic reticulum (SERCA2b), respectively. Due to these mutations calcium uptake into the Golgi apparatus or ER is diminished, which is believed to cause abnormal cell junction protein processing and dissociation of keratinocytes. This study utilized electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and demonstrated for the first time that lesional areas of HHD and DD and non-lesional areas of DD epidermis display abnormally low calcium content in the basal cell layer. Furthermore, ATP mediated calcium signaling was impaired in cultured HHD and DD keratinocytes and epidermal ATP receptor localization was disrupted. In conclusion, these results suggest that the low calcium content in the basal cell layer is the reason for suprabasal ruptures in HHD but not necessarily in DD lesions, and that abnormal ATP receptor localization contributes to the calcium signaling defects. NF1 deficient keratinocytes display abnormally low resting cytosolic calcium levels and it has been suggested that the calcium concentration in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum is decreased. This study demonstrated that NF1 keratinocytes rely mostly on ATP mediated calcium signaling while normal keratinocytes rely mostly on gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC). Studies with TCC cells have demonstrated that gap junctions participate in intercellular calcium wave propagation. This thesis demonstrated that the ATP mediated pathway was also operational in calcium wave propagation in normal uroepithelial and TCC cell cultures. Furthermore, impaired calcium wave propagation in the TCC cell culture could be improved through PKC α/βI –isoenzyme inhibition with Gö6976. Gö6976 treatment increased connexin 26 clustering at plasma membrane but did not alter expression level of the protein. This thesis contains a wide repertoire of calcium detection techniques including a new cutting-edge technology for elemental calcium detection of epidermal samples. These techniques can be used for molecular specific analysis of calcium signaling in epithelial cells.

La mucoviscidose est la maladie héréditaire autosomique récessive, rare, létale, la plus fréquente dans la population caucasienne. Cette maladie est causée par des mutations du gène CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator) codant la protéine CFTR. Cette protéine est principalement un canal chlorure (Cl-) AMPc-dépendant localisé dans la membrane apicale des cellules épithéliales. La mutation F508del entraîne un défaut de maturation de la protéine qui est retenue dans le réticulum endoplasmique avant d’être dégradée. Cependant, une faible quantité de protéines malformées échappe à ce système de contrôle et parvient à la membrane plasmique.Des travaux de notre équipe ont montré une augmentation des efflux ioniques dépendants du CFTR dans des lignées cellulaires épithéliales bronchiques (CFBE41o-), exprimant le CFTR sauvage ou le CFTR muté F508del, après un traitement par une hormone: la gonadolibérine (GnRH, Gonadotropin releasing hormone, 1h, 10-9M). Cette augmentation est vraisemblablement due à un nombre plus important de canaux CFTR à la membrane plasmique.L’objectif de cette thèse a été de tester un analogue de la GnRH comme modulateur de l’exportation membranaire et/ou de l’activité canal du CFTR muté, sur des cultures primaires de cellules épithéliales nasales humaines homozygotes pour la mutation F508del. Dans un premier temps, nous avons vérifié la présence du récepteur à la GnRH (R-GnRH) dans notre modèle cellulaire. Puis, nous avons étudié l’effet de l’analogue sur la fonction du CFTR par des techniques d’électrophysiologie. Nous avons observé une augmentation des efflux d’ions Cl- médiés par le canal CFTR après un traitement à l’analogue (2h, 10-12M). Enfin, une étude protéomique nous a permis d’identifier des protéines différentiellement exprimées après traitement. Certaines protéines mises en évidence pourraient appartenir à des voies de signalisation intracellulaires ayant un rôle dans la régulation de la protéine CFTR et être des cibles thérapeutiques.Par ailleurs, le canal CFTR est régulé par le Mg2+ intracellulaire ([Mg2+]i). Le canal TRPM7 est le principal régulateur du [Mg2+]i. La [Mg2+]i a été mesurée et l’expression de TRPM7 vérifiée dans des cellules Hela transfectées avec le CFTR sauvage (wt) ou mutés (G551D et F508del). Nous avons étudié la localisation, la fonction et la régulation de TRPM7 dans nos modèles cellulaires avant de rechercher un possible lien fonctionnel entre le CFTR et TRPM7. Dans les modèles CF, l’expression, la fonction et la localisation du canal TRPM7 sont altérées. Il existerait un lien fonctionnel entre TRPM7 et le CFTR par l’intermédiaire de la diminution du [Mg2+]i impliquant TRPM7 dans la physiopathologie de la mucoviscidose. / Cystic fibrosis is the most common lethal autosomal recessive disease in the Caucasian population. This disease is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator) protein. This protein is a cAMP-regulated chloride channel expressed at the apical membrane of epithelial cells. The F508del mutation causes a defect in CFTR protein folding preventing its maturation. Some misfolded proteins escape the control system and reach the plasma membrane.We previously showed a rise of CFTR-dependent ion efflux in wt- and F508del-CFTR human bronchial epithelial expressing cells (CFBE41o-) after incubation with GnRH (Gonadotropin releasing hormone; 1h, 10-9M). This increase was probably due to an increased cell surface expression of CFTR.The aim of the present study was to test a GnRH analog as a modulator of CFTR delivery to the plasma membrane and/or activity of CFTR on primary culture of human nasal epithelial cells (F508del/F508del).We checked the GnRH receptor expression in our model. Then, we studied the GnRH effect on CFTR’s function by electrophysiology. We found a significant increase of CFTR dependent chloride efflux in cells pretreated with analogue (2h, 10-12M). Proteomic study enabled us to identify differentially expressed proteins after treatment. Some highlighted proteins could be part of signalling pathways regulating CFTR and could be therapeutic targets.Moreover, CFTR is regulated by intracellular Mg2+ ([Mg2+]i). TRPM7 (Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 7) is the main channel regulating [Mg2+]i. [Mg2+]i and TRPM7 expression were measured in Hela cells stably expressing wildtype and two CFTR mutants (F508del-CFTR and G551D-CFTR). We studied TRPM7 expression, function and regulation in our cell models before examining a functional link between TRPM7 and CFTR. In CF models, TRPM7 expression, localization and function are altered. There should be a functional link between TRPM7 and CFTR through the decreased [Mg2+]i involving TRPM7 in cystic fibrosis physiopathology.

La transmission sexuelle du VIH-1 constitue le mode majeur de contamination à travers le monde. Au cours d’un rapport sexuel avec un homme séropositif vis-à-vis du VIH-1, le virus transporté par le sperme est déposé à la surface des muqueuses sous forme libre et/ou associée aux cellules mononuclées du sperme. Les particules virales peuvent alors être captées par les cellules dendritiques qui les transportent jusqu’aux lymphocytes T CD4 des ganglions lymphatiques favorisant ainsi la dissémination du virus. Plus qu’un simple véhicule, il semblerait que le plasma séminal, fraction acellulaire du sperme, puisse influencer la transmission sexuelle du VIH-1. Cependant, son rôle en tant que facilitateur ou inhibiteur de l’infection est largement débattu. La première partie de cette thèse s’intéresse à l’influence directe du plasma séminal sur la transmission sexuelle du VIH-1 via les cellules dendritiques. Nous avons montré que le TGF-β1, une des cytokines majoritaires du sperme, favorise la capture du virus par les cellules dendritiques via l’induction de l’expression de CD169, un récepteur du VIH-1 récemment décrit. Cependant, ni l’augmentation de la capture du virus ni celle de l’expression de CD169 ne sont observées lorsque les cellules sont en présence de plasma séminal. Au contraire, le fluide semble avoir tendance à diminuer la capture des particules virales et s’avère même être capable de diminuer l’induction de l’expression de CD169 par le TGF-β1 ou le LPS, suggérant un effet protecteur du plasma séminal sur la transmission sexuelle du VIH-1, même en cas de co-infection bactérienne localisée. La seconde partie de cette thèse s’intéresse à l’effet indirect du plasma séminal sur les cellules dendritiques via l’induction de la sécrétion de facteurs par les cellules épithéliales de la muqueuse, premières cellules en contact avec le fluide. A partir de deux modèles in vitro d’épithéliums simples (colorectaux et endocervicaux), les résultats obtenus montrent que les sécrétions des cellules épithéliales induites par le plasma séminal ne provoquent pas l’expression de CD169 ni la maturation des cellules dendritiques. Ces résultats contribuent à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes précoces impliqués dans la transmission sexuelle du VIH-1 et soulignent le rôle complexe du plasma séminal dans cette dernière / Sexual transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) remains the major way of contamination worldwide. During male to female or male transmission, the virus is deposited on the mucosal surface as cell-free or cell-associated virions carried by semen. The virions can be captured by dendritic cells (DCs) located in the mucosae. DCs play a crucial role in disseminating virus by capturing virions at the contact site and bringing them to the principal target cells in the lymph nodes i.e. the lymphocytes. More than just a carrier for viral particles, semen may also play a role in modulating HIV-1 sexual transmission. The influence of seminal plasma, the acellular fraction of semen is particularly debated. In the first part of this thesis deals with the direct influence of seminal plasma on the HIV-1 sexual transmission mediated by dendritic cells. We demonstrated that TGF-β1, a cytokine present in high concentration in seminal plasma, increases HIV-1 capture by dendritic cells through the upregulation of CD169, an HIV-1 binding molecule recently described. However, these effects are not observed when dendritic cells are incubated with seminal plasma. On the contrary, seminal plasma tends toward a decrease of HIV-1 capture by dendritic cells. Furthermore, seminal plasma is able to counteract the CD169 upregulation observed following TGF-β1 or LPS exposure indicating that seminal plasma may display a protective effect against HIV-1 transmission in the case of bacterial local coinfection. The second part of this thesis deals with the indirect effect of seminal plasma on dendritic cells through the induction of soluble factors secretion by epithelial cells, first cells in contact with the contaminated fluid. Two different epithelial cell models mimicking the female genital and intestinal tracts by using well characterized epithelial cell lines (HEC-1A and CaCo-2 respectively) have been developed. Results demonstrated that the epithelial cells secretions induced by seminal plasma do not modulate CD169 expression nor induce dendritic cells maturation. All these data contribute to a better understanding of the various mechanisms allowing HIV-1 sexual transmission and underscore the complex role of the seminal plasma in the particular case of the transmission mediated by dendritic cells

Rapidly growing tumor cells outgrow their blood supply resulting in a microenvironment with reduced oxygen and nutrients. Using an in vitro transformation model we found that cancer cells expressing the SV40 ST antigen (+ST cells) are more resistant to glucose deprivation-induced cell death than cells lacking the SV40 ST antigen (−ST cells). Mechanistically, we found that the ST antigen mediates this effect by activating a nutrient-sensing kinase, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). We further show that AMPK mediates its effects, at least in part, by inhibiting mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin), thereby shutting down protein translation, and by inducing autophagy as an alternate energy source. Resistance to anoikis upon anchorage-deprivation is yet another form of stress tolerated by both normal stem/progenitor cells of various tissues in our body and by cancer cells. Using mammospheres as a model to enrich for stem/progenitor cells we found that mammosphere formation is accompanied with increased activation of AMPK. Concomitant with AMPK activation, we detected increased phosphorylation of the anti-apoptotic protein PED/PEA15. We further demonstrate that AMPK directly interacts with and phosphorylates PEA15 at Ser116, thus establishing PEA15 as a new AMPK target. Thus, our study has identified AMPK-PEA15 signaling as a key component of sphere formation by both normal and cancerous breast tissues. During metastasis, epithelial cells lose attachments to their neighbors, acquire a mesenchymal-like morphology, a process termed as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and become motile. Our results indicate that AMPK regulates EMT by both transcriptional and post-translational modification of EMT-inducing transcription factor, Twist. Thus, our study has identified a role for AMPK in nutrient deprivation, anchorage-independent growth, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition involved in metastasis. In addition, we have identified two novel substrates of AMPK, PEA15 and Twist, that may play key roles in cancer progression. Thus, our study suggests that targeting AMPK, or its newly identified substrates, can be explored as possible anti-cancer mechanisms.

O câncer de pâncreas é considerado um dos adenocarcinomas mais agressivos, ocupando o quarto lugar de mortes devidas a câncer, isto é dado principalmente a seu desenvolvimento silencioso e a sua complexidade genética, tornando-o de difícil detecção. Consequentemente, o diagnóstico desta doença ocorre apenas em fase tardia, quando o tratamento é apenas para fins paliativos. As anomalias genéticas mais frequentes no câncer de pâncreas invasivo estão relacionadas à ativação por mutações do gene KRAS e à inativação dos genes supressores de tumor CDKN2A, TP53, SMAD4 e BRCA2. Além destas conhecidas vias de sinalização, fatores de crescimento como o TGF-? e EGF também apresentam papel fundamental na progressão e metástase do câncer de pâncreas. Interessantemente, TGF-? e EGF são também indutores do processo denominado transição epitelial-mesenquimal (EMT), onde células epiteliais normais, durante a embriogênese, ou células cancerosas durante a progressão tumoral e metástase, perdem seus contatos intracelulares e adquirem caráter migratório. Desta forma a EMT, induzida por altos níveis de TGF-? e/ou EGF, é considerada como um dos mecanismos de progressão tumoral em adenocarcinomas. No presente estudo, foram estudados os proteomas e o fosfoproteoma da EMT do PanCa. Assim, células de câncer de pâncreas PANC- 1 foram induzidas à EMT em cultura com os fatores de crescimento TGF-?1 ou TGF-?2 e EGF, e após a indução, marcadores moleculares e propriedades funcionais de migração e invasão foram confirmados. Duas condições de indução da EMT foram estabelecidas, para as quais foram desenvolvidas as análises proteômicas quantitativas. A abordagem foi baseada em marcação isotópica de células em cultura (SILAC), em conjunto com fracionamento celular e de proteínas intactas, e cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas para identificação de proteínas em larga escala. No total, aproximadamente 5.000 proteínas foram identificadas, e a maioria delas quantificadas com precisão nas duplicatas experimentais. Foram selecionadas 37 proteínas com expressão diferencial estatisticamente significativa nos experimentos proteômicos, as quais participam principalmente em processos de biogênese, adesão e apoptóticos. A análise de redes de interação revelou que as proteínas alteradas estavam principalmente localizadas em vias de sinalização que controlam processos de organização da matriz extracelular, splicing alternativo e regulação da apoptose. A análise do fosfoproteoma foi feita usando TGF-?1 como agente indutor da EMT nas células PANC-1, usando a estratégia ERLIC para o enriquecimento de fosfopeptídeos. No total, foram identificados 5.965 fosfopeptídeos não redundantes, correspondendo a um total de 2.250 fosfoproteínas analisadas, sendo quantificadas 2.053 ao menos em duas replicatas, e destas foram identificados 61 fosfopeptídeos regulados pertencentes a 55 fosfoproteínas, relacionados com processos de regulação do mRNA e vias de sinalização ligadas à adesão celular. Em conclusão, nosso estudo elucida potenciais novos alvos para inibição da EMT, controle da metástase, ou para auxiliar no diagnóstico da doença, quando devidamente validada. / Pancreatic cancer kills more than 200 thousand people worldwide every year. Also, pancreatic cancer is considered one of the most aggressive adenocarcinomas and difficult to diagnose since it develops silently and presents a high genetic complexity. Consequently, the diagnostic is often late, when the pancreatic cancer has already metastasized and the treatment has only palliative purposes. The most frequent genetic alterations observed in pancreatic cancer are related to mutations in KRAS oncogene and CDKN2A, TP53, SMAD4 and BRCA2 tumor suppressor genes. In addition to these known frequent mutations, growth factors such as TGB- ? and EGF play important roles in pancreatic cancer progression and metastasis. Interestingly, TGB- ? and EGF are also inducers of the Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT), in which epithelial cells lose their intracellular contacts and acquire migratory capacities. Therefore, EMT is considered one of the mechanisms responsible for tumor progression and metastasis in adenocarcinomas in addition of being correlated to the process of generating cancer stem cells. In our present study, pancreatic cancer cell line PANC-1 was induced to EMT by using growth factors TGF-?1 or TGF-?2 and EGF. Both molecular and functional properties, such as invasion and migration, were evaluated in PANC-1 cells undergoing EMT and confirm the induction. Two conditions of EMT induction were properly established and in-depth quantitative proteomic analysis based on stable isotope labeling in cell culture (SILAC) followed by cellular and protein fractionation were assessed. In total, 5.000 proteins were identified and most of them were accurately quantified in duplicate experiments. Thirty-seven proteins were selected as differentially expressed with statistical significance, and were related mainly with biogenesis, adhesion and apoptosis processes. Interaction network analysis showed that regulated proteins were predominantly participating in signaling pathways linked to extracellular matrix organization, alternative splicing and apoptosis regulation. Phosphoproteome analysis was done using TGF-?1 as EMT-inductor agent on PANC-1 cells and ERLIC strategy for phosphopeptides enrichment. In total, were identified 5.965 non-redundant phosphopeptides corresponding to approximately 2.250 analyzed phosphoproteins, thereof 2.053 were quantified in at least two replicates. At comparison, were identified 61 regulated phosphopeptides belonging to 55 phosphoproteins, which were related with mRNA regulation processes and signialing pathways linked to cellular adhesion. In conclusion, our study highlighted potential new targets for EMT inhibition, metastasis control or to help in pancreatic cancer diagnosis, when careful validated.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2015-07-27T14:08:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Vera Lucia Silva Rigoni.pdf: 1348554 bytes, checksum: 28c01d5b4e69fddd38792d76d20fcf02 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-27T14:08:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vera Lucia Silva Rigoni.pdf: 1348554 bytes, checksum: 28c01d5b4e69fddd38792d76d20fcf02 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-13 / The scorpionism is considered a public health worldwide, with Tityus serrulatus the main cause of accidents in Brazil. Symptoms of envenomation by Tityus serrulatus ranging from local pain to severe systemic reactions such as cardiac dysfunction and pulmonary edema, which is the leading cause of death. The amount of venom injected the age, physical and genetic factors of the victims are related to the severity of the symptoms presented by patients. Endothelial cells under physiological conditions play a protective role in the cardiovascular system. In the case of dysfunction or injury of that tissue occurs repercussion in the vascular structure, surrounding tissue, and finally on the cardiovascular system. In bronchial epithelial cells after injury, occurs repair mechanism mediated by cytokines and growth factors also occur increase in cell proliferation and differentiation after epithelial damage. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the modulating effect of Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom on endothelial cells and bronchial epithelial cells analyzing the viability of these cells and the mechanism by which inflammation occurs. Therefore, the cells in this study are cultured and incubated in culture plates with Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom in different concentrations and periods of time. The inflammatory mechanism was assessed through the measurement of cytokines in the supernatant of these cells. The results showed that Tityus serrulatus venom changed the viability of monolayers of endothelial cells (tEnd), and bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS), and this effect was more marked in bronchial epithelial cells. The results also demonstrate that the venom induces the release of cytokines IL-1, IL-6 and IL-8. iii This study extend the knowledge of the actions of the venom of the scorpion Tityus serrulatus on bronchial epithelial and endothelial cells thus demonstrating changes in pulmonary physiology that may contribute to a better treatment strategy of scorpion envenomation. / O escorpionismo é considerado um problema mundial de saúde pública, sendo a espécie Tityus serrulatus a principal causadora de acidentes graves no Brasil. Os sintomas do envenenamento pelo escorpião Tityus serrulatus vão desde dor local até reações sistêmicas severas, como disfunção cardíaca e edema pulmonar agudo, sendo este a principal causa de morte. A quantidade de veneno inoculado, idade, condições físicas e fatores genéticos das vítimas relacionam-se com a gravidade dos sintomas apresentados pelos pacientes. As células endoteliais, em condições fisiológicas, desempenham papel protetor do sistema cardiovascular. Em caso de disfunção ou lesão desse tecido há repercussão sobre a estrutura vascular, tecido adjacente e, por fim sobre o sistema cardiovascular. Já, nas células epiteliais brônquicas após injúria, ocorre mecanismo de reparo mediado por citocinas e fatores de crescimento, ocorrendo também proliferação e diferenciação celular após o dano epitelial. Assim, o presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito modulador do veneno do escorpião Tityus serrulatus em células endoteliais e células epiteliais brônquicas, analisando a viabilidade destas células e o mecanismo de inflamação pela qual são acometidas. Para tanto, as células em estudo foram cultivadas e incubadas em placas de cultura com o veneno do escorpião Tityus serrulatus, em diferentes concentrações e em diferentes períodos de tempo. O mecanismo inflamatório foi avaliado através da dosagem de citocinas no sobrenadante destas células. Os resultados demonstraram que o veneno de Tityus serrulatus alterou a viabilidade de i monocamadas das células epiteliais brônquicas e células endoteliais, sendo que esse efeito foi mais evidente nas células epiteliais brônquicas. Ainda, os resultados demonstraram que o veneno induz a liberação das citocinas IL-1, IL-6 e IL-8. Estes estudos ampliam o conhecimento das ações do veneno do escorpião Tityus serrulatus nas células endoteliais (tEnd) e epiteliais brônquicas (BEAS), comprovando assim alterações na fisiologia pulmonar que poderão contribuir para uma melhor estratégia de tratamento do envenenamento escorpiônico.

La Broncho-Pneumopathie Chronique Obstructive (BPCO) est une maladie pulmonaire inflammatoire consécutive à l'exposition chronique à la pollution atmosphérique et surtout au tabagisme dans environ 90% des cas. Cette maladie se caractérise par une obstruction des bronches due à une hypersécrétion de mucus, une hypertrophie des muscles lisses, ainsi qu’une destruction de la paroi des alvéoles respiratoires amenant le patient à l’emphysème. Le stress induit par la fumée de cigarette provoque une activation de la barrière épithéliale pulmonaire associée à une altération de la réponse immunitaire responsable d’une susceptibilité accrue aux infections pulmonaires. De ce fait, les patients atteints de cette maladie développent des exacerbations principalement liées à ces infections bactériennes en particulier à Non-Typable Haemophilus influenza (NTHi) et Streptoccocus pneumoniae (Sp).La cytokine IL-22 est un acteur très important des défenses antibactériennes et du maintien de la barrière épithéliale. Cette cytokine appartient à la grande famille de l’IL-10, et à la sous-famille des cytokines IL-20 composée de l’IL-19, l’IL-20 et l’IL-24. L’IL-22 se lie au récepteur formé par les sous-unités IL-10Rb et IL-22Ra, tandis que les cytokines IL-19, IL-20 et IL-24 utilisent deux récepteurs associant l’IL-20Rb avec l’IL-20Ra ou l’IL-22Ra. Il a été démontré que les cytokines de la famille IL-20 (IL-19, IL-20, IL-24) agissent sur la clairance bactérienne au cours d’une infection cutanée par Staphylococcus aureus (Myles et al., 2013), en inhibant la production des cytokines IL-17 et IL-22. De plus, des précédents travaux au laboratoire, ont montré un défaut de l’expression des cytokines IL-17 et IL-22 qui participaient à la susceptibilité à l’infection chez les souris atteintes de BPCO (Pichavant et al., 2015). Enfin, nos données actuelles montrent que l'exposition à la fumée de cigarette augmente l'expression des cytokines de la famille IL-20 et que l'inhibition de cette voie permet de bloquer le développement d'épisodes d'exacerbation chez des souris BPCO.L'objectif de cette thèse est de préciser le rôle des cytokines IL-20 dans la réponse à l'infection bactérienne (Sp, NTHi) tant dans un contexte physiologique qu'au cours d’un contexte mimant la BPCO. Pour cela, nous nous focaliserons sur le rôle de l’épithélium pulmonaire tant dans la production que dans la fonction de ces cytokines en contexte infectieux.Pour répondre à ces questions, nous avons analysé l’expression des cytokines IL-20 par l’épithélium pulmonaire in vitro et ex vivo dans un modèle murin mimant l’exacerbation de la BPCO ainsi que dans des biopsies pulmonaires de patients fumeurs atteints ou non de BPCO. Dans un second temps nous avons évalué la modulation par un anticorps bloquant le récepteur des cytokines IL-20 (anti-IL-20Rb) au cours de la réponse anti-infectieuse de l'épithélium dans nos modèles in vivo (souris infectées par Sp) et in vitro (cellules épithéliales de trachées murines). Nous avons en parallèle évalué l'implication des cytokines IL-20 dans la réparation épithéliale.L’ensemble des résultats acquis au cours de la thèse nous a permis de démontrer l'implication des cytokines IL-20 et de préciser leur rôle sur l’épithélium pulmonaire au cours de l'infection bactérienne ainsi que dans la pathologie de la BPCO. De plus, les résultats obtenus avec l’anticorps neutralisant anti-IL-20Rb dans ces contextes d’infections et de BPCO, font de celui-ci une potentielle piste thérapeutique pour le traitement des lésions dues à l’infection. / Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is an inflammatory lung disease due to chronic exposure to air pollution and especially to cigarette smoke exposure in approximately 90% of the cases. This disease is characterized by obstruction of the bronchi due to hypersecretion of mucus, hypertrophy of the smooth muscles, and destruction of the alveolar wall leading the patient to emphysema. The stress induced by cigarette smoke exposure causes activation of resident cells including pulmonary epithelial cells and an alteration of the immune system responsible for an increased susceptibility to pulmonary infections. As a result, patients with this disease develop exacerbations especially du to Non-Typable Haemophilus influenza (NTHi) and Streptoccocus pneumoniae (Sp).The IL-22 cytokine plays a key role in antibacterial defenses and maintenance of the epithelial barrier. This cytokine belongs to the large IL-10 family, and to the IL-20 cytokine subfamily also including IL-19, IL-20 and IL-24. IL-22 binds to the receptor formed by the IL-10Rb and IL-22Ra subunits, while the IL-19, IL-20 and IL-24 cytokines binds to IL-20Rb associated with either IL-20Ra or IL-22Ra subunits. IL-20 cytokines (IL-19, IL-20, IL-24) have been shown to impair bacterial clearance during cutaneous infection with Staphylococcus aureus (Myles et al., 2013), by inhibiting the production of IL-17 and IL-22 cytokines. In addition, previous work in the laboratory showed a defect in the expression of IL-17 and IL-22 cytokines contributing to the susceptibility to infection in COPD mice (Pichavant et al., 2015). In fact, our current data show that exposure to cigarette smoke increases cytokine expression of the IL-20 family and that inhibition of this pathway blocks the development of exacerbation episodes in COPD mice.The aim of this thesis is to clarify the role of IL-20 cytokines in the response to bacterial infections (Sp, NTHi) both in a physiological context and in a context mimicking COPD. To do so, we will focus on the role of pulmonary epithelium both in the production and function of these cytokines in infectious context.To answer these questions, we analyzed the expression of IL-20 cytokines by pulmonary epithelium in vitro and ex vivo in a mouse model mimicking the COPD exacerbation as well as in pulmonary biopsies of smokers and non-smokers patients and of COPD patients. In a second step we evaluated the modulation by an IL-20 receptor blocking antibody (anti-IL-20Rb) of the anti-infectious response in our in vitro (murine tracheal epithelial cells) and in vivo models (Sp-infected mice). In parallel, we evaluated the involvement of IL-20 cytokines in the epithelial repair.All the results acquired during the thesis allowed us to demonstrate the expression of IL-20 cytokines and to demonstrate their role on the pulmonary epithelium during bacterial infection as well as in COPD. In addition, the results obtained with the anti-IL-20Rb neutralizing antibody in these contexts of infections and COPD, suggests a potential therapeutic application for respiratory infection.

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Ziel dieser Studie war die Etablierung einer Kokultur aus equinen endometrialen Epithel- und Stromazellen. Nach der erfolgreichen Umsetzung des Kokulturmodells sollte im weiteren Versuchsablauf durch die Zugabe von 17β-Östradiol (E2) und/oder Progesteron (P4) zum Nährmedium der Einfluss der Hormone auf die Zellen untersucht werden. Neben einer lichtmikroskopischen Auswertung der zytomorphologischen Charakteristika beider Zellarten sollte die Expression der Steroidhormonrezeptoren Östrogenrezeptor α und Progesteronre-zeptor sowie der uterinen Proteine Uteroglobin und CalbindinD9k immunzytologisch überprüft werden. Für die Etablierung der Kokultur wurden Endometriumproben von lebenden (n = 5) sowie frischtoten (n = 4) Stuten gewonnen. Eine jeweils parallel entnommene Gewebeprobe von jedem Tier wurde in Formalin fixiert und diente als Referenzmaterial (in situ). Auf die Zelliso-lierung (mechanisch und enzymatisch) folgte die Separation von Epithel- und Stromazellen (EZ/SZ) mittels Filtration, Dichtegradientenzentrifugation und Differenzialadhärenz. An-schließend wurden die EZ auf die Außenseite von Millicell®-Membraneinsätzen aufgebracht. Nach zwei Tagen erfolgte das Einsäen der bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt separat kultivierten SZ auf die Innenseite der Membranen. Als Nährmedium diente ein Gemisch aus DMEM und Ham’s F-12, wobei diesem 2,5 % fötales Kälberserum sowie verschiedene Additive zugesetzt wurden. Ab Kulturtag 4 wurden dem Medium definierte Konzentrationen und Kombinationen von E2 und P4 zugesetzt. Die Kultivierung erfolgte bei einem CO2-Partialdruck von 5 % in 37 °C warmer wasserdampfgesättigter Raumluft. Mit der polarisationsmikroskopisch er-fassbaren Ausbildung durchgehender Zellrasen („scheinbare Konfluenz“) wurden die Kokul-turen in Formalin fixiert und für die Lichtmikroskopie aufgearbeitet. Das Ausgangsgewebe zeigte mehrheitlich eine sekretorische Funktionsmorphologie (n = 6). Einzelne Endometrien befanden sich in einem Übergangsstadium von der Sekretions- zur Proliferationsphase (n = 1), bzw. vice versa (n = 1) oder wiesen eine irregulär proliferative Differenzierung (n = 1) auf. Im Rahmen der Kokultivierung bildeten die EZ innerhalb der Schnittebene vier und die SZ drei verschiedene morphologische Zelltypen aus. Dabei traten rundovale bis polygonale EZ (Typ 1) selten bis gelegentlich, spindelförmige EZ (Typ 2) gelegentlich bis häufig und iso-prismatische (Typ 3) sowie mehrschichtig wachsende EZ (Typ M) jeweils selten auf. Die SZ zeigten innerhalb der Schnittebene selten eine rundovale bis polygonale Zellform (Typ 1), sehr häufig eine spindelförmige Morphologie (Typ 2) und selten ein mehrschichtiges Wachstum (Typ M). Ein Zusammenhang zwischen der endometrialen Funktionsmorphologie zum Zeitpunkt der Zellisolierung oder dem Hormonzusatz und der Häufigkeitsverteilung der Zell-typen sowie der Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit der kultivierten Zellen war nicht offensichtlich. Zytokeratin 19 wurde stets von EZ exprimiert, während es auf Seiten der SZ nur sporadisch in maximal 5 % der Zellen im Bereich mehrschichtig wachsender Zellrasen auftrat. Die Stero-idhormonrezeptoren konnten lediglich in einzelnen Kokulturen aus sekretorisch differenzier-tem Ausgangsgewebe detektiert werden. Uteroglobin wurde in vitro mit einer variablen Häufigkeit in den EZ-Typen exprimiert. Während ein übergreifender Zusammenhang zur hormonellen Supplementierung nicht abgeleitet werden konnte, wurde jedoch ersichtlich, dass im Bereich einschichtig wachsender EZ in Ansätzen aus sekretorisch differenzierten Endometrien unter niedrigen Hormondosen (Zusatz von entweder nur E2 oder nur P4) im Median häufiger Uteroglobin exprimiert wurde. Mit zunehmender Hormonkonzentration im Medium nahm der Anteil immunopositiver Zellen (Typen 1, 2 und 3) deutlich ab. Innerhalb der Stromazellpopulation wurde Uteroglobin selten und ausschließlich in Zellen aus sekretorisch differenziertem Ausgangsmaterial nachgewiesen. CalbindinD9k wurde in vitro vornehmlich intrazytoplasmatisch und sehr vereinzelt intranukleär exprimiert. Insgesamt konnte das Protein in vitro stets in wenigen Typ-1-EZ, sehr selten in Typ-2-EZ und in einer geringen bis mäßigen Anzahl von Typ-3- und Typ-M-EZ beobachtet werden. Innerhalb der Stromazellpo-pulation trat CalbindinD9k ausschließlich in einer geringen (Endometrien aus dem Östrus) bis mäßigen (Endometrien aus dem Interöstrus) Anzahl der Typ-2- und wenigen Typ-M-SZ auf. Insgesamt wurden keine deutlichen Einflüsse der endometrialen Funktionsmorphologie zum Zeitpunkt der Zellisolierung und/oder der hormonellen Supplementierung in vitro auf die im-munzytologischen Charakteristika der kokultivierten Zellen ersichtlich. Abschließend betrachtet, konnte ein Kokultursystem equiner endometrialer Epithel- und Stromazellen erfolgreich etabliert und charakterisiert werden. Es bietet dabei, trotz der z. T. fehlenden Kongruenz zu den Gegebenheiten in situ, Ansätze für potenzielle Folgearbeiten, insbesondere hinsichtlich der Erfassung interzellulärer Wechselwirkungen sowie bezüglich der Vermittlung und Wirkung hormoneller Einflüsse auf zellulärer Ebene. / The aim of the present study was the establishment of a coculture system of equine endome-trial epithelial and stromal cells. Subsequent to the successful development of the coculture model the culture medium should be supplemented with 17β-estradiol (E2) and/or progester-one (P4) in order to study the influence of the hormones on the cellular level. In addition to the examination of cytomorphological characteristics of both cell types via light microscopy, the expression of the steroid hormone receptors (estrogen receptor α and progesterone receptor) as well as of the uterine proteins Uteroglobin and CalbindinD9k was investigated. For the establishment of the coculture system endometrial samples were obtained from living (n = 5) as well as freshly deceased mares (n = 4). A simultaneously taken tissue specimen of each animal was fixed in formalin and served as in situ reference material. After an initial mechanical and enzymatical isolation the epithelial and stromal cells (EC/SC) were separat-ed via filtration, density gradient centrifugation and differential adhesion. Subsequently, the EC were applied to the outer surface of Millicell® inserts. The SC were cultivated separately for 2 days before they were seeded onto the inner surface of the same insert. The culture medium used was comprised of a DMEM and Ham‘s F-12 basis as well as 2.5 % foetal calf serum and different additives. Starting on day 4 of cultivation the standardised medium was supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of E2 and P4. Throughout the study the cultures were kept in a humidified atmosphere of 37°C and a 5 % partial pressure of carbon dioxide. Once the cocultures formed continuous cell layers, as determined via a polarisation microscope (“apparent confluency”), the membranes were fixed in formalin and routinely processed for light microscopical evaluation. The initial tissue samples predominantly showed a secretory functional morphology (n = 6), while single specimens were obtained during the transition from the secretory to the prolifera-tive phase (n = 1) or vice versa (n = 1). One endometrial sample exhibited an irregular proli-ferative differentiation. In the course of cocultivation the EC formed 4 and the SC 3 different cellular morphologies within the section plane. EC with a round-oval to polygonal cell form (type 1) were rarely to occasionally encountered, while spindle-shaped EC (type 2) were occasionally to frequently seen and EC with a cuboidal morphology (type 3) as well as such cells growing in stratified layers (type M) were only infrequently detected. The SC only rarely showed a round-oval to polygonal cell form (type 1) or areas of a stratified cell growth (type M), whereas spindle-shaped SC (type 2) were observed very often. A correlation of the endometrial functional morphology at the time of cell isolation or the hormonal supplementation and the frequency distribution of the cell types as well as the growth rate of the cultivated cells was not evident. The EC always expressed Cytokeratin 19, while on the side of the SC only up to 5 % of the cells in areas of stratified cell growth exhibited this filament. Solely in individual cocultures from secretory differentiated endometrial tissue the steroid hormone receptors could be de-tected. Uteroglobin was expressed in vitro in EC with a variable frequency. An overall corre-lation of the hormonal supplementation and the Uteroglobin expression could not be derived. However, under low hormone doses (only E2 or only P4 supplement) Uteroglobin was detect-ed in EC in areas of single-layered cell growth more often (median value). With an increase in hormone concentration the amount of immunopositive cells (types 1, 2 and 3) diminished noticeably. In SC the protein could only rarely be seen and exclusively in cells from endome-tria with a secretory functional morphology. In vitro CalbindinD9k was predominantly detected intracytoplasmatically, while single cells showed an additional intranuclear expression. Alto-gether, CalbindinD9k could always be observed in a few type-1-EC, rarely in type-2-EC and with a variable frequency in small to moderate numbers of type-3- and type-M-EC. In SC the protein was exclusively expressed in a small (endometrial samples form the oestrous phase) to moderate (endometrial tissue from the interoestrous phase) number of type-2-SC and a few type-M-SC. Generally, no distinct influence of the endometrial functional morphology at the time of tissue sampling and/or of the hormonal supplementation in vitro on the immuno-cytochemical characteristics of the cocultured cells could be observed. In summary, a coculture system of primary equine endometrial epithelial and stromal cells was successfully established and characterised. Despite of the partly absent congruence to the in situ conditions/prerequisites, the present study offers a basic approach and scaffold for further investigations, particularly regarding the ascertainment of intercellular dependencies or the mediation and effectiveness of hormonal influences on the cellular level.

Compartmentalization of cell membranes, in particular of the apical membrane of columnar epithelia, is the topic of this thesis. The first part characterizes the apical membrane and its specialized organization and morphology, whereas the second part focuses on the formation of this unique plasma membrane domain during epithelial polarization. The apical membrane of columnar epithelia is enriched in glycosphingolipids, a class of lipids that are known to interact with cholesterol to form liquid ordered domains, also termed "rafts", in cell membranes. Imaging the apical surface of untreated and raft lipid depleted MDCK cells with atomic force microscopy revealed that raft lipids are involved in the formation and/or maintenance of microvilli, actin based protrusions of the apical plasma membrane, indicating a regulatory link between membrane domains and the cytoskeleton. Furthermore, antibody patching and photobleaching experiments performed during the work of this thesis suggest that the organization into raft and non-raft domains is very different in the apical membrane of MDCK cells compared to the plasma membrane of a fibroblast. In fact, the data support the hypothesis that the apical membrane could be a percolating raft membrane in which rafts constitute the major phase and non-raft domains exist as isolated entities. The second part of this thesis analyses the segregation of apical and basolateral membrane domains during epithelial polarization. This segregation can either be achieved by generating scaffolded domains prior to junction formation or by polarized secretory and endocytic membrane traffic after the establishment of cell junctions. While most apical and basolateral marker proteins in MDCK cells follow the latter mechanism, this thesis reports that the apical marker gp135 is confined to the dorsal face already in single attached cells. The unknown antigen was purified and identified as podocalyxin. Analysis of a series of domain mutants revealed that the C-terminal PDZ-binding motif of podocalyxin is mainly responsible for its special localization, which it shares with the PDZ protein NHERF-2. Knocking down podocalyxin by RNA interference resulted in retardation of cell growth and epithelial polarization. Taken together, the data suggest that podocalyxin and NHERF-2 could be part of an early apical polarity scaffolding system based on PDZ-binding and PDZ-containing proteins.