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The aim of this study was to determine employees' perceptions of the fairness of employment equity practices. It was conducted in an organisation in the Health Services industry, using a Diversity Questionnaire. The sample size was 520 and 245 responses were received, constituting a 47% response rate. Employees' responses were measured along 10 dimensions of employment equity. The unit of analysis was the group according to gender, race, age and job level. Independent t-tests and analysis of variance techniques were used to determine any statistically significant differences in perceptions between groups. Statistically significant differences were found between race groups and job levels. Gender and age did not significantly affect employees' responses. The research concluded that compliance with organisational justice requirements is as important as compliance with legislative requirements. Ultimately, every organisation should adapt its employment equity strategy according to its specific demographic and environmental context. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M. Admin.

Workplace discrimination for individuals with visual impairments in the U.S. is an ongoing issue dating before the founding of the EEOC and the enactment of the ADA. Despite laws enacted to protect against unequal treatment in the workplace, the EEOC continues to receive submissions of formal discrimination charges from individuals with visual impairments. The workplace is experiencing changes with increasing amounts of older adults, women, minorities, and the use of technology and the Internet. By examining characteristics of the discrimination charges and the resulting outcomes, the knowledge gained can describe the current situation and the historical progression of workplace discrimination for individuals with visual impairments. The purpose of this cross-sectional study is to understand through descriptive, non-parametric, and logistical regression analyses of secondary data, meaningful associations regarding workplace discrimination and Americans with visual impairments. Study results showed that charging party characteristics of age, gender, and race were found to be predictive of types of discrimination charges and resolutions outcomes. Respondent characteristics of employer region of location, size, and industry were also found to be predictive of types of discrimination charges and resolution outcomes. Differences were revealed between discrimination charges before and after the enactment of the ADAAA, yet not between resolution outcomes before and after the enactment of the ADAAA. Additionally, discrimination charges and resolution outcomes were determined to be associated with one another. Implications for employees, employers, and professionals who work with individuals with visual impairments are addressed and recommendations for further research are provided.

Embedded within the notably constrained American state, how can regulatory agencies ensure that enforcement goals are met? Some analyses suggest that this is not so easily done; rather, constraints on agencies' formal administrative powers are said to threaten their capacity for effective regulation. But recent scholarship contends that such accounts underestimate the pivotal and oftentimes `hidden' regulatory role played by less formal mechanisms of enforcement, such as private litigation. Building on this revisionist strain, this dissertation project closely examines the ways in which constrained agencies look outside themselves - and their formally granted administrative authority - for enforcement power by developing incentive structures that motivate private actors to engage in litigation that advances regulatory goals. Through an historical analysis of the development of the regulatory capacity of three agencies - the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Environmental Protection Agency, and the Office of Equal Opportunity at HUD - this project uses qualitative and quantitative approaches to explore how and when regulatory agencies choose to focus their limited resources on mobilizing private enforcement of public policy. First, using a careful examination of agency and presidential archival materials, I specify the mechanisms by which agency actors promote private litigation and uncover the institutional and political conditions under which this legal enforcement strategy is employed over time. And then, from these archival observations, I construct original quantitative measures capturing the deployment of these legal enforcement strategies, and conduct statistical analyses to confirm the success of agency efforts to encourage private litigation over time. Ultimately, by reconsidering how to integrate informal mechanisms of enforcement, like agency-motivated private litigation, into theories of bureaucratic regulation, this research contributes to our practical understandings of day-to-day agency behavior and to our conceptions and assessments of state capacity, more broadly.

The aim of this study was to determine employees' perceptions of the fairness of employment equity practices. It was conducted in an organisation in the Health Services industry, using a Diversity Questionnaire. The sample size was 520 and 245 responses were received, constituting a 47% response rate. Employees' responses were measured along 10 dimensions of employment equity. The unit of analysis was the group according to gender, race, age and job level. Independent t-tests and analysis of variance techniques were used to determine any statistically significant differences in perceptions between groups. Statistically significant differences were found between race groups and job levels. Gender and age did not significantly affect employees' responses. The research concluded that compliance with organisational justice requirements is as important as compliance with legislative requirements. Ultimately, every organisation should adapt its employment equity strategy according to its specific demographic and environmental context. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M. Admin.

Denna avhandling undersöker könsrollerna på arbetsplatsen i de utvalda japanska bästsäljande filmerna som producerades under de senaste tre decennierna, vilket upplevde införandet av politiska åtgärder som avser att förbättra jämställdheten på arbetsplatsen. Studien hävdar att trots de samhälleliga och politiska förändringarna i Japan under de senaste trettio åren har bästsäljande filmer behållit traditionella könsrollsskildringar. Förklaringen kan vara att det är mycket lättare att ändra regler och lagstiftningar än uppfattningen om könsroller, som länge har existerat i samhället. / This thesis examines the gender roles in the workplace featured in the selected Japanese bestseller films produced in the last three decades, which saw the introduction of policies aimed at improving gender equality in the workplace. The study argues that despite societal and political changes in Japan in the last thirty years bestseller films have perpetuated traditional portrayal of gender roles. The explanation could be that it is much easier to change rules and legislations, than the perception on gender roles, which have existed in the society for a long time.

ABSTRACT AN ANALYSIS OF ADA TITLE I ALLEGATIONS OF WORKPLACE DISCRIMINATION AS FILED WITH THE EEOC BY PERSONS WITH MENTAL ILLNESS Jessica Erin Hurley A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Health Related Sciences—Rehabilitation Leadership Virginia Commonwealth University, 2011 Dissertation Chair: Brian T. McMahon, Ph.D., CRC This study explores employment discrimination as experienced by persons with mental illness who filed allegations under Title I (the employment provisions) of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990. The entire universe of employment discrimination allegations filed under Title I of the ADA from July 26, 1992 (its first effective date) until the present is maintained by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) in a database named the Intermission System (IMS). This database contains over 2 million allegations of workplace discrimination filed not only under Title I of the ADA, but also under all statutes in its jurisdiction. From the IMS, two extractions containing ADA Title I allegations only and ranging from July 26,1992 through December 31, 2008 [the last date before the Americans with Disabilities Act Amendments Act (ADAAA) of 2008 went into effect] were made: the first including all Title I allegations for all impairments, not just mental illness (402,291); and the second containing only those Title I allegations filed by persons with mental illness (56,846 total: depression (25,375); unknown mental illness (11,977); anxiety disorder (10,370); bipolar disorder (7,675); and schizophrenia 1,449). Using nonparametric tests of proportion, each group of allegations is compared to the balance of mental illness allegations that is left once the group of allegations is removed. In addition, each group individually, as well as the complete group of all mental illness allegations, is evaluated with an exploratory technique called the Exhaustive Chi Squared Interaction Detector. Lastly, findings are provided and implications for employees, employers, rehabilitation professionals, policy makers, and future researchers are discussed.

In 2016, women represented 16.6% of all Chief Administrative Officers (CAOs) in local governments across the United States. Previous studies have investigated gender disparities in managerial representation, which is explained by the glass ceiling phenomenon; however, little is known about whether the women that occupy these male dominated positions have the similar levels of responsibilities as their male counterparts. Thus, the purpose of this dissertation is to understand if gender disparities in levels of work authority manifest as a new form of the glass ceiling. Work authority in this study is operationalized as CAOs’ sanctioning authority (control over personnel operations) and decision-making authority (control over formal operations). Using a mixed methods research design, this investigation is implemented in two phases. The first phase employs Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression to explore the relationship between CAOs’ gender and CAOs’ level of work authority as well as the relationship between CAOs’ levels of work authority and annual pay. In the second phase, using a qualitative research method, I conduct an in-depth investigation of similarities and differences in the career paths of CAOs and the factors that shape their career-related decisions. This research has five main findings. First, female CAOs do not have similar level of sanctioning authority as their male counterparts. Second, disparities in level of sanctioning authority yield economic inequality among CAOs. Third, male and female CAOs take different career paths. Last, female CAOs perform dual roles—professional and personal—whereas most male CAOs are less burdened with household responsibilities in their personal lives. Last, for female CAOs with family responsibilities, their career paths are significantly fashioned by the presence of institutional and social support networks. Findings inform policy makers and public management practices. It informs that gender-based disparities in the workforce continually manifest in new forms, creating unequal employment opportunities for men and women in the workforce. Such disparities also continue perpetuating economic inequalities among men and women in the workforce. Also, it informs public management practices of the critical impact that institutional support has on leveling the playing field women to participate in male-dominated careers.

The thesis addresses subject of innovative projects of NGOs in the field of parental support to return to the labour market after maternity leave. The main purpose of the thesis is to deliver a report about the role of the NGO in the process of implementation of innovative projects by using case studies. The objective of the thesis is to identify outcomes and level of innovation of these projects on the basis of testimonies of active participants. The theoretical part of the thesis describes NGOs and their basic functions, definition of innovation, and definition of social innovation. Another part of the thesis discusses issues related to the return to the labour market after maternity leave, family politics in the Czech Republic, and its support in the form of the Structural Funds of the European Union. Main findings of the research is that NGOs in the Czech Republic have mainly linking function between individuals and corporations. Networking enables mutual exchange of information and experience. It is a highly important contribution of these projects. Key words Civil Society, Civil Sector, Non-profit Sector, Function of NGO's, Innovation, Social Innovation, Labour Market, Equal Employment Opportunity, Work Life balance.

跨向廿一世紀的組織，就應當關注「多元化（Diversity）」的議題，畢竟未來的工作隊伍將因為加入更多的異質性成分而呈現多元化的風貌，尤其是過去身處弱勢而未受組織開發的人力資源，例如：女性、殘障者、年老者、不同國籍與不同族群者等，在組織中有增多的趨勢。 然而，異質性一向被組織所排斥，弱勢群體更因為主流群體的偏見與刻板印象而未受到組織所重視，雖然一九六○年始，美國倡議平等就業機會來抑制就業上的歧視，訂定弱勢優先法案強迫組織對弱勢者進行的優惠待遇，或是呼籲重視差異性來改善人際關係，目的是要讓組織接受多元化與弱勢群體，但是皆因為基於責任道德與法律規範的外在約束而成效不彰。面對現今瞬息萬變的環境，組織實應基於競爭優勢的內在動力，而對多元化擁有不同的解讀，多元化不僅是組織寶貴的資產，更是爭取市場利基的契機，所以，弱勢群體加入工作隊伍應被視為組織的生力軍而非沈重的負擔，此有賴於組織如何去管理，這也就是「多元化管理」的重要課題。 多元化管理就是要結合異質性的工作隊伍，建立一個平等的工作環境，促使組織成員相互尊重與合作，以充分發揮自我潛能，共同為組織目標而努力。所以其強調以尊重的態度來包容成員間的異質性，以自我發展的信念來鼓勵弱勢群體展現才能，同時從組織漸進地改變做起，塑造尊重多元化的組織文化，發展多元化的人力資源，以及整合多元化的管理策略，藉由建立多元化的工作團隊，秉持不斷改善、學習與包容的心態來為組織共享願景而努力。 原住民一直為我國的弱勢群體之一，即將邁向廿一世紀的台灣如何以多元化管理的理念與精神來解決原住民的就業問題？台北市政府初審通過「促進原住民就業自治條例」，欲以定額僱用原住民進入市府所屬機關工作，雖為一項創舉，但是以多元化管理的角度分析，該措施仍秉持弱勢優先的信念，如此是否真的能夠解決台北市原住民的失業問題，實是政府應當審慎思考與規劃的問題。 總括本研究論點，「多元化管理」的中心理念在於尊重並發展多元價值的潛能，此乃對弱勢優先的一種反思，以更積極與前瞻性的思惟，關懷弱勢群體。而文化的改變誠屬不易，故而提出漸進的觀點，以及相關的配合策略來達成此一理想，並期能為組織創造競爭優勢。 章節目錄 第一章 緒論**********************1 第一節 研究動機與目的*******************..1 第二節 研究範圍、方法與限制****************..6 第三節 研究架構與流程*******************.10 第四節 重要概念界定********************.14 第二章 多元化管理的理念與精神************20 第一節 多元化管理的發展背景****************.20 第二節 多元化管理的意涵******************.39 第三節 多元文化組織********************.58 第三章 多元化管理的策略***************82 第一節 多元化管理的管理模式與組織案例***********.82 第二節 塑造多元化的組織文化****************.99 第三節 發展多元化的人力資源****************114 第四節 整合多元化的管理策略****************130 第四章 個案研究——以台北市原住民就業為例 *****148 第一節 原住民就業措施評介*****************150 第二節 多元化管理理念的反思****************159 第三節 組織因應原住民就業的策略**************174 第五章 結論*********************188 第一節 研究發現**********************188 第二節 研究建議**********************200 參考書目***********************211