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Traditional Saguaro Harvest in the Tucson Mountain District, Saguaro National ParkToupal, Rebecca, Stoffle, Richard W., Dobyns, Henry 15 December 2006 (has links)
The overall objective for this report is to examine the Tohono O'odham people's traditional gathering and use of saguaro fruit in the Tucson Mountain District (TMD) of Saguaro National Park (SAGU). It is intended to aid park planning and environmental assessment work, as well as other related management decisions. Potential use of this report includes updating and informing the park's cultural and natural resource programs, and public education programs.
Based on tribal concerns, the focus of the study shifted to the existing harvest camps in TMD, an ethnohistory of harvest in TMD, and an ethnobotany of the saguaro. The 2004 harvest season provided our only access to field interactions with harvesters, however, it was a year of poor production and only a handful of people came to the camp in TMD. The ethnography, consequently, was limited to two individuals, one of whom wrote her account privately. Both women came from families with an unbroken saguaro harvest tradition and have continued the practice with their immediate families.
The report includes an ecological overview of the saguaro, an ethnohistory of the saguaro harvest and harvest camp in the TMD, and an ethnobotany of the saguaro. A final management discussion includes impacts, traditional knowledge, and suggestions from the study participants.
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Bandelier National Monument A Study of Natural Resource Use among Culturally Affiliated Pueblo CommunitiesStoffle, Richard W. 09 August 2007 (has links)
This presentation is a summary key findings and recommendations for the Bandelier National Monument Traditional Use Study. This presentation was given by Dr. Stoffle during seperate meetings with National Park Service staff and the involved tribes.
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Applied Ethnobotany Pipestone National Monument MinnesotaStoffle, Richard W., Toupal, Rebecca, O'Meara, Nathaniel, Dumbaul, Jill 06 September 2013 (has links)
This presentation is focused on the importance of plants at Pipestone National Monument. This presentation highlights key findings from the original ethnobotany study.
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Fajada Butte, Chaco Culture National Park: A Multi-tribal Affiliation PlaceStoffle, Richard W. January 2013 (has links)
This presentation was created to discuss the findings of the report American Indians and Fajada Butte.
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Chaco: More on Indian Identity and The Cant of Re-conquestStoffle, Richard W. January 2013 (has links)
This presentation provides photographs to help the reader further illustrate the report American Indians and Fajada Butte.
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An Emergent Ethnomedicine: Rastafari Bush Doctors in the Western Cape, South AfricaPhilander, Lisa Erin January 2010 (has links)
This dissertation is based upon research of an emergent ethnomedicine in a botanically rich area, the Western Cape of South Africa. It examines the interface between ethnobotany and medical anthropology by investigating the biological and social factors related to the knowledge, use and trade of medicinal plants by Cape bush doctors. Incredible syncretism was observed in the identity formation of this homogenous urban group of healers who combined elements of a globally recognized eco-religion and sociopolitical movement Rastafari with several South African cultures through knowledge of medicinal plants. By rejecting colonial principals, including capitalistic biomedical systems, bush doctors have crafted a niche acquiring knowledge and herbal remedies for the treatment of common ailments. Transmission amongst Rastas and trail-and-error experimentation with herbs emphasize that plant knowledge is situational and arises through relationships. From an estimated 200 bush doctors in the Cape, 62 almost exclusively middle-aged coloured males were interviewed. They declared their mission was 'to heal all people' through a reintroduction of KhoiSan healing traditions, an indigenous ancestry largely rejected by coloureds during apartheid. An ethnobotany of bush doctors revealed that of 192 species, 181 were medicinal and included various herbs important to most South African cultural groups. This largely herbaceous pharmacopeia is narrow compared to the region's high biodiversity and thirty-three species were identified as conservation priorities. The presence of bush doctors at transportation hubs as herbal hawkers creates a diversified economy through cultivation of relationships with primarily disadvantaged coloured and black consumers. The consumption, trade and sale of local plants by bush doctors represent efforts to embody the landscape; it reasserts coloured links to indigeneity, renews respect for their heritage and affords rights to resources. By evoking tradition within their tolerant philosophy, leaders of this emergent ethnomedicine develop a racially equitable and ecologically sustainable platform for health care evidenced by medicinal plant gardens in townships and transmission of diverse ethnomedical knowledge. Bush doctors are legitimized through the performance of transmission. This phytomedicinal knowledge reifies an ideology, repositioning coloureds in a moderate stance between colonial biomedicine and traditional African ethnomedicines, but also creates a unified South African medicine.
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Pharmacological properties of members of the Sterculiaceae.Reid, Kirsty Ann. January 2002 (has links)
There is a resurgence of interest in many countries in medicinal plants and their
curative properties (HARBORNE & BAXTER, 1993). Little work has previously
been conducted on the Sterculiaceae species, especially those located within
South Africa. This was a perfect opportunity to broaden the available
information on the medicinal properties and chemical constituents of this family,
within KwaZulu-Natal. Of the 50 genera of the Sterculiaceae family, six are located in South Africa:
Cola, Oombeya, Hermannia, Melhania, Sterculia and Waltheria .
Seven Sterculiaceae species were chosen for investigation. They varied in
growth type and use in traditional medicine. These species included: Oombeya
rotundifolia, D. burgessiae, D. cymosa, Cola natalensis, C. greenwayi,
Hermannia depressa and Sterculia murex. Plant material used in the study was
collected from a variety of areas, all within KwaZulu-Natal or the Northern
Province. There were two collection sites for D. rotundifolia, from differing
habitats, and results were compared. The material was screened pharmacologically for anti-bacterial activity using the disc-diffusion assay and Minimal Inhibitory Assay (MIC), and for antiinflammatory
activity using the COX-1 assay. Only D. rotundifolia and C. natalensis were tested for anti-bacterial activity using the disc-diffusion assay as the disc-diffusion asay was found to show
inconsistencies in the results obtained. Bacteria used included: Escherichia coli
and Klebsiella pneumoniae being Gram-negative, and Micrococcus luteus,
Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis being Gram-positive.
D. rotundifolia exhibited activity, both anti-bacterial and bacteriostatic, in the
leaf, twig and bark extracts from both collection sites. Only the water extract
obtained from the leaf material of C.natalensis exhibited slight anti-bacterial
activity against S. epidermidis. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values
were determined using a microdilution assay (25 mg ml-1 serially diluted 50 %
to 0.195 mg ml-1). Bacteria used in the screening were: B. subtilis, E. coli, K.
pneumoniae and S. aureus. None of the water extracts showed any antibacterial
activity. Good MIC values were exhibited by D. cymosa ethanolic leaf
extracts, C. greenwayi leaf ethyl acetate extracts especially against K.
pneumoniae (0.78 mg ml-1) and S. aureus (0.39 mg rnl-1) and H. depressa
ethanol and ethyl acetate leaf, stem and root extracts. D. burgessiae and S.
murex showed low activity, with insignificant MIC values.
D. rotundifolia plant material yielded the highest anti-inflammatory activity of all
the plant species, with the extracts from the Umgeni Valley Nature
Reserve(UVNR) showing the best results. The lowest activity was recorded in
the aqueous bark extracts (5% inhibition)and the highest from the ethanolic leaf
extract (97% inhibition). D. cymosa extracts showed high activity in ethanolic
leaf and twig extracts with low activity in all the other extracts. D. burgessiae,
C. greenwayi and S. murex extracts showed high activity in both ethanolic and
dichloromethane extracts from leaf and twig material. Activity occurred in the
dichloromethane extracts of H. depressa obtained from the stem (78%) and
root (81%) extracts. C. natalensis extracts showed insignificant activity.
Plant material was phytochemically screened for alkaloids, saponins, tannins,
cardiac glycosides and cyanogenic glycosides. No alkaloids were detected
using pH-partitioning and no cyanogenic glycosides were observed (TLC
sandwich method) in any of the extracts of the seven species screened. Using
the gelatin salt-block test, tannins were found to be present in the leaf and twig
material of D. rotundifolia, the leaf material of C. greenwayi and the leaf, stem
and root material of H depressa. The froth test indicated that saponins were
present in the leaf and twig material of D. rotundifolia and leaf, root and stem
material of H. depressa. The haemolysis test indicated the presence of
saponins in the D. rotundifolia bark material. Screening for cardiac glycosides
detected cardienolides in the leaf, twig and bark material of D. rotundifolia, and
bufadienolides were detected in D. rotundifolia , D. cymosa, D. burgessiae and
S. murex.
Five species screened were selected for isolation of active anti-bacterial
compounds: D. rotundifolia, D. burgessiae, D. cymosa, C. greenwayi and H.
depressa. Material was extracted by Soxhlet and isolation techniques employed
were VLC, TLC separation, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and
HPLC techniques. The isolated compounds were analysed by NMR and GCMS.
All isolated compounds were fatty acids: Palmitic acid, Myristic acid, Lauric
acid, Stearic acid, Acetic acid as welll as stearyl alcohol, eicosane and
octadecane.
The aqueous eaf extract of H. Depressa exuded a thick mucilage. The
production of this mucilage from the H. depressa aqueous extract may have
medicinal or commercial value. A technique to separate the mucilaginous
extract from the leaf material was devised. After extraction, the extract was
screened to determine its sugar content through gas chromatography. It was
screened for its pharmacological properties: antibacterial and anti-inflammatory
activity. The hydrolysing effect of -amylase and HCI on the extract was
determined to find its potential use as a bulking agent for use as an appetite
suppressant, laxative or against the effects of diarrhoea. It was concluded that
the extract is not likely to break down easily in the human digestive system and
may be effective against the three listed ailments . / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2002.
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Plant ecology and ethnobotany of two sacred forests (kayas) at the Kenya coast.Pakia, Mohamed. January 2000 (has links)
The coastal forests of Kenya represent a rare and threatened forest type which has over 3,000 plant taxa, of which about 500 are endemic. The patches which comprise this forest type include sacred forests, the kayas, that are rich in biodiversity. The aim of the study report was to investigate the phytosociological relationships in two selected kayas, Mtswakara and Fungo, and the plant utilisation by the people of the Duruma and Giriama tribes who live around these forests. The vegetation was sampled using the phytosociological approach developed by Braun-Blanquet. In kaya Mtswakara 51 relevés of 0.2 ha. were sampled and a total of 317 species from 191 genera in 79 families were recorded, representing 48 tree species, 134 shrubs, 82 herbs, 45 climbers, and 8 epiphytes. In kaya Fungo, 280 species from 213 genera in 74 families, representing 35 tree species, 125 shrubs, 73 herbs, 43 climbers, and 3 epiphytes, were recorded in 54 relevés. TWINSPAN classification of the data indicated the existence of four plant communities and six sub-communities in kaya Mtswakara; and three plant communities, four sub-communities, three stages, three sub-stages and one undetermined vegetation type in kaya Fungo. The phytosociological results indicated that diagnostic species for plant communities are not necessarily the dominant tree species; and interactions of edaphic factors, plant resource extraction, fire and grazing influenced the formation and distribution of vegetation types. The human populations living around the forests depend upon and utilise plant species found in the kayas to meet some of their basic domestic needs and cultural requirements. But, unlike in the past, the council of kaya elders (ngambi) cannot address all the forest management problems, due to factors such as increased disrespect of cultural traditions in the communities, increasing demands of forest plant resources due to population increase, conflicts between local faction groups claiming legitimacy in kaya management and socio-political changes. Surveys conducted in the local markets showed that although forest plants formed a small percentage of the building poles traded, the firewood trade was considerable. In addition to the regular market trade, there is a 'house-to-house' trade conducted by some community members who sell poles, timber planks and firewood which probably had been collected from the kayas. Although a considerable amount of pole resource wais available in the kayas the observed vegetation degeneration through plant resource extraction, fire, and grazing, was likely to be at a faster rate compared to the natural regenerative ability of the forests, thus threatening the existence of these kayas forests. The immediate challenges facing kaya conservation, therefore, include re-empowering the cultural management systems, and the provision of short-term and long-term alternatives for the forest plant resources in the face of increasing demand for the resources and social change. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2000. / People and Plants (UNESCO)
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Finding our roots: ethnoecological restoration of lhasem (Fritillaria camschatcensis (L.) Ker-Gawl), an iconic plant food in the Squamish River Estuary, British Columbia.Joseph, Leigh 28 August 2012 (has links)
Fritillaria camschatcensis L. Ker Gawl (Liliaceae), is a herbaceous flowering plant that grows in estuarine and subalpine habitats within its range from the northern limit in Alaska to its southern limit in western Oregon. This plant holds cultural significance in the Pacific Northwest as an important root vegetable that was cultivated in estuarine root gardens by many Indigenous Peoples. The bulbs of F. camschatcensis offered an important source of carbohydrates to a traditional diet that was high in protein, fats, oils and fibre. Lhásem is the Squamish name for F. camschatcensis, commonly known as northern riceroot, or chocolate lily.
The Squamish Nation is very interested in restoring traditional plant foods into the community along with the traditional knowledge linked to them. Lhásem is a plant that many Squamish people were interested in learning about, thus it was an excellent candidate for ethnoecological restoration. Ethnoecological restoration brings cultural context, practices and technologies together with contemporary ecological restoration approaches and offers culturally relevant ways to restore a plant to the landscape.
The east side of the Squamish Estuary, which borders the town of Squamish, has been impacted by a range of human-disturbances over the past century including: draining for agriculture, redirection of the Squamish River, dredging and the presence of industrial sites in close proximity to the estuary. All of these impacts have likely contributed to the decline of lhásem populations on the east side of the estuary. Through an ecological survey of the east and west sides of the Squamish Estuary I determined that the populations of F. camchatcensis are present and thriving on the west bank of the Squamish River. I collected vegetation and abiotic data and found that salinity is the most important abiotic factor affecting lhásem habitat. A logistic regression showed that salinity and the presence of lhásem are negatively correlated. Results of the vegetation data analysis indicated that Maianthemum dilatatum was an indicator for where lhásem is found growing on the west side of the Squamish Estuary and Aster subspicatus was the indicator for lhásem on the east. Lhásem restoration gardens were planted to explore the growth within one growing season across two restoration treatments, terrestrial sites and estuarine sites. The results indicate that terrestrial garden sites were more successful than estuarine garden sites and that whole bulbs were more successful than bulblets in the first year of growth. Through community interviews with elders, adults and youth, I documented the contemporary interests in the restoration of lhásem and found that the major interest of the community was focused on health, traditional food revitalization and knowledge renewal. I facilitated educational events in which Squamish Nation youth and community members learned about the plant and how to manage it in the Squamish Estuary gardens. Overall this research provides information for the future restoration of lhásem in the Squamish Estuary as well as a template to restore other culturally important plants. / Graduate
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Natūraliųjų vaistingųjų medžiagų, vartotų Alytaus rajono Daugų apylinkėje 2013 metais, etnofarmacinis tyrimas / Ethnopharmaceutical research of natural medicinal materials, used in Alytus region, Daugai (2013.)Ščerba, Elena 30 June 2014 (has links)
Tyrimo tikslas - surinkti ir susisteminti Alytaus rajono Daugų apylinkėje išlikusias etnofarmacines žinias. Tyrimo uždaviniai: susisteminti surinktą etnofarmacinę medžiagą Alytaus rajono Daugų apylinkėje pagal gydymui vartojamų priemonių prigimtį; nustatyti, kokios kilmės vaistingųjų medžiagų tiriamojoje teritorijoje vartojama daugiausia; nustatyti dažniausiai gydymui vartojamus vaistinius augalus, gyvūnus, grybų rūšis ir mineralinės kilmės medžiagas; nustatyti dažniausias vaistinių augalų vartojimo indikacijas tiriamojoje teritorijoje; įvertinti tyrimo metu surinktų augalinės kilmės priemonių vartojimo indikacijų atitikimą PSO monografijose pateiktoms vaistinių augalinių žaliavų vartojimo rekomendacijoms.
Tyrimo metu naudojami metodai: teorinis, empirinis ir turinio analizės. Teorinis – mokslinės ir dalykinės literatūros analizė. Empirinis – gyventojų apklausa ir struktūrizuotas interviu, atlikti Alytaus rajono Daugų apylinkėje 2013 m. gegužės – rugsėjo mėnesiais. Turinio analizės metodas – surinktos etnofarmacinės informacijos grupavimas į kategorijas ir jos analizė iš įvairių pozicijų. Tyrimo metu gauti duomenys apdoroti, naudojantis „Microsoft Excel“ programa.
Tyrimo metu apklausta 40 gyventojų, iš kurių bendrauti sutiko 36. Pašnekovai buvo pasirinkti atsitiktinai arba naudojant „sniego gniūžtės“ metodą, kai vienas asmuo pasiūlo kitą. Apklausa vykdyta pasinaudojus vedliu. Skirtas dėmesys respondentų liaudies medicinos žinių šaltiniams bei įgijimo būdams. 55,56%... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The purpose of the survey is to collect and systematize ethnopharmaceutical knowledge found in Alytus region, Daugai. The main tasks of the research are to systematize ethnopharmaceutical information, found in Alytus region, Daugai vicinity, by its origin; to determine what kind of medical materials in this territory are mainly used; to identify the most commonly used medical plants, animals, fungi species and mineral materials; to state the indications of medical plants used by respondents; to evaluate indications for usage of the herbs raised during the research accordance to the WHO recommendations of medical vegetable raw materials.
Methods used during the research: theoretical, empirical and statistical. Theoretical means the analysis of scientific and special literature. Empirical means surveys of the inhabitants and structured interviews carried out in Alytus region Daugai in 2013 from May to September. Statistical means that data received during the research are processed using Microsoft Excel program.
During this research 40 people were interviewed, 36 of whom agreed to communicate. The interlocutors were chosen randomly or using a “snowball” method, when one person recommends other. The survey was carried out by using a leader. Much attention was paid to the sources of the knowledge of the folk medicine and to the methods respondents obtained it. 55,56% of the respondents gave more than one source of information; 75% of the respondents said that this knowledge of... [to full text]
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