Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Since their introduction in 1970, glass ionomer cements have been used in a wide variety of clinical situations in dentistry. The main advantages of glass ionomer cements are chemical bonding, fluoride release and uptake, excellent seal against microleakage, and biocompatibility. The main objective of this study was to compare the microleakage of two new paste-paste glass ionomer systems to their traditional RMGIC counterparts when conditioning the dentin with newly developed no-rinse conditioners or polyacrylic acid. Materials and methods: Standardized cavity preparations were made, centered on the cementoenamel junction of the buccal surface, on 96 extracted human molars divided in 8 groups (n = 12). G1 Ketac Nano with Ketac Nano Primer, G2 Ketac Nano with Ketac Conditioner, G3 Photac Fil with Ketac Nano Primer, G4 Photac Fil with Ketac Cavity Conditioner, G5 Fuji Filling LC with GC Self Conditioner, G6 Fuji Filling LC with GC Cavity Conditioner, G7 Fuji II LC with GC Self Conditioner, G8 Fuji II LC with GC Cavity Conditioner. The cavities were treated with either a no-rinse or polyacrylic acid conditioner and restored with a paste-paste RMGIC or traditional RMGIC from the same manufacturer (n =12). The teeth were then sealed to within 2 mm of the restoration margins and thermocycled. The teeth were immersed in 2.0-percent methylene blue and stored at room temperature for 24 hours. Then, the teeth were be embedded in resin and sectioned longitudinally in a buccolingual direction making 1 section (1 mm thick) per tooth. The occlusal and gingival restoration margins of each specimen were examined with a stereomicroscope at X10 magnification to determine the degree of microleakage. Results: Mixed-model ANOVA was used to test the fixed effect of the eight groups and cervical vs. occlusal location within each tooth sample on microleakage, with sample as the random effect. Both main effects and the interaction are significant, p < 0001 for both group and location effects, and p = 0.0013 for the interaction of group and location. The cervical interface showed more microleakage in all groups except group 8 where microleakage was the same as at the occlusal margin. No significant difference was observed among groups for microleakage at the occlusal interface. There was significant difference among groups at the cervical interface with Fuji II LC using GC Cavity Conditioner performing best. For the occlusal interface Group 4 performed the best and Group 2 performed the worst, although the difference was not significant among the groups. For the cervical interface, Group 8 performed the best followed by Group 3, Group 4 and Group 6, although these four groups were not significantly different. For the cervical interface, group 2 performed the worst followed by group 1. Based on these results we can conclude that, overall, traditional RMGIC with polyacrylic acid conditioning performed better than the new paste-paste RMGIC systems utilizing the no-rinse conditioners.

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Dizziness is very common, but it is never normal. Dizziness can make performing daily activities, work, and walking difficult. Inner ear balance problems can make people dizzy when they turn their head, which can cause problems during walking and make people more likely to fall. Most of the time dizziness is not from a life-threatening disease. Often, dizziness is related to a problem of the vestibular (or inner ear balance) system. Vestibular disorders can be caused by infections in the ear, problems with the immune system, medications that harm the inner ear, and rarely from diabetes or stroke because of a lack of blood flow to the inner ear. Stress, poor sleep, migraine headaches, overdoing some activities, and feeling anxious or sad can increase symptoms of dizziness. Updated guidelines for the treatment of inner ear disorders are published in this issue of the Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy. The guideline recommends which exercises are best to treat the dizziness and balance problems commonly seen with an inner ear problem.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / External apical root resorption (EARR) is a common sequela of orthodontic treatment, although it may also occur without orthodontic treatment. Despite rigorous investigation, no single factor or group of factors that directly causes root resorption has been identified. Experiment 1. A sample of 83 pairs of full siblings who had undergone orthodontic treatment was studied. Measurements were made of the longest maxillary central incisor, mandibular central incisor and mesial and distal roots of the mandibular first molars. Heritability estimates were generated by generalized liner models. Our results showed that the heritability estimate of the EARR was 64% on average. It was concluded that there was sufficient heritability for EARR to pursue genetic analysis. Experiment 2. Five polymorphic markers flanking or lying within the IL-IA , IL-JB, TNSALP, TNFA, and TNFRSFJ JA genes were used in a candidate gene approach to assess linkage and association with EARR in 38 pedigrees. Suggestive evidence for linkage between EARR and the polymorphic marker D18S64 was obtained with the analysis program MAPMAKER/SIBS (LOD score 2.51). The Q-TDT program showed highly significant (p = 0.0003) evidence of linkage disequilibrium of IL-1 B polymorphisms with EARR. Our analysis indicates that the JL -1 B polymorphism accounts for 15% of the total EARR variation. Experiment 3. Nine-week-old male mice were randomly selected as controls or for placement under anesthesia of an open coil spring ligated to the left maxillary first molar producing a force of approximately 25 g. The control (C) or treated (T) per strain were A/J (C=3,T=9), C57BL/6J (C=7,T=8), C3H/HeJ (C = 4,T=6), BALB/cJ (C=4,T=6), 129P3 /J (C=6,T=8), DBA/2J (C=8,T=9), SJL/J (C=8,T= 10), and AKR/J (C=9,T =8). Animals were sacrificed after nine days of treatment or control; maxillae were immediately removed, prepared, sectioned, mounted, stained with H&E, and observed microscopically at 1 OOX to determine root resorption. Mice were grouped into root resorption resistant (A/J, C57BL/6J and SJL/J); intermediate (C3H/HeJ and AKR/J); and susceptible (BALB/cJ, DBA/2J, and 129P3/J) strains. It was concluded that there were differential susceptibility or resistance to root resorption among inbred mouse strains, indicating that genotype is an influencing factor.

One of the most foundational and personal philosophical questions one can ask is what makes you, you? In large part, you are made up of your relationships, experiences, and memories. The hippocampus, a brain region which is critical for the formation of memories, has been the focus of neuroscience research for decades due partially to this function, which is foundational to our individuality. In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), one of the most common and well-researched neurodegenerative diseases in the world, the hippocampus is one of the earliest targets. Despite extensive work on AD, we still lack a coherent understanding of what is causing the disease, the mechanisms by which it is causing neuronal dysfunction and death within the hippocampus and other brain regions, and how it ultimately causes deficits in cognition and behavior, leading to an erosion of our selves. In this thesis, I explore three independent but related questions: 1) what molecular mechanisms are causing early synaptic loss in AD, specifically within the hippocampus, 2) what molecular effectors are responsible for establishing and maintaining intracellular architecture in hippocampal neurons, which are exploited in early AD, and 3) how and when does the hippocampal circuit dysfunction in AD progression? Using a variety of experimental techniques, ranging from in utero and ex utero electroporation, primary murine and human neuronal cell culture, longitudinal confocal microscopy, immunohistochemistry, biochemistry, cell and molecular biology, in vivo two-photon calcium imaging, and behavioral assays, I have found that, within CA1 of the hippocampus, synapse loss requires degradation of the dendritic mitochondrial network, activity and input specificity are driving mitochondrial compartmentalization within CA1 neurons through the same pathway that is aberrantly overactivated in AD, and the hippocampal circuit is overly rigid in encoding the environment as the disease progresses.

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Syftet med den här systematiska litteraturöversikten var att ta reda på om vitala tänder restaurerade med kompositmaterial har högre risk för att utveckla endodontiska komplikationer över tid såsom apikal parodontit eller smärta i jämförelse med tänder som restaurerats med andra dentala fyllningsmaterial som amalgam. Komposit används ofta som ett fyllningsmaterial och även om man studerat kompositers påverkan på t.ex. pulpaceller och funnit att det inte är helt oskadligt är det oklart om materialet faktiskt påverkar pulpan och leder till endodontiska komplikationer. Genomförandet av systematiska litteraturöversikten omfattade (i) formulering av frågeställning, (ii) konstruktion och genomförande av litteratursökning med (iii) tolkning och värdering av den identifierade litteraturen. Den initiala sökningen i databasen PubMed gav 938 publikationer som granskades oberoende av tre personer. Efter ytterligare sökningar kvarstod totalt tio studier som inkluderades i den systematiska litteraturöversikten. Alla inkluderade studier bedömdes ha ett lågt bevisvärde vilket ledde till att ingen konklusion med evidensgrad kunde ges. De inkluderade studierna rapporterar få, om ens några, endodontiska komplikationer och få eller inga skillnader rapporterades vid tänder restaurerade med komposit jämfört med amalgam. Fler väl genomförda studier med ett stort antal patienter krävs för att svara på frågan om tänder restaurerade med kompositmaterial har högre risk för att utveckla endodontiska komplikationer i jämförelse med andra dentala fyllningsmaterial.

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