Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:56:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao.pdf: 391866 bytes, checksum: 86924f659a38a06a2128bcb727df7899 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-23 / The aim of this study was to evaluate the development during the cycle and yield of cane sugar, RB 86 7515, led the field with different irrigation water by drip irrigation. The experiment was conducted at the experimental area of experimental UNOESTE, from October 2008 to September 2009 in Presidente Prudente - SP, latitude 22o07´04 "S and longitude 51o22´05" W, altitude 435.5m. The climate is the classification of Köppen Aw mesothermal, with prevalence of hot summers and dry winters. We used a variety RB 86 7515, the most cultivated in the West Paulista by high productivity, rapid growth and tolerance to soils with low / medium yield. The planting was done in furrows 30 cm deep with cuttings of 40 cm in length on October 10, 2008. The experiment was arranged in bands consisting of four irrigation levels, with six replicates, resulting in 24 plots of 31.5 m2. The plots consisted of three rows of seven meters floor area being considered as five meters from the centerline. Irrigation was performed in an irrigation interval of seven days from planting to harvest to 360 days after planting. After the planting was done to ensure a full irrigation starting the treatments with soil at field capacity. Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was obtained by water balance using daily data of a pan evaporation Class A installed in front of the planting area. The water depth was defined in percentage terms in relation to crop evapotranspiration (ETc) obtained by equation 2: T1 - no irrigation (0% ETc - control), T2 - 50% ETc, T3 - 100% ETc -150% ETc and T4. The height of stem and tillering were affected by irrigation. The leaves had the highest negative natural increase with higher irrigation. ATR per hectare was higher with 50% ETc. / O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a brotação durante o ciclo e a produtividade de cana-de-açúcar, cultivar RB 86 7515, conduzidas com diferentes lâminas de irrigação por gotejamento superficial. O experimento foi realizado na área experimental da UNOESTE, no período de outubro de 2008 a setembro de 2009, em Presidente, SP, 22o07 04 S e 51o22 05 W, de 435,5 m. O clima é, pela classificação de Köppen, Aw mesotérmico, com verões quentes e invernos secos. Utilizou-se a cultivar RB 86 7515, a mais utilizada no Oeste Paulista por apresentar média produtividade, crescimento rápido e tolerante a solos de baixa/média produtividade. Foi plantado em sulco de 30 cm de profundidade, quarenta e cinco metros de comprimento e com toletes de 40 cm de comprimento, no dia 10 de outubro de 2008. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em faixas constando de quatro lâminas de irrigação, com seis repetições, resultando em 24 parcelas de 31,5 m2. As parcelas foram constituídas de três linhas de sete metros sendo considerados como área útil os cinco metros da linha central. As irrigações foram realizadas em um espaço de tempo de sete dias desde o plantio até a colheita aos 360 dias após a emergência. Logo após o plantio foi realizada uma irrigação plena para garantir o inicio dos tratamentos com o solo em capacidade de campo, que consiste na quantidade de água retida no solo. A evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) foi obtida utilizando dados diários do Tanque Classe A da estação meteorológica da Unoeste, que fica localizada em frente a área do experimento. As lâminas de irrigação foram definidas em termos percentuais, em relação à evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc) obtidas pela equação 2, sendo: T1 testemunha sem irrigação (0%ETc - testemunha), T2 50% ETc, T3 - 100% ETc e T4 150% ETc. A altura do colmo e o perfilhamento foram afetados pela irrigação. As folhas novas demonstraram maior crescimento vegetativo com maiores lâminas de irrigação. Açúcares Teoricamente Recuperáveis - ATR por hectare foi maior com 50% ETc.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:51:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao.pdf: 391866 bytes, checksum: 86924f659a38a06a2128bcb727df7899 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-23 / The aim of this study was to evaluate the development during the cycle and yield of cane sugar, RB 86 7515, led the field with different irrigation water by drip irrigation. The experiment was conducted at the experimental area of experimental UNOESTE, from October 2008 to September 2009 in Presidente Prudente - SP, latitude 22o07´04 "S and longitude 51o22´05" W, altitude 435.5m. The climate is the classification of Köppen Aw mesothermal, with prevalence of hot summers and dry winters. We used a variety RB 86 7515, the most cultivated in the West Paulista by high productivity, rapid growth and tolerance to soils with low / medium yield. The planting was done in furrows 30 cm deep with cuttings of 40 cm in length on October 10, 2008. The experiment was arranged in bands consisting of four irrigation levels, with six replicates, resulting in 24 plots of 31.5 m2. The plots consisted of three rows of seven meters floor area being considered as five meters from the centerline. Irrigation was performed in an irrigation interval of seven days from planting to harvest to 360 days after planting. After the planting was done to ensure a full irrigation starting the treatments with soil at field capacity. Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was obtained by water balance using daily data of a pan evaporation Class A installed in front of the planting area. The water depth was defined in percentage terms in relation to crop evapotranspiration (ETc) obtained by equation 2: T1 - no irrigation (0% ETc - control), T2 - 50% ETc, T3 - 100% ETc -150% ETc and T4. The height of stem and tillering were affected by irrigation. The leaves had the highest negative natural increase with higher irrigation. ATR per hectare was higher with 50% ETc. / O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a brotação durante o ciclo e a produtividade de cana-de-açúcar, cultivar RB 86 7515, conduzidas com diferentes lâminas de irrigação por gotejamento superficial. O experimento foi realizado na área experimental da UNOESTE, no período de outubro de 2008 a setembro de 2009, em Presidente, SP, 22o07 04 S e 51o22 05 W, de 435,5 m. O clima é, pela classificação de Köppen, Aw mesotérmico, com verões quentes e invernos secos. Utilizou-se a cultivar RB 86 7515, a mais utilizada no Oeste Paulista por apresentar média produtividade, crescimento rápido e tolerante a solos de baixa/média produtividade. Foi plantado em sulco de 30 cm de profundidade, quarenta e cinco metros de comprimento e com toletes de 40 cm de comprimento, no dia 10 de outubro de 2008. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em faixas constando de quatro lâminas de irrigação, com seis repetições, resultando em 24 parcelas de 31,5 m2. As parcelas foram constituídas de três linhas de sete metros sendo considerados como área útil os cinco metros da linha central. As irrigações foram realizadas em um espaço de tempo de sete dias desde o plantio até a colheita aos 360 dias após a emergência. Logo após o plantio foi realizada uma irrigação plena para garantir o inicio dos tratamentos com o solo em capacidade de campo, que consiste na quantidade de água retida no solo. A evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) foi obtida utilizando dados diários do Tanque Classe A da estação meteorológica da Unoeste, que fica localizada em frente a área do experimento. As lâminas de irrigação foram definidas em termos percentuais, em relação à evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc) obtidas pela equação 2, sendo: T1 testemunha sem irrigação (0%ETc - testemunha), T2 50% ETc, T3 - 100% ETc e T4 150% ETc. A altura do colmo e o perfilhamento foram afetados pela irrigação. As folhas novas demonstraram maior crescimento vegetativo com maiores lâminas de irrigação. Açúcares Teoricamente Recuperáveis - ATR por hectare foi maior com 50% ETc.

Nos últimos anos tem aumentado o interesse no uso do pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas L.) como fonte de óleo para a produção de biodiesel. No entanto, o conhecimento atualmente disponível sobre o consumo hídrico desta cultura é escasso e constitui um dos principais fatores limitantes no seu uso como alternativa agroenergética. Somado a isso, acredita-se que o aumento da produção de biodiesel no mundo irá aumentar a pressão sobre os recursos hídricos, o que torna necessário utilizar a água na agricultura da forma mais eficiente possível. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo construir seis lisímetros de pesagem direta que serão utilizados para estudar o consumo hídrico do pinhão-manso irrigado por pivô central, gotejamento e sem irrigação. Esses lisímetros foram calibrados e testados quanto a sua sensibilidade a temperatura do ar e vento. Além disso, comparou-se a influência do uso de duas células de carga diferentes na qualidade dos mesmos. Na área de cada tratamento foram instalados dois lisímetros, sendo um utilizando células de carga ALFA® e outro HBM®. Cada lisímetro foi constituído por tanques de aço carbono de 1,955 m de raio interno (12 m2) e 1,3 m de profundidade útil. Estes foram circundados por paredes de concreto, possuíam sistema de drenagem e se encontravam diretamente apoiados sobre três células de carga. Ambos os modelos das células apresentavam capacidade nominal de 10.000 kg, sendo a capacidade combinada do lisímetro de 30.000 kg. Os lisímetros foram calibrados adicionando e, depois, retirando 1.000 kg de massa dos mesmos. Os dados foram usados para ajustar um modelo de regressão linear entre a massa acumulada e a média do sinal de saída das três células de carga. No teste de sensibilidade à temperatura, a massa dos lisímetros foi monitorada por até dois dias consecutivos, sob condição de massa constante e com proteção para não haver interferência do vento. Os dados foram comparados com a temperatura registrada na estação meteorológica e, também, com a temperatura medida pelo datalogger e um termohigrômetro, os quais foram instalados no fosso dos lisímetros. Para a avaliação da sensibilidade ao vento, foram construídos protótipos de árvores usando tubos de PVC e lonas de ráfia. Em cada lisímetro instalou-se uma árvore e, sob condição de massa constante, a massa dos mesmos foi monitorada por seis dias consecutivos. Os dados obtidos foram comparados com a velocidade do vento medida na estação meteorológica. Todos os lisímetros construídos neste estudo apresentaram qualidade suficiente para serem usados na determinação da evapotranspiração em escala horária e diária. Nos lisímetros ALFA®, a resolução final das medidas foi de 0,0013 mm, sendo realizadas com boa precisão, apresentando histerese e baixa acurácia (erro padrão entre 0,27 e 1,04 mm). Os lisímetros HBM® apresentaram resolução final de 0,00088 mm, boa precisão, pouca ou nenhuma histerese e alta acurácia (erro padrão entre 0,03 e 0,1 mm). Todos os lisímetros demonstraram não sofrer influência da temperatura e do vento na determinação da evapotranspiração, embora, em ambos, ALFA® e HBM®, a precisão das medidas foi reduzida linearmente com o aumento da velocidade do vento. / Recently, there is an increasing interest in using physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) as a source of oil for biodiesel production. However, currently knowledge regarding its crop water requirement is scarce and constitutes one of the main gaps that limit its use as an agroenergy alternative. In addition, there is a general agreement that an increase in biodiesel production worldwide will bring additional pressure to water resources, what provokes to use water in agriculture in a more efficient way. So, this study had as objective to construct six direct weighing lysimeter that will be used to study the water use of physic nut conducted under sprinkler and drip irrigation, and without irrigation. These lysimeters were calibrated and tested for its sensibility to air temperature and wind. Furthermore, there was also compared the influence of using two different load cells on their quality. Two lysimeters were installed for each treatment, one using ALFA® load cells and other using HBM®. Each lysimeter was constituted by a steel tank with 1.955 m inner radius (12 m2) and 1.3 m of usable depth. They were encompassed by concrete walls, have a drainage system and were directly supported by three load cells. Both load cell models has a nominal capacity of 10,000 kg, with a lysimeter summed capacity of 30,000 kg. Lysimeters calibration procedure was done by adding and, after it, removing 1,000 kg of mass from then. Data were used to fit a linear regression model between the accumulated mass and the mean output value of the three load cells. For testing the sensibility to temperature, lysimeters mass were monitored till two consecutive days, under constant mass and with a barrier for protecting against wind interference. Data were compared to the temperature measured by the weather station and, also, by that measured by a datalogger and a thermohygrometer, which were installed inside the lysimeters pit. For testing to wind sensibility, there were constructed some trees prototypes using PVC pipes and raffia tarpaulin. One tree was installed on each lysimeter and, under constant mass, lysimeters mass were monitored during six consecutive days. Data were compared to the wind velocity, as measured by the weather station. All the six lysimeters constructed in this study presented adequate quality to be used for the determination of evapotranspiration on hourly and daily basis. For ALFA® lysimeters, the final measurement resolution was 0.0013 mm, being obtained with good precision, hysteresis, and low accuracy (standard error of 0.27 to 1.04 mm). HBM® lysimeters presented a final resolution of 0.00088 mm, good precision, few or no hysteresis, and high accuracy (standard error between 0.03 and 0.1 mm). All lysimeters proved to be not influenced by air temperature and wind on the determination of evapotranspiration, in spite of, in both, ALFA® and HBM® lysimeters, their measurement precision was linearly reduced with an increase in wind velocity.

No description available.

The Ganges Delta in Bangladesh, a transboundary rural river basin, is an example of water-related calamities due to natural and human-induced stresses. It is an agriculture-dominated area with the presence of Sundarbans mangrove forest. Recently this area is facing unfavorable conditions due to limitations in quantity, quality, and timing of available freshwater. As a result, floods, droughts, water scarcity, stream depletion, salinity intrusion, excessive sedimentation are becoming common phenomena. These calamities are making this area unsuitable for agriculture and vulnerable to the Sundarbans’ ecosystem. This study aims to provide technical insight into issues related to water scarcity and projected agricultural water demand for 2020-2100 considering the climate change uncertainties. We addressed three critical areas to attain this purpose. As a first task, this study attempted to analyze and understand the observed hydrological changes over the past six decades to fathom the critical reasons for freshwater scarcity. Secondly, interdependency, availability, and accessibility of surface water and groundwater were analyzed to investigate the adequacy of current water demand and supply in agriculture, industrial and domestic sectors. Irrigation demand is much higher than others and occupies 93% of the total water demand. Similarly, irrigation is 96% of total water withdrawal. This high demand in the agriculture sector led to our next objective to estimate agricultural demand for this century. It helps to understand an overall agricultural water consumption scenario for the future. This study provides necessary background information, which is vital for hydro-economically feasible agricultural water management plans.

Stomata are structures in plant epidermis which regulate contact between inner and outer environment of the plant by mediating their stomatal aperture. Many inner and outer signals contribute to the ontogenesis of the stomatal pattern. Guard cells undergo significant change of volume and surface during stomatal movement. This change of surface must be compensated by intracellular trafficking of membrane material because biological membrane has limited elasticity. Most of this trafficking takes place between plasma membrane and endosomal compartments. Complex exocyst is protein complex that ensures proper targeting of secretory vesicles to their destination on the plasma membrane. Function of this complex is essential for many cellular processes that require precise targeting of secretion. Mutation in gene Exo70B1 causes different development of the stomatal pattern. Plants with mutated Exo70B1 differ in stomatal size depending on the cultivation conditions more than wild type plant. Protein EXO70B1 is also directly involved in stomatal dynamics because mutants exo70B1 have retarded stomatal opening in response to light. This direct connection can be observed on the fluorescently labeled protein EXOB1 which significantly changes its localization during stomatal movements. None of these observed phenotypes is...

A process oriented modeling of an irrigated rice field in a semi arid area of Mali has been done with the help of computational tool CoupModel. The model has been used to simulate two levels of irrigation rates, in an attempt to test and see adequacy of a recommended irrigation rate and its environmental impact over the current management. A simpler simulation to represent less water demanding crops like sorghum or millet has also been done to indicate extent of the excess water and as alternative crop cultivation. Important processes and parameters to represent a rice cropping system have been identified and simulation was run for a 12 year period. Results show an irrigation amount of 916 mm delivers an overall 6 % increased yield. Results from the reduced irrigation also show a better output in surface runoff, nitrogen leaching and uptake, photosynthetic water use efficiency and fertilizer efficiency. Soil nitrogen and carbon storage shows nearly the same trend. Only nitrous oxide (N2O) emission rate increased by 13 % in the case of reduced irrigation. Simulation done for the other crops also shows a reasonable yield of sorghum or millet can be obtained with 46 % of water used for current rice irrigation.

Climate information is valuable in understanding the ecology of systems affecting wildlife. This information is often unavailable at the landscape scale. This study evaluated the applicability of several climate factor estimates at the landscape-scale, and illustrated the usefulness of estimated climate factors in ecological investigations. Climate variables estimated for each month of the year were solar radiation, temperature, precipitation, and potential evapotranspiration. Map layers for combined temperature and precipitation, and a moisture index were also created. Accuracy of the estimates for temperature and precipitation for each 300 m x 300 m pixel were quantitatively assessed. The methods used estimated mean monthly temperature within 1 degree C. Precipitation estimates were within 9 mm of actual recorded value. The estimates for monthly solar radiation were qualitatively assessed, and provided a reasonable relative index to actual solar radiation. Estimates of potential evapotranspiration were determined to be reasonably accurate. Landscape-scale estimated climate factors were used in 2 case studies. The first used logistic regression to examine the importance of climate factors to the observed distribution of 21 select forest cover-types in Virginia.The second compared the observed climate characteristics for the distributions of 3 species of terrestrial salamanders in Virginia. Winter temperature was the most important climate variable in determining forest cover-type distribution. Several differences in the climate characteristics of the 3 salamander distributions were observed and discussed. The conclusions of this study were that landscape-scale climate factors can be accurately estimated, and the estimates may be helpful in ecological investigations. / Master of Science

Agriculture in California’s Central Valley is important to the US economy and food supply. High reliance on groundwater (GW) for irrigation has led to GW overdraft. Among the consequences is that the GW level is lowered, increasing the energy requirements and cost of GW extraction. This is assessed in a case study of the Turlock subbasin, as well as a simplified Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA), in which the profitability of strategies for avoiding groundwater overdraft is compared to Business As Usual (BAU) for the years 2001 and 2050, using a high and low energy cost estimate. Climate projections are applied to the year 2050. An overdraft of 95 million m3 in 2001 is found to lower the GW level by 19.3cm, leading to an increase in energy requirements and cost of GW extraction of 0.320 Wh/m3 and 0.416 cents/m3, respectively. A reduction in production was found to be less profitable than BAU in all cases except for the year 2050, using high cost estimates. Crop replacement was found to be profitable in all cases. The use of desalinated water was found to be unprofitable in all cases. It is concluded that climate change and irrigation costs will have one or more of the following outcomes: decreased production, a shift towards higher $/m3 crops, and/or increased food prices. / Lantbruk I Kaliforniens Central Valley region är viktig för den Amerikanska ekonomin och livsmedelsförsörjningen. Stort beroende av grundvatten till konstbevattning har lett till grundvatten-övertrassering. Bland dess konsekvenser är att grundvatten nivån sjunker, vilket gör det mer energi-krävande och kostsamt att pumpa grundvattnet. Detta analyseras i fallstudiet, Turlock subbasin, där det även utförs en förenklad kostnads-nytto analys, i vilken lönsamheten av strategier för att undvika grundvatten-övertrassering jämförs med Business As Usual (BAU) för åren 2001 och 2050, baserad på en hög och en låg uppskattning av energi kostnader. Året 2050 beräknas inklusive förväntade förändringar i klimatet. En övertrassering på 95 miljoner m3 i 2001 visar sig resultera i att grundvatten nivån sjunker 19,3 cm, vilket ökar energibehovet och kostnaden av att pumpa grundvatten med 0,32 Wh/m3 respektivt 0,416 cents/m3. Att minska produktionen visar sig att endast vara lönsamt i ett fall: år 2050 med höga energi uppskattningar. Att byta grödor visar sig vara lönsamt i alla fall. Att förbruka desalinerat vatten visar sig vara olönsamt i alla fall. Det dras slutsatsen att förändringar i klimatet och kostnader av konstbevattning kommer att leda till en eller fler av följande utfall: förminskad produktion, ett skift mot högre $/m3 grödor, och/eller förhöjda matpriser.

Evapotranspiration (ET) is an essential component of water cycle as it is an interlinkage between atmosphere, vegetation and soil surface in terms of energy and water balance. However, whether potential ET has the same tendency to change as actual ET and how ET trend (based on the difference between precipitation and runoff) is directly driven by dominant meteorological factors alone or combined with ecosystem‘s feedbacks to climate change (like land-use change) is still under the discussion. In this report, five ET parameterizations within two rainfall-runoff models [Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer Model (CoupModel) and Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning (HBV)] have been set up based on six subcatchments of Sweden. The scenario derived from CoupModel shows that the trend of ET is affected by the change of land-use, where soil evaporation tends to shift to transpiration and interception evaporation. However, HBV model produces the other scenario: the trend of ET is merely the consequence of meteorological factors. Increased ET is contributed by increased interception evaporation due to the increased precipitation. After identifying the time split of changing ET trends, a dynamic simulation constructed both from HBV and CoupModel indicate that the increased total ET is primarily from increased ET in winter time. More and more interceptive water loss and transpiration resulted from land-use change due to more vegetation. On the other hand, land-use change is also a feed back to climate change. Transpiration controlled by the mechanism of stomata and water uptake controlled by reduction of soil moisture is highly related to variations of climatic conditions.