Šio darbo tikslas – ištirti vartotojų lūkesčius formuojančias rinkodaros priemones bei veiksnius ir pateikti vartotojų lūkesčių formavimo modelį taip pat rekomendacijas pastarojo įgyvendinimui. Pirmiausia tam, kad būtų pasiektas keliamas tikslas atlikta mokslinės literatūros analizė ir išaiškinta lūkesčių sąvoka. Be to, aptariamos identifikuotos lūkesčių funkcijos ir galiausiai suformuluojama šio darbo problema: kaip formuoti vartotojų lūkesčius. Atliktas vartotojų nuomonės tyrimas parodė, kad labiausiai vartotojų lūkesčius formuoja transliuojamojo pobūdžio reklaminiai pranešimai ir komunikacija „iš lūpų į lūpas“. Taip pat ištirti veiksniai bei produktų/paslaugų savybės, kurių naudojimas įvairaus pobūdžio komunikacinėse žinutėse nebūtinai formuoja vien teigiamus ir reklaminius pranešimus atitinkančius lūkesčius. Galiausiai integruojant mokslinės literatūros analizę bei atlikto vartotojų nuomonės tyrimo rezultatus pateikiamas vartotojų lūkesčių formavimo modelis bei rekomendacijos pastarojo įgyvendinimui. / The aim of this paper is to analyze the means and factors of communication that form the expectations of consumers and to present the formative model for the expectations of consumers as well as the recommendations for the realization of the latter. First, in order to achieve the purpose, the analysis of nonfiction literature was implemented and the perception of expectations was found out. In addition, the identified functions of expectations are discussed and finally the problem of this paper is formulated: how to form the expectations of consumers. The implemented study on the opinion of consumers revealed that the expectations of consumers are mostly formed by broadcasted commercial reports and by the communication „word – of – mouth“. The factors and the characteristics of products/services used in different types of communicational messages and not necessarily forming the expectations corresponding to positive and commercial reports were examined. Finally, the formative model for the expectations of customers and the recommendations for the realization of the latter are presented through the integration of the analysis of science literature and the results of the implemented study on the opinion of consumers.

Young workers are overrepresented in workplace accidents. The aim of this study was to provide the first research exploration of relatively inexperienced neophyte’s pre-work safety expectations, and their associations with expected risk and expected trust. A model of neophyte safety expectations was developed and tested linking accident exposure and work exposure to safety expectations, expectations of trust (in both co-workers and management) and expectations of risk. Results provided partial support for the model, suggesting that neophytes enter work with inflated safety expectations that do not match the reality of the job, and revealed marked gender differences in safety expectations. Implications and future recommendations are discussed.

Young workers are overrepresented in workplace accidents. The aim of this study was to provide the first research exploration of relatively inexperienced neophyte’s pre-work safety expectations, and their associations with expected risk and expected trust. A model of neophyte safety expectations was developed and tested linking accident exposure and work exposure to safety expectations, expectations of trust (in both co-workers and management) and expectations of risk. Results provided partial support for the model, suggesting that neophytes enter work with inflated safety expectations that do not match the reality of the job, and revealed marked gender differences in safety expectations. Implications and future recommendations are discussed.

Organizational culture statements are established to pronounce and promote core values for employees to live while performing roles and responsibilities. It is essential for employees to be knowledgeable of cultural expectations. When considering organizational alignment, research has indicated there is deficient linkage when analyzing applied strategies versus envisioned strategies focusing on employees’ actual lived experiences. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to survey whether the corporate health care employees’ lived experiences mirrored the stated cultural values associated with the theoretical framework concerning artifacts, espoused values, and basic assumptions. Through an online survey, this phenomenological study analyzed cultural experiences of 10 corporate health care employees, ranging from administrative support to the executive level. This study revealed experiences by employees based on stated cultural values and expectations. Many of the participants’ lived experiences linked back to the organization’s advertised cultural values. Results relative to behaviors emulating the culture statement were expressed based on employees’ alignment with the organizational mission and vision. They feel included, recognize integrity, and have an appreciation for serving the community. Other findings linked to the communication mediums were based on utilization, frequency, and access to appropriate communication tools. Findings also demonstrated leaders’ behaviors which align with innovation and granting autonomy for optimal performance. These results may influence social change by providing insight for better understanding employees’ lived experiences, thus creating improved alignment, replication of behaviors, mutual respect, and collaboration.

Learning Analytics är ett forskningsområde som innefattar insamling, mätning, analysering och rapportering av “big data” om studenter i deras lärmiljö. Syftet är att förstå och optimera studenters lärande, och deras studiemiljöer. Learning Analytics-tjänster kan bland annat hjälpa studenter att få en insikt i hur de bör studera för att vara tidseffektiva eller höja sina studieprestationer. Dessutom kan tjänsterna upptäcka och ge feedback till studenter som riskerar att misslyckas med sina kurser, samt skapa personliga visualiseringar för t.ex. tidsförbrukning per delmoment i en kurs, eller betygsfördelning. Denna studie använder sig av ett forskningsinstrument som kallas Student Expectations of Learning Analytics Questionnaire (SELAQ) och ämnar undersöka studenters attityd till 12 olika påståenden relaterade till Learning Analytics. Deltagarna i studien fick således svara på en enkät där de fick gradera hur mycket de instämde med de givna påståendena, under premissen att deras lärosäte hypotetiskt skulle börja implementera en Learning Analytics-tjänst. Resultaten från studien indikerar att SELAQ ger oss bra insikt i vilka förväntningar studenter på svenska lärosäten har på Learning Analytics. Resultaten visar bland annat också att studenterna har låga förväntningar kring de områden som rör feedbacken från Learning Analytics-tjänsten. Mer specifikt har de låg tillit till att undervisande personal kommer att leverera feedbacken på ett tillfredsställande vis till studenterna. Vidare visar resultatet att studenterna har högre förväntningar i frågor gällande inhämtning av samtycke och hantering av personlig data. / Learning Analytics is an area of research which includes collecting, measuring, analysing, and reporting “big data” about students and their learning environment. The purpose is to understand and optimise students’ learning and learning environments. Learning Analytics services can among other things help students gain insight into how they should study to be time-efficient or increase their study performances. Moreover, the services can detect and provide feedback to those students at risk of failing their courses, as well as create personalised visualizations about for example time consumption per parts of a course, or grade distribution. This study uses a research instrument called Student Expectations of Learning Analytics Questionnaire (SELAQ) and aims to examine students' attitudes to 12 different statements related to Learning Analytics. Thus, the participants in the study got to answer a survey where they had to rate how much they agreed with the given statements, based on the hypothetical premise that their university would start to implement a Learning Analytics service. The results from the study indicates that the SELAQ instrument gives us a good understanding about the expectations on Learning Analytics of students in Swedish higher education. The results also show, among other things, that the students have low expectations in areas related to the feedback from the Learning Analytics service. More specifically, they have low confidence that the teaching staff will deliver the feedback to the students in a satisfying way. Furthermore, the results show that the students have higher expectations in matters concerning the obtaining of consent and handling personal data.

© 2018 Elsevier Inc. It is important to understand the relative importance of business ethics and social responsibility in determining brand attitudes. However, there has been a failure in prior research to differentiate between attitudes toward business ethics and CSR. This research reviews customer-brand research related to business ethics and social responsibility and conducts a study to evaluate customer attitudes. Four scenarios offer variations in company behaviors related to positive and negative conduct of customer social responsibility and business ethics. Study findings from a panel of 351 respondents provide new insights related to a customer's expectations and perceptions of company CSR and business ethics behavior. We conclude that although CSR attitudes remain important, customers value business ethics as a critical behavior in their perceptions of brand attitudes.

In recent years, states in the United States have developed assessment testing to help ensure that schools meet academic standards. This study investigated an educational problem of low student academic achievement and low scores on a state test in a middle school in the southeastern United States. It specifically queried whether expectations for student achievement had a positive influence on students' academic success. The research questions were designed to investigate parents, teachers, and administrators' expectations for the academic achievement of students. The conceptual framework guiding this study used the ecological model of human development, which postulates that personal development is influenced by proximal processes. Key findings focused on expectations, academic performance, and ways to help students meet academic standards. This information was used to create a parent-teacher professional development seminar, which presented strategies to urge academic achievement and encourage student engagement with content. The seminar also provided parents and teachers with information about the impact that their expectations may have on students. Recommendations for improvement include careful review of current critical inquiry strategies that are used to increase student engagement and academic achievement. Implications for social change include using the professional development project and other appropriate opportunities with parents and educators to inform them about the importance of their role and the expectations they have for student academic achievement.

Communication is an important aspect of modern monetary policy. Since the popularization of the inflation targeting framework, communication has been used to manage expectations and maintain credibility. In recent years, forward guidance as a signaling strategy has been recognized as an important tool of monetary policy. Can communication be considered an effective monetary policy tool? Using data from the United States, in a sample from 1990 to 2019, a Bai Perron test for multiple breakpoints is conducted to identify changes in both inflation expectations, term structure of the expectation, and expected real interest rates. We find evidence that changes in expectations for both inflation and real interest rates are associated with changes in central bank’s signaling strategy.

No description available.

<p>    </p> <p>Dysmenorrhea is the most common pain condition in reproductive-aged women and is characterized by pain during menstruation. Dysmenorrhea has far-reaching effects, such as increased psychological distress, increased relationship problems, reduced physical activity, and decreased sleep efficiency. It is the leading cause of absenteeism in this population. Though dysmenorrhea impacts many women and has such far-reaching effects, it has not been studied as extensively as other pain conditions, specifically regarding trait expectations and specific expectations. In other pain conditions, hope and optimism, the two most studied trait expectations, are protective factors for pain severity, interference, and the psychological effects of pain. Trait expectations additionally predict specific expectations, with hope predicting specific expectations related to the self, and optimism predicting specific expectations related to experiences. Both self- and experience-expectations predict outcomes, such as pain severity and pain tolerance. The current study sought to 1) examine the factor structure of specific expectations for dysmenorrhea; 2) examine the roles of trait and specific expectations in predicting dysmenorrhea; and 3) examine the roles of trait expectations and dysmenorrhea in predicting psychological adjustment. A longitudinal study of 389 menstruating women, over the age of 18, who could read and write English was conducted through CloudResearch. Confirmatory factor analysis and mixed latent- and measured-variable path analysis were used. Results indicated two distinct factors of specific expectations, pain-expectation and self- expectation. Hope predicted self-expectation, which predicted dysmenorrhea interference. Pain- expectation predicted dysmenorrhea severity and interference. Additionally, both hope and optimism predicted psychological adjustment. Dysmenorrhea interference predicted psychological distress. However, trait expectations did not predict dysmenorrhea. This study is the first to examine the associations among trait expectations, specific expectations, and dysmenorrhea and expands on the differences between dysmenorrhea and other pain conditions. </p>