Les nouvelles technologies de l’information rendent l’accès au savoir possible, des forum et des réseaux sociaux permettent aux malades de s’organiser, le monde associatif se structure, et dans cette dynamique, des patients sont considérés des experts de leur maladie chronique. Toutefois, la nature de leur expertise reste floue et polémique et appelle à être caractérisée. Pour caractériser ce phénomène, nous avons utilisé comme cadre conceptuel le socioconstructivisme et l’individualisme méthodologique. A partir d’une première grille d’analyse issue d’une recension des écrits sur les notions d’expert et d’expertise, il a été procédé à des entretiens avec 12 patients reconnus socialement comme ayant une pratique d’expert ainsi qu’à des entretiens avec des professionnels de santé qui les côtoient en différentes circonstances. La première grille d’analyse ayant permis d’identifier les domaines à explorer, nous avons procédé à l’analyse qualitative et compréhensive des récits de vie des patients et mis en évidence leur motivation, éthique, déontologie, rapport au savoir, modalités d’apprentissages, savoirs, actions, compétences, traits de personnalité, et leur rapport aux soins et à leurs soignants. Deux types de patients-experts émergent qui se consacrent soit aux problématiques biomédicales, soit à l’accompagnement social et au système de soins. Ces deux types de patients-experts ont en commun d’être des acteurs sociaux passionnés et altruistes, qui poursuivent l’objectif d’améliorer la prise en charge de la maladie et/ou sa prévention, qui déploient à cet effet des compétences interculturelles, émotionnelles et de l’autonomie, et qui assurent des rôles d’interface, de porte-voix et d’éclaireurs. Ces acteurs motivés, qui participent à identifier des problématiques de santé et à les élucider, intéressent la santé publique dans la mesure où nos résultats interrogent le type de fonctions qu’ils pourraient occuper dans le système de santé et la forme que pourrait prendre la valorisation de leurs actions. / New information technology provides access to knowledge; thanks to forums and social networks, patients can organize, constructing a community in which some patients are considered experts in their chronic disease. The nature of that expertise is unclear and controversial, however, and demands characterizations. To characterize this phenomenon we employed social constructivism and methodological individualism as a conceptual framework. Using an initial analysis grid taken from a literature review on the concepts of expert and expertise, we interviewed twelve patients socially acknowledged as having expert experience, as well as health professionals with whom they have contact in a variety of circumstances.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Frankfurt/Main, 1973. / Includes bibliographical references (p. iv-x).

This diploma thesis deals with the use of the auditor's expert in obtaining sufficient and appropriate audit evidence. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the concept of audit and the auditor's expert's work in the context of International Standards on Auditing ISA. The third part of the thesis is about management's expert. The last chapter is devoted to a questionnaire survey carried out among audit firms and auditors working as self-employed (OSVČ).

In the first chapter, the author explains his interest in computer-based information systems combined with their interactions with and use by members of the professions, as an on-going research focus and topic. After basic definitions, the discussion moves to the professions that are considered in the thesis and the organisational contexts in which their interactions with information systems occur. Finally, the chapter considers (1) the relevance of dissemination of research results as an integral and essential part of the research process and (2) the author's value framework, within which the studies described in the thesis are presented. The following chapter contains a review of research approaches employed in information systems and software engineering research. These approaches are examined to indicate how and where they have been used in the studies presented in the author's published papers reprinted in chapters three to nine. Because of the predominance of the action research perspective taken by the author, the rationale and results that can be achieved from the action research approach are specifically examined. Finally, chapter two considers the advantages of problem-driven research and the need for a diverse range of research approaches in information systems research. The following seven chapters are reprinted copies of published papers, four from journals and three from conferences. Chapter 3 describes a management problem related to ancillary works of the Thames Barrier; chapter 4 describes optimisation techniques and minimum cost design as used by engineers; chapter 5 describes an accountant's management information system; chapter 6 describes a knowledge-based system related to the selection of pacemakers for a cardiologist; chapter 7 relates to education of engineers in mid-career; and chapters 8 and 9 relate to the education of medical students and doctors in mid-career. The final chapter, chapter 10, reflects on the work described in the earlier chapters; and on factors which might have affected the outcomes of the research. These factors include (1) the role of the author who for periods operated as a consultant-researcher, and (2) the fact that the studies were undertaken in organisations and situations in which a managerialist climate existed. This is followed by research conclusions and implications for future research.

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3 pp. / Tree experts, known as arborists, provide a variety of services to help you care for the valuable investment you have made in your trees. This publication provides information about the type of services the arborists and tree workers provide, as well as the type of tree workers, the cost of hiring a tree worker and how to select a qualified tree worker.

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