The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a key destination and transit country for human trafficking. Human trafficking is a complex international criminal enterprise that supplies humans for many different forms of forced labour and commercial sexual exploitation. It has devastating effects on its victims. Theories suggest that human trafficking is strongly linked to migration, which would explain why it has become an urgent issue for the UAE, since its massive influx of migrants seeking a better life and economic circumstances, are habitually lured to the UAE and subjected to exploitation by traffickers. It is a situation that in recent years has tarnished the UAE's reputation to the international community and its wealthy investors. It is for all of these reasons that this thesis is concerned with human trafficking in the UAE, with a special focus on the trafficking of women, as well as the legal mechanisms and initiatives created to combat this scourge. At the heart of this investigation is Federal Law No. 51 which marked a pivotal moment for the UAE, as it was a law specifically designed to address trafficking on its territory. However, as with laws drafted by the international community, there exist difficulties with how trafficking should be construed, and with how traffickers and trafficked victims should be treated in order to effectively eliminate this crime. Ultimately, the research highlights the importance and benefits of a victim-centred human rights based approach, as opposed to the pervasive crime control one, which includes ensuring that victims are genuinely protected and fully rehabilitated to re-enter society. In addition, the research provides crucial insights from Islamic law and principles that raise significant implications for understanding how the trafficking in women should be conceptualised and dealt with in modern-day Muslim societies such as the UAE.

Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC) is a serious violation of the Human Rights with global and local implications. The multidimensionality of CSEC requires us to understand its historical elements, legal definitions, and psychosocial characteristics. International agencies, states, and national agencies (statutory and voluntary sectors) have agreed on an agenda of responses including research on CSEC, partnership and collaboration, legal changes and adjustment, promoting criminal prosecution, social policies and interventions for children and young people that have been made subject to CSEC. These interventions are diverse in their approaches, purposes, types of services, models, and critical points. In accordance with international agreements, the Chilean State recognised CSEC as a social problem and developed social policies, legal changes and intervention programmes across the country. In this context, practitioners have built a 'know-how' of social intervention in CSEC based on technical guidelines (social policy on CSEC), institutional directions and pragmatic decisions from fieldwork reflexivity. However, there is no clear evidence about the rationale, models, practices, strategies and critical points in the interventions and weakness in the monitoring and evaluations. Applied Discourse Analysis was conducted to explore the relationship between different levels of social intervention on CSEC: policy, intervention models and practices. The research purpose was to describe, understand, and analyse the programmes of social intervention in CSEC, the social intervention models, and the interdisciplinary practices in Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children, implemented in the decade of 2004-2014 in Chile. Government and alternative documents were analysed (13 each), discussion groups with interdisciplinary professional teams in CSEC (3), and a focus group (1) composed of policymakers, academics, researchers, police and judicial representatives was undertaken. These materials were data-managed and analysed using the software dedoose. All University of Edinburgh Research Ethics procedures were followed. The findings indicate that Government documents highlight two discursive styles: Mandatory and Pragmatic, regarding the intervention and the approaches used. These discourses (1) defined the interventions as a part of a system or building a network of services, (2) established a condition of the intervention that recognised children as a subject of law or recognised the specialised character of the intervention, and (3) based interventions on guidelines and ethical principles or challenges, and evidence-based approaches. Alternative documents developed a discursive style of Monitoring and Evaluation that emphasised (1) the complexity of CSEC and the need to develop responses, (2) then recognised challenges such a making visible CSEC and problems with the interventions; and finally (3) recommended the basis for the intervention. Mixed Stakeholders group (1) emphasised CSEC characteristics, and the institutional responses (2) specified the structure of the intervention, and (3) identified tensions and challenges in the adjustments of social policies and intervention practices, methodological needs, and the judicial system rationale and practices. These findings are significant because they help us to understand the processes involved in building appropriate and situated responses for children and young people that have been made subject to CSE on a local, regional and global level.

O conhecimento das diferentes fases do ciclo básico de vida da espécie vegetal constitui uma ferramenta eficaz de manejo e que uma vez identificados possibilita alcançar boas produtividades e melhor qualidade ao produto comercial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho produtivo e as características químicas da borracha de quatro clones de seringueira, sob diferentes sistemas de sangria, estádios fenológicos e condições edafoclimáticas. O experimento foi instalado na área experimental do Departamento de Produção Vegetal da Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, da ESALQ/USP, no município de Piracicaba, SP (2242`30``S, 4738`00``W) e na Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios (APTA) - Pólo Regional do Desenvolvimento Tecnológico de Agronegócios do Noroeste Paulista, no município de Votuporanga, SP (20°20S, 49°50W). O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos casualizados em esquema parcela subdividida com três ou quatro réplicas. Os tratamentos principais (clones GT 1, PB 235, IAN 873 e RRIM 600) foram alocados nas parcelas e os tratamentos secundários (sistemas de sangria: ½S d/2; ½S d/4 ET 2,5%; ½S d/7 ET 2,5%) constituíram as subparcelas. As variáveis analisadas foram: produção de borracha seca, teores de cinzas e de macronutrientes e micronutrientes da borracha natural. As amostras de borracha natural foram obtidas nos estádios fenológicos: refolhamento; folhas maduras e senescência de folhas. Concluiu-se que a produção e as características da borracha são influenciadas pelas condições edafoclimáticas, pelos sistemas de sangria dependendo do estádio fenológico. A produção e os teores de nutrientes são mais influenciados pela prática de sangria do que pelo material genético, no estádio de senescência e em condições restritivas para a planta. / The knowledge of the different phases of the basic life cycle of plant species is an effective tool of management and that once identified possible to obtain good yields and better quality to the commercial product. The objective of this work was to evaluate the yield performance and chemical characteristics of the rubber of four rubber tree clones under different tapping systems, phenological stages and edaphoclimatic conditions. The experiment was carried in experimental area of the Departamento de Produção Vegetal da Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, da ESALQ/USP, Brazil (2242`30``S, 4738`00``W) and in Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios (APTA) - Pólo Regional do Desenvolvimento Tecnológico de Agronegócios do Noroeste Paulista, in Votuporanga city São Paulo State, Brazil (20 ° 20\'S, 49 ° 50\'W). The experimental design was in randomized block design with split plot and three or four replicates. The main treatments (GT 1, PB 235, IAN 873 and RRIM 600 clones) were allocated in the plots and secondary treatments (tapping systems: ½S d/2; ½S d/4 ET 2.5%; ½ S d/7 ET 2.5%) constituted the subplots. The analyzed variables were: dry rubber yield, ash content, macronutrients and micronutrients of the natural rubber. Samples of natural rubber were obtained in the phenological stages: leaves development, mature leaves and leaves senescence. It was concluded that the yield and chemical characteristics of the rubber are influenced by the edaphoclimatic conditions, by the tapping systems and depending of the phenological stages. The yield and nutrients content of natural rubber is more influenced by the tapping practice than the genetic material in the leaves senescence stage and under restrictive conditions for the plant.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:04:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrea freitas.pdf: 1204179 bytes, checksum: 42330981ff251c4bf97e2a1f7d24fb19 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-06 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / O presente trabalho procurou abordar o fenômeno da Exploração Sexual feminina na sociedade de consumo, fundamentando-se na sociologia das relações de gênero, ao tomar como estudo as situações de exploração sexual feminina e de prostituição que acontecem na fronteira Brasil/Venezuela, no período compreendido entre a última década (anos dois mil), aos dias atuais. O percurso teórico conceitual adotado considera essa temática um assunto relevante para o campo de estudos sociológicos e da dinâmica estrutura social. Ademais, utilizamos as reflexões teóricas da sociedade de consumo de Jean Baudrillard para identificar e distinguir antigas e novas formas de organização da oferta dos serviços sexuais na atualidade, acompanhadas de dimensões simbólicas que mercantilizam o sexo e o corpo feminino no mercado sexual. Uma visita rápida sobre o processo de colonização e de escravidão no Brasil permitiu conhecer um pouco da condição feminina na constituição do pensamento social do nosso país, que se manifesta nas relações sociais de gênero, ao apontar singularidades e convenções mais amplas sobre os estudos da exploração sexual feminina. Assim, a reflexão sobre o patriarcado, a violência, a pornografia e as relações de poder possibilitaram melhor compreender a redefinição dos espaços públicos e privados, rumo à elaboração de políticas públicas para as mulheres na direção de torná-las efetivamente sujeitos de direitos. Também se constatou aspectos e elementos particulares no processo de organização social e espacial da fronteira, ao identificar sujeitos empíricos entre paisagens e passagens que se (re)configuram nos discursos e repertórios vivenciados no fenômeno da exploração sexual feminina. Foram realizadas 30 entrevistas, distribuídas em três grupos focais: a comunidade em geral, os prestadores de serviços voltados à problemática estudada, as das mulheres prostitutas e de duas adolescentes em situação de exploração sexual. No discorrer dessas observações e análises viu-se que os sujeitos empíricos, em especial as mulheres envolvidas na prostituição, trilham um difícil caminho em busca de melhores condições de vida e de uma vida mais feliz.

O presente trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um protótipo de motor de indução linear tubular para aplicação na extração de petróleo. A principal função do motor é acionar diretamente uma bomba de sucção instalada no fundo de um poço em terra. São estabelecidas as diretrizes de projeto elétrico do motor, em conjunto com uma análise preliminar baseada na teoria convencional das máquinas elétricas. Propõe-se a aplicação do método das matrizes de transmissão para obter um modelo analítico mais preciso do motor de indução linear tubular. Também é apresentado o modelo obtido pela aplicação do Método dos Elementos Finitos. Os resultados dos modelos teóricos convencional e matricial são confrontados com os resultados do modelo por Elementos Finitos e de testes, mostrando boa concordância. De maneira geral, os resultados indicam que o motor tubular pode substituir com vantagens o sistema mecânico de superfície e o conjunto de hastes utilizados na extração de petróleo. / This report presents the development of a tubular linear induction motor for oil well applications. The aim of the motor is to directly drive an on-shore downhole piston pump with no rods. Guidance to the electric and magnetic design of the motor is established. Two forms of analysis are proposed: the rotating electrical machines (conventional) based and the transmission matrix based. A model using the Finite Element Method is also described. Conventional and matricial solutions are compared to the Finite Element and tests results, showing good agreement. In a general sense, the work results show that the tubular motor may substitute the mechanical surface system and the rod string with advantage.

La période 1870-1914 est une ère de paix relative pour la France. Apres la défaite de 1870, la politique revancharde française ranime les efforts impérialistes de colonisation en Afrique et dans les iles. Cet élan colonialiste se traduit dans la pratique du sport qui gagne de popularité et devient le moyen idéal d’acheminer les idéaux républicains. L’alpinisme et la course aux sommets des Alpes deviennent alors symboliques de l’imaginaire de conquête présent dans l’esprit de la bourgeoisie européenne. Bien que ce phénomène soit l’objet de plusieurs études historico-culturelles, telles que celles d’Olivier Hoibian, Philippe Joutard et Dominique Lejeune, rares sont les études de la représentation de la mentalité colonialiste dans les œuvres de littérature alpine, qui, selon moi, capturent cette mentalité de façon unique et forte. L’analyse littéraire des deux textes sélectionnés montre comment la mentalité impérialiste se traduit dans l’appropriation et l’exploitation de l’espace montagnard. Les notions de progrès et de civilisation jouent le rôle d’étendards pour une domination évidente du capital et de la modernisation qui caractérise l’Europe du XIXe siècle, et auxquels les Alpes n’échappent pas.

No description available.

Dans les pays méditerranéens, l’agriculture en lien avec la ville connait des dynamiques variées, entre déclin et renouveau. Au Liban, les espaces agricoles sont de faible étendue, et limités par un relief escarpé. Le pays souffre également de politiques faibles d’aménagement qui n’accordent pas d’importance à l’agriculture urbaine. Pourtant, des formes agricoles persistent en ville. Dans cette thèse nous lisons l’agriculture en lien avec la ville au prisme d’un droit spécifique au monde arabe, le waqf. Nous partons d’une hypothèse qui voit sur les propriétés dotées d’un waqf une possibilité de maintien ou même de développement de l’agriculture de la région beyrouthine. Adoptant une approche multiscalaire, nous examinons l’agriculture sur le waqf au niveau de sites mais également d’exploitations agricoles, et dressons une géographie foncière des logiques agricoles observables dans la région beyrouthine.Selon nos résultats, les waqf sont assez présents dans l’agglomération beyrouthine. Les waqf agricoles présentent une meilleure résistance face à l’urbanisation -que les terres privées- lorsqu’ils sont associés à des couvents situés dans le périurbain de Beyrouth. Si l’objectif du waqf est l’immobilisation de biens dont les revenus doivent servir des actions pieuses, il en existe différents types au Liban : familial, caritatif, mais aussi religieux chez les chrétiens dont les revenus servent à soutenir les serviteurs de l’Eglise et l’accomplissement d’actes religieux. Quant à leur acquisition, la recherche a permis de distinguer deux discours : celui de religieux qui parlent surtout de waqf achetés, et le second, celui de laïcs, qui lient les acquisitions à d’anciens dons de terres. La gestion de waqf communautaires, majoritaires dans la zone d’étude, diffère selon les confessions religieuses présentes au Liban : elle est centralisée chez les grecs-orthodoxes, les sunnites et les catholiques dans le cas des waqf d’églises, et décentralisée chez les chiites et les catholiques lorsqu’il s’agit de waqf de couvents. Si la location et le métayage agricoles sont possibles sur le waqf, ils sont régis par des contrats s’étalant sur 3, 6, 9 ans chez les catholiques et variant selon le projet agricole chez les orthodoxes, ce qui confère une plus grande sécurité foncière aux exploitations agricoles que celle procurée par les terres privées louées (contrats annuels). Sur le waqf diverses formes agricoles se déploient : maraîchage, arboriculture, élevage et transformation (faire-valoir direct par des religieux), mais aussi des cultures hydroponiques, des pépinières et des cultures spéciales (faire-valoir indirect), alors que sur les terres privées nous retrouvons du maraîchage et de plus en plus de pépinières. Les logiques agricoles identifiées montrent un regain agricole sur les waqf empruntant des trajectoires différentes et entretenant des liens divers à la ville.Finalement, les waqf, malgré leur vocation sociale, n’apparaissent pas comme des communs, ni comme des propriétés privées. Ils sont plutôt mus par des logiques communautaires qui leur sont propres. / In the Mediterranean countries, agriculture linked to city knows various dynamics, between renewal and decline. In Lebanon, agriculture extends over small surface areas and is limited by steep terrain. Moreover, the country suffers from weak planning policies that do not address its agriculture, especially that found in urban contexts. Yet, agriculture persists in the city. In this thesis, we explore agriculture linked to the city in the light of a right that is specific to the Arab region, the waqf. We depart from the following hypothesis: waqf properties allow to maintain, if not to develop, agriculture related to the city. Adopting a multiscale approach, we examine agriculture on waqf at the level of sites, as well as production units, and draw a geography, rather a land geography based on agricultural actors’ logic or logiques agricoles in french.According to our results, waqf lands are quite present in the Beirut region. Agricultural waqf are more resilient- than private lands- to urbanization, especially when found on convent sites located in the peri-urban area of Beirut. If the objective underlying the constitution of a waqf is the immobilization of goods for usages generating revenues for pious actions, still we can distinguish different types of waqf: family, charitable but also religious waqf, especially Christian religious waqf, whose income is used to support the servants of the Church and the fulfillment of religious actions. Management of community waqf, abundant in the study area, differs among religious communities: it is centralized among Greek-orthodox, Sunnis and Catholics in the case of church waqf, and decentralized among Shiites and Catholics in the case of convent waqf. If agricultural leasing and sharecropping are possible on waqf lands, they are ruled by contracts extending over 3, 6, 9 years among Catholics, and varying according to the agricultural project among the Orthodox, which grants a greater land security than which found on private lands (annually renewed contracts). Various agricultural forms can be found on waqf: market gardening, fruit trees, breeding and processing (direct tenure by clergymen) but also hydroponics, nurseries and special crops (indirect tenure of lands, leasing), whereas on private lands we find market gardening and more and more nurseries. Identified agricultural logics show a revival of agriculture on waqf lands borrowing different trajectories and maintaining various links to the city.Finally, the waqf, despite their social vocation, do not appear as commons nor as private properties. They are rather driven by their own communitarian logic.

Global slavery includes human trafficking, debt bondage, forced labor, commercial sexual exploitation of children, and organ trafficking. Despite its official abolishment within the international community, global slavery continues to thrive in many parts of the world. The various types of slavery do not restrain themselves in a mutual exclusive manner; rather, they transcend and merge to create inter-connectedness within the illegal world of slavery. For instance, a person that is trafficked for the purpose of labor -- domestic or forced -- can also become sexually exploited and prostituted. This thesis discusses the nature and scope of the different faces of contemporary slavery, including human trafficking, debt bondage, and the sex tourism industry. While pervasive worldwide, human trafficking remains a major problem, especially in Central and Eastern Europe, the former republics of the Soviet Union, and Asia. Higher levels of unemployment, the demand for "exotic" women and the existence of well-organized trafficking routes and international criminal organizations has led to the development of this slavery. In short, human trafficking is said to exist in virtually every country of the world. The abundance of beautiful beaches and resorts, as well as the supply of cheap women and children in Southeast Asia and Latin America has led to a thriving sex tourism industry. In Central Asia and Africa, a high demand for manual labor, as well as certain religious and cultural factors, has given rise to the largest type of slavery in the world: debt bondage. An empirical aggregate-level analysis using OLS regression is performed to examine why certain countries have more indigenous people (native to that country) who become enslaved than others. Overall, a lack of human development proves to be a major factor in determining the number of enslaved peoples across countries.

Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC) is the sexual exploitation of minors for commercial profit. The intersection between sex trafficking victimization and substance use has not yet been explored in clinical research and is not reflected in current clinical treatment of survivors when they exit their exploitation. The research question explored in this study focused on the substance use treatment considerations and challenges clinical social workers face when treating survivors of CSEC living in Massachusetts. Subquestions included understanding how cumulative trauma from CSEC impacts substance use treatment and how the coercive use of substances aimed at maintaining victim submission impacts substance use treatment. Contemporary trauma theory was the theoretical basis that informed this action research study. The sample included 5 clinical social work practitioners who had experience working with victims and survivors of CSEC. Data collected through a focus group was coded, compared, and analyzed for major and emergent themes using the constant comparison method. The key findings of the study include the lack of training and experience specific to the population, the impact of trauma, the effect of CSEC on substance use treatment, and the need for specialized treatment services. The findings of the study may create positive social change by increasing knowledge of the dynamics of substance use treatment with CSEC survivors, informing best practices for social worker professionals working with this population, and advising the development of trauma-informed substance use treatment for CSEC survivors.