This study uses annual data for the period 1975-2014 for South Africa and Botswana, and 1979-2013 for Lesotho to examine empirically the impact of trade openness on economic growth in these three South African Customs Union (SACU) countries. The motivation for this study is that SACU countries are governed by the common agreement for the union that oversees the movement of goods that enter the SACU area. However, although these countries are in a com-mon union, they have quite different levels of development. Based on the country’s level of development, Lesotho is a lower middle-income and least developed country, whereas Botswana and South Africa are upper middle-income economies. Thus, these disparities in the levels of economic development of SACU countries i are expected to have different implications in relation to the extent to which trade openness affects economic growth. It is within this background that the current study seeks to examine what impact trade openness has on economic growth in each of the three selected countries. To check the robustness of the empirical results, this study uses four equations based on four different indicators of trade openness to examine the linkage between trade openness and economic growth. While Equation 1, Equation 2 and Equation 3 employ trade-based indicators of openness, Equation 4 uses a modified version of the UNCTAD (2012a) trade openness index that incorporates differences in country size and geography. Using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to cointegration and error-correction modelling, the study found that the impact of trade openness on economic growth varies across the three SACU countries. Based on the results for the first three equations, the study found that trade openness has a positive impact on economic growth in South Africa and Botswana, whereas it has no significant impact on economic growth in Lesotho. Based on Equation 4 results, the study found that after taking the differences in country size and geography into account, trade openness has a positive impact on economic growth in Botswana, but an insignificant impact in South Africa and Lesotho. For South Africa and Botswana, the main recommendation from this study is that policy makers should pursue policies that promote total trade to increase economic growth in both the short and the long run. For Lesotho, the study recommends, among other things, the adoption of policies aimed at enhancing human capital and infrastructural development as well as the broadening of exports, so as to enable the economy to grow to a threshold level necessary for the realisation of significant gains from trade. / Economics

El pisco peruano es la bebida bandera del Perú, es un destilado de uva con mucha historia y está arraigado en la identidad nacional peruana. A lo largo de los últimos años ha ido ganando más presencia a nivel internacional y ha logrado hacerse un espacio es bares, restaurantes y eventos reconocidos. Por tal motivo, el Estado peruano ha ido estableciendo diversas acciones con el fin de promover su consumo e internacionalización a través de Mecanismos de Promoción a la Exportación. Ante esto, el presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo principal determinar si los Mecanismos de Promoción para las Exportaciones están directa y positivamente relacionados con el desempeño exportador de las pymes pisqueras peruanas entre los años 2015 – 2019, considerando como dimensiones de los mecanismos los (i) Mecanismos de Promoción Informativos y (ii) Mecanismos de Promoción Experienciales basados en investigaciones previas. Para ello, se aplicó una investigación mixta, con un diseño transversal correlacional. Para recopilar la información cualitativa del estudio fue necesario realizar entrevistas a 9 expertos de entidades involucradas en el problema de investigación como PROMPERÚ, ADEX, consultores externos y empresas pymes exportadoras, las cuales fueron analizados mediante el programa Atlas Ti. Asimismo, para la fase cuantitativa se diseñó una encuesta cerrada a escala de Likert, la cual fue enviada a las pymes muestra de estudio, recolectando así 16 respuestas de representantes de las pymes del sector pisquero participantes de los mecanismos de promoción informativos y experienciales, los cuales fueron analizados a través del software SPSS. Con relación a los resultados, a través del análisis de Rho Spearman, se pudo concluir que, efectivamente, los Mecanismos de Promoción para las Exportaciones están directa y positivamente relacionados con el desempeño exportador de las pymes pisqueras peruanas entre los años 2015-2019. Además, se pudo determinar que las dimensiones i) Mecanismos de Promoción Informativos y (ii) Mecanismos de Promoción Experienciales están relacionadas con el desempeño exportador. / Peruvian Pisco is the “bebida bandera” of Peru, it is a grape distillate with a lot of history and is rooted in the Peruvian national identity. Over the last few years, it has gained more international presence and has managed to have a space in recognized restaurants, bars and important events. For this reason, Peruvian Government has been working in many actions to promote its consumption and internationalization through Export Promotion Mechanisms. Given this, the main objective of this research is to determinate whether Export Promotion Mechanisms are directly and positively related to export performance of Peruvian Pisco SMEs between 2015 – 2019. The dimensions for this research are (i) Informative Promotion Mechanisms and (ii) Experiential Promotion Mechanisms based on previous investigations. For this a mixed investigation was applied with a correlational cross-sectional design. To collect quality information, I was necessary to interview 9 experts from entities involved in the research problem such as PROMPERU and ADEX, external consultants and exporting SMEs, which were analyzed through Atlas Ti program. For quantitative phase a close Likert scale survey was designed, which was sent to the study samples SMEs, thus collecting 16 responses from representatives of SMEs in the pisco sector which participated in informative and experiential promotion mechanisms. The 16 responses were analyzed through SPSS software. Regarding the results, through the Rho Spearman analysis, it was concluded that Export Promotion Mechanisms are directly and positively related to export performance of Peruvian Pisco SMEs between 2015 – 2019. Furthermore, it was determined that dimensions (i) Informative Promotion Mechanisms and (ii) Experiential Promotion Mechanisms are related to export performance too. / Tesis

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo principal analizar de qué manera la participación en Ferias Comerciales como mecanismo de promoción y desarrollo contribuye a las empresas exportadoras de mandarinas entre los años 2017-2020. Por un lado, el análisis se realiza considerando tres etapas de participación en las ferias comerciales (i) Preparación para la participación en la feria, (ii) Performance durante la participación en la feria y (iii) Post participación en la feria, siendo este un enfoque diferente a lo ya estudiado. Por otro lado, se busca encontrar en forma práctica, la relevancia de cada etapa en cuanto a la promoción a través de ferias del producto Superfoods mandarina. Para ello, se aplicó una investigación cualitativa con un diseño de teoría fundamentada. Para la recopilación de la información del estudio, fue necesario realizar entrevistas a profundidad a 12 expertos de entidades involucradas al problema de investigación como PROMPERÚ, ADEX, AGAP, PROCITRUS, consultores externos y empresas exportadoras de mandarina. De acuerdo con los datos obtenidos, estos fueron analizados y procesados mediante el programa Atlas Ti. Con relación a los resultados, se pudo llegar a la conclusión que la participación en Ferias Comerciales como mecanismo de promoción y desarrollo si influye de manera positiva a las empresas exportadoras de mandarinas entre los años 2017-2020. / The main objective of this research work is to analyze how participation in Trade Fairs as a promotion and development mechanism contributes to mandarin exporting companies between the years 2017-2020. On the one hand, the analysis is carried out considering three stages of participation in trade fairs (i) Preparation for participation in the fair, (ii) Performance during participation in the fair and (iii) Post participation in the fair, this being a different approach to what you already studied. On the other hand, it seeks to find, in a practical way, the relevance of each stage in terms of the promotion through fairs of the SuperFoods mandarin product. For this, qualitative research was applied with a fundamental theory design. To collect the information for the study, it was necessary to conduct in-depth interviews with 12 experts from entities involved in the research problem such as PROMPERÚ, ADEX, AGAP, PROCITRUS, external consultants and mandarin exporting companies. According to the data obtained, these were analyzed and processed using the Atlas Ti program. In relation to the results obtained, it was possible to conclude that participation in Trade Fairs as a promotion and development mechanism does positively influence mandarin exporting companies between the years 2017-2020. / Tesis

This study provides the strategies that can be implemented to promote the agricultural sector in KwaZulu-Natal and the theory behind economic development, as well as the importance of trade and export growth. There are restrictions in terms of trade and it is important that these are addressed before making a decision to choose a viable, potential and realistic country to export to. This study is aimed answer the research question if agriculture can be seen as a primary export sector in KwaZulu-Natal. Furthermore, this study includes background on the KwaZulu-Natal Province and mainly focus on the indicators such as GDP, employment, health issues and other indicators that will indicate that this province is of importance in South Africa in terms of the agricultural sector. This study uses SARS data to analyse and calculate the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) of all agricultural products of the province. This is done to identify if there is a comparative advantage in the products studied in this study. The products of KwaZulu-Natal also show that this province’s agriculture can be seen as a primary export sector and that this sector is a major contribution to South Africa’s GDP and development. This study uses the Decision Support Model (DSM) to compare the results from the Revealed Comparative Advantage to identify the products and sectors which have the most export potential in the international market. This study reveals that the agricultural products and industries in KwaZulu-Natal with the highest overall export potential are chocolate and cocoa preps, refined soybean oil, and leather products as the three top performers among agricultural products and have the most export potential in the province. Concluding remarks are based on the findings made throughout the study. / Thesis (MCom (International Trade))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

<p>The objective of this study is to empirically examine the export-led growth hypothesis in Mozambique using quarterly time series data over the period of 1987-2004, applying a co-integration analysis, Engle and Granger&rsquo / s (1987) Error Correction Model (ECM) and the Granger causality test. The paper explores the causal relationship between economic growth and othe explanatory variables, such as real exports, imports, labour force, gross capital formation, terms of trade, civil war and natural disasters (the last two as dummy variables).</p>

<p>The objective of this study is to empirically examine the export-led growth hypothesis in Mozambique using quarterly time series data over the period of 1987-2004, applying a co-integration analysis, Engle and Granger&rsquo / s (1987) Error Correction Model (ECM) and the Granger causality test. The paper explores the causal relationship between economic growth and othe explanatory variables, such as real exports, imports, labour force, gross capital formation, terms of trade, civil war and natural disasters (the last two as dummy variables).</p>

This study provides the strategies that can be implemented to promote the agricultural sector in KwaZulu-Natal and the theory behind economic development, as well as the importance of trade and export growth. There are restrictions in terms of trade and it is important that these are addressed before making a decision to choose a viable, potential and realistic country to export to. This study is aimed answer the research question if agriculture can be seen as a primary export sector in KwaZulu-Natal. Furthermore, this study includes background on the KwaZulu-Natal Province and mainly focus on the indicators such as GDP, employment, health issues and other indicators that will indicate that this province is of importance in South Africa in terms of the agricultural sector. This study uses SARS data to analyse and calculate the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) of all agricultural products of the province. This is done to identify if there is a comparative advantage in the products studied in this study. The products of KwaZulu-Natal also show that this province’s agriculture can be seen as a primary export sector and that this sector is a major contribution to South Africa’s GDP and development. This study uses the Decision Support Model (DSM) to compare the results from the Revealed Comparative Advantage to identify the products and sectors which have the most export potential in the international market. This study reveals that the agricultural products and industries in KwaZulu-Natal with the highest overall export potential are chocolate and cocoa preps, refined soybean oil, and leather products as the three top performers among agricultural products and have the most export potential in the province. Concluding remarks are based on the findings made throughout the study. / Thesis (MCom (International Trade))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

Submitted by Diogo Bassetti (diogobassetti@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-21T00:43:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DSM - Diogo Bassetti - BRICS_Final.pdf: 4087477 bytes, checksum: 46e14f3fd3806b235190696046d99062 (MD5) / Rejected by Thais Oliveira (thais.oliveira@fgv.br), reason: Prezado, boa tarde! O seu trabalho foi rejeitado pelos seguintes motivos: - Os títulos (Resumo, Abstract, Lista de figuras, tabelas, Sumário e etc) devem ser centralizados na página; - O Sumário vem antes da página da "Introdução", depois das listas de figuras, tabelas e afins; - A contagem de páginas começa a partir da Capa, mas a numeração começa a partir da 'Introdução". Qualquer dúvida, entre em contato no e-mail mestradoprofissional@fgv.br ou ligue 3799-7764 Att, Thais Oliveira on 2017-09-21T17:56:01Z (GMT) / Submitted by Diogo Bassetti (diogobassetti@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-21T18:14:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DSM - Diogo Bassetti - BRICS_Final.pdf: 4080014 bytes, checksum: 72fcb5baabf4dfbfc7c54e013eed69dc (MD5) / Rejected by Thais Oliveira (thais.oliveira@fgv.br), reason: Prezado, boa tarde! Está correto, só faltou centralizar o título "Acknowledgements". Por gentileza, altere e reenvie para que possamos aprovar a Dissertação. Obrigada! on 2017-09-21T19:43:31Z (GMT) / Submitted by Diogo Bassetti (diogobassetti@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-21T19:48:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DSM - Diogo Bassetti - BRICS_Final.pdf: 4080815 bytes, checksum: 48d4e119aa0274f2d352dd2f55323dcc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Thais Oliveira (thais.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2017-09-21T19:52:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DSM - Diogo Bassetti - BRICS_Final.pdf: 4080815 bytes, checksum: 48d4e119aa0274f2d352dd2f55323dcc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-22T14:28:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DSM - Diogo Bassetti - BRICS_Final.pdf: 4080815 bytes, checksum: 48d4e119aa0274f2d352dd2f55323dcc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-23 / This study aims to identify export opportunities for Brazilian products to other countries of the BRICS. It utilized the Decision Support Model (DSM), created by Cuyvers et al (1995), with the intent of assisting policy makers and instituitions by identifying and filtering foreign markets and as a result detecting export opportunities. This is the first application of the DSM to Brazil, therefore the literature has no history about Brazilian export opportunities in reference of this model. The analysis made had as input the HS 6-digit level of disaggregation of products, being able to retain a high level of depth regarding the right selection of products in the BRICS’ import market, aside from Brazil. The overall analysis was made between 2011 and 2015. The results of the model showed 1,113 products which can be successfully exported to Russia, China, India and South Africa, evaluated as realistic export opportunities, and following a Marketshare analysis, between 80% and 95% of those products, with small variations from year to year, are not explored or explored very little by Brazil’s exporters. The model also exposed 292 products in which Brazil already has or had expertise in exporting. Also, it was calculated the potential value of those exports: the year of 2014 a total US$ 136.9 billions of dollars; for the year of 2015, 101.7 billions of dollars; and considering products selected by Brazil’s export capacity, for 2014, 62.3 billions of dollars; for 2015, 43 billions of dollars. / Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar oportunidades de exportação de produtos brasileiros para outros países do BRICS. Utilizou o Decision Support Model (DSM), criado por Cuyvers et al (1995), com a intenção de auxiliar políticos e instituições, identificando e filtrando mercados externos e, como resultado, detectando oportunidades de exportação. Esta é a primeira aplicação do DSM para o Brasil, portanto, a literatura não tem história sobre as oportunidades de exportação brasileiras em referência a este modelo. A análise realizada teve como entrada o nível de desagregação de produtos de 6 dígitos do HS, podendo manter um alto nível de profundidade em relação à seleção correta de produtos no mercado de importação do BRICS, além do Brasil. A análise geral foi feita entre 2011 e 2015. Os resultados do modelo mostraram 1.113 produtos que podem ser exportados com sucesso para a Rússia, China, Índia e África do Sul, avaliados como oportunidades de exportação realistas e, após uma análise da Marketshare, entre 80% e 95 % desses produtos, com pequenas variações de ano para ano, não são explorados ou explorados muito pouco pelos exportadores brasileiros. O modelo também expôs 292 produtos em que o Brasil já possui ou tem experiência em exportar. Além disso, foi calculado o valor potencial dessas exportações: o ano de 2014 totalizou 136,9 bilhões de dólares; para o ano de 2015, 101,7 bilhões de dólares; e considerando produtos selecionados pela capacidade de exportação do Brasil, para 2014, 62,3 bilhões de dólares; para 2015 43 bilhões de dólares.

In several countries drawback is a tool for promoting non-traditional exports. However, this custom procedure can not be used by all producers-exporters companies because its use involves strict compliance of the conditions approved by customs law. In the peruvian case, the level of use of drawback is more intensive in certain industries, providing a support for the competitiveness of companies which should be strategically used. / En diversos países el drawback es un mecanismo de promoción de las exportaciones no tradicionales. Sin embargo, este régimen aduanero no puede ser utilizado por todas las empresas productoras-exportadoras pues su acogimiento implica el estricto cumplimiento de las condiciones aprobadas en la legislación aduanera. En el caso peruano, el nivel de utilización del drawback es más intensivo en determinadas industrias, lo que constituye un apoyo para la competitividad de las empresas que debería ser estratégicamente utilizado.

[pt] Os benefícios econômicos e sociais da exportação – para as próprias empresas e os países – têm sido amplamente abordados na literatura. Contudo, apesar da redução nas barreiras à exportação e do consequente aumento do fluxo internacional de comércio, muitas pequenas e médias empresas (PMEs) não conseguem vender seus produtos no exterior, muitas vezes por falta de recursos ou de conhecimentos necessários para realizar com sucesso as atividades de exportação. Nesse contexto, os programas oficiais de promoção à exportação visam a auxiliar as PMEs em seus esforços de competir no exterior. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo é examinar um programa específico de promoção à exportação – o Programa PEIEX da Apex-Brasil – e verificar, sob os pontos de vista das empresas, da agência promotora do programa e de uma relevante entidade de representação empresarial, quais os benefícios atingidos e quais os problemas do programa que ainda precisam ser corrigidos. Os resultados das entrevistas semiestruturadas, realizadas com diferentes públicos (cinco empresas atendidas por aproximadamente dois anos pelo programa, uma empresa recématendida e uma empresa que, embora convidada, optou por não aderir ao programa; dois gestores da agência promotora do programa, dois técnicos extensionistas responsáveis pelo atendimento às empresas; e um representante da entidade de representação empresarial) denotam respostas convergentes entre os diversos públicos e a literatura no tocante aos benefícios (potenciais e reais) deste tipo de programa. Apesar da satisfação com o programa – manifestada tanto pelas empresas-alvo quanto pela agência promotora do mesmo – algumas deficiências foram identificadas, as quais deverão merecer atenção por parte dos atores envolvidos. O estudo indica que os resultados do programa parecem ser impactados pela adequada seleção do perfil das empresas participantes, pelo alinhamento de suas expectativas quanto ao escopo do programa e pelo sequenciamento com outros programas de promoção à exportação ou de capacitação das empresas. O estudo propõe futuras melhorias na concepção e implementação do programa, além de adaptação às necessidades das empresas, bem como sugere algumas implicações para a modelagem conceitual em futuras pesquisas sobre os impactos de programas de promoção à exportação. / [en] The economic and social benefits of exports – both for firms and countries – have been widely discussed in the literature. However, despite the reduction in export barriers and the consequent increase in the international trade flow, many small and medium enterprises (SMEs) still do not sell their products abroad, oftentimes because of lack of resources or expertise to successfully carry out export activities. In this context, official export promotion programs seek to assist SMEs in their efforts to compete abroad. The objective of this study is to examine a specific export promotion program – the PEIEX Program of Apex-Brazil – and identify benefits achieved and deficiencies of the program that still need to be corrected, based on the views of the firms, the agency responsible for program and a relevant enterprise s representation entity. Semi-structured interviews conducted with different stakeholders (five firms enrolled in the program for approximately two years, one firm recently enrolled and another firm that chose to decline the invitation to join the program; two agency managers and two agency field workers responsible for firms training and support; and an enterprise representation entity) indicate convergent answers, between the various stakeholders and the literature, regarding the benefits (potential and real) of this type of program. Despite the satisfaction with the program – expressed both by the target companies as by the agency – some deficiencies were identified, which should be observed by the actors involved. The study indicates that results of the program seem to be impacted by the proper selection of the profile of participating firms, the alignment of firm s expectations with program scope and the sequential arrangement with other export promotion programs or competitiveness development programs. The study proposes future improvements in the design and implementation of the program as well as adherence to the needs of the companies. It also suggests some implications for conceptual modeling in future studies about the impacts of export promotion programs.