Flat roofs have been common for many decades. They were first build in dry and mountainous areas, then they were spread in the entire world. Today flat roofs are present in all type of buildings. In Sweden they are mostly used in larger houses like shopping malls, industrial buildings and apartment blocks. Flat roofs are very exposed for the elements and since the roof is flat water can easily be stationary. The water will then start drain through slots and the construction will be destroyed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate flat roof construction of today in consideration to leakage and moisture problems. Are today's constructions any good? Are today´s building materials the ones that should be used in tomorrow's constructions? Focus has also been made to evaluate new possible solutions for the construction were prefabricated elements is one.The most leaks can be found were bushings has been made that don’t follow the acquis available. The quality of the construction is good, but there are other circumstances that creates the problems. It’s of great importance to keep water away from the construction under the production time. One way to do that is by making a weather protection. Because of the high cost it is not very common.Prefabricated roof elements have a lot of advantages. Since they are built in controlled indoor conditions building moisture is not a problem. When the roof elements come to the construction site they are already finished and the assembling will go fast and the house will be densely directly. There are some aspects that need further investigations such as transportation of the roof elements. / Platta tak är idag en vanlig syn i Sverige. De används på allt från småhus och flerbostadshus till stora lagerlokaler och shoppingcentrum. Det finns flera olika varianter till exempel sedumtak, takterrasser och platta tak med exponerade tätskikt. Platta tak är väldigt utsatta för väder och vind. Då taket är platt kan vatten lätt bli stående på taket och leta sig genom springor in i konstruktionen. Fukt i en konstruktion kan bli förödande vilket kräver att takkonstruktionen måste vara utformad på bästa möjliga sätt. Syftet med studien är att undersöka dagens platta takkonstruktioner med hänsyn till läckage och fuktproblematik. Är dagens konstruktioner bra? Är de material som används idag även de material som bör användas i morgondagens konstruktioner? Fokus har även legat på att undersöka nya möjliga konstruktionslösningar där prefabricerade takelement är en möjlig lösning. Genom en intervjustudie samt en litteraturstudie har framförallt tre viktiga resultat kunnat urskiljas. De beskriv kortfattat i varsitt stycke nedan. Studien landar i att de största läckagen förekommer där genomföringar har utförts på ett sätt som inte följer de regelverk som finns. Dagens konstruktioner är i sig inte dåliga utan det är andra omständigheter som har gjort att dagens tak kan läcka. Det är idag en stor tidspress på arbetsplatserna vilket leder till att arbetet måste ske snabbare och utförandet kan bli lidande. Det är av stor vikt att vatten hålls borta från konstruktionen under produktionen. Det kan till exempel göras med väderskydd. Det används dock sällan eftersom det är relativt dyrt. Om väderskydd inte används är det av yttersta vikt att isolering och tätskikt inte läggs när det regnar. Det är även viktigt att taket täcks in när arbetsdagen är över för att förhindra att regn och snö tar sig in. Prefabricerade takelement är fortfarande ovanliga men har flera fördelar. Eftersom det byggs inomhus i kontrollerade förhållanden är byggfukt inte ett problem. Tidspress och dåliga arbetsförhållanden som kyla och regn finns inte heller vilket talar för att en bättre kvalité kan erhållas. Eftersom elementen redan är färdiga när de kommer till byggarbetsplatsen går det snabbt att installera och få ett tätt hus. Det finns dock moment som behöver vidare undersökningar, ett exempel är transporter. Hur klarar de prefabricerade elementen vibrationer, saltstänk och avgaser?

O dano genético pode ocorrer espontaneamente sob circunstâncias metabólicas normais e pode ser potencializado em situações de deficiência dietética e exposição excessiva a mutagênicos e carcinogênicos ambientais. As deficiências de ácido fólico, vitamina B6 e vitamina B12 podem levar a um aumento nos níveis e alterações na metilação do DNA. MTHFR é a enzima chave na via de metabolização do folato e o polimorfismo MTHFR C677T conduz à redução na atividade da enzima. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar influências da ingestão dos micronutrientes B12, B6 e folato (B9), do polimorfismo MTHFR C677T na instabilidade genômica de indivíduos expostos ocupacionalmente a pesticidas. O estudo envolveu 69 homens e 41 mulheres (n= 110) com uma idade média 42,3 ± 13,32 anos no qual 42 (38,2%) deles apresentaram peso normal, 51 (46,4%) sobrepeso e 15 (13,6%) obesidade grau I, todos os indivíduos da amostra são fumicultores de Venâncio Aires e Santa Cruz do Sul (estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil). A genotipagem do polimorfismo MTHFR C677T foi realizada pelo método PCR-RFLP. Os dados de dano de DNA foram avaliados pelos biomarcadores de exposição ocupacional ensaio cometa e micronúcleo. O status nutricional foi avaliado com base na média de 3 recordatórios de 24 horas (coletados em 3 dias não consecutivos , incluindo um final de semana em um intervalo de 4 meses). A ingestão dos micronutrientes foi estimada usando o programa nutricional Food Processor SQL 10.9. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre idade e tempo de exposição a pesticidas para os parâmetros analisados. Encontramos aumento na frequência de micronúcleo de linfócitos em indivíduos com ingestão inadequada de folato e vitamina B12, apresentando diferença significativa (P = 0,030) e (P = 0,014) respectivamente quando comparados com os indivíduos com ingestão adequada. Dano de DNA não mostrou resultados significativos quando relacionados com tabagismo, anos de exposição, IMC e polimorfismo MTHFR C677T. A correlação entre dano do DNA, ingestão de folato, B6 e B12 e o polimorfismo MTHFR não apresentou significância. Em conclusão, nossos resultados indicaram que a adequação de folato para valores ≥ 320 μg /dia e vitamina B12 ≥ 2,0 μg /dia, nesta amostra exposta, estaria protegendo da ação mutagênica dos pesticidas. A dieta adequada, tanto em folato quanto em vitamina B12 poderia estar auxiliando em um reparo de DNA adequado sugerindo um fator de proteção nesses indivíduos. / Genetic damage can occur spontaneously under normal metabolic circumstances and can also be present in situations of dietary deficiency or inadequate intake of nutrients and excessive exposure to environmental mutagens. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of the intake of micronutrients B12, B6 and folate and of polymorphism MTHFR C677T in the induction of DNA damage in individuals exposed to pesticides. The study involved 69 men and 41 women who were tobacco farmers in the region of Venâncio Aires (State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil). DNA damage was analyzed by the Comet Test and Micronucleus Test (MN); dietary intake was evaluated based on the mean of three 24-hour Diet Recall questionnaires. The nutrient intake data were computerized and estimated in the Food Processor SQL 10.9 program. The DNA damage results showed a significant increase in MN frequency in the lymphocytes of individuals who had an inadequate intake of folate and B12 (P = 0.030 and P = 0.014, respectively). No significant association was found between DNA damage and polymorphism MTHFR C677T. Correlations between DNA damage and polymorphism MTHFR C677T and nutrient intake were not significant. In conclusion, our results indicated that the adequate intake of folate (≥ 320 μg /day) and vitamin B12 (≥ 2,0 μg /day) can provide protection from the mutagenic action of pesticides. A dietary adaptation of folate and B12 can ensure adequate repair, showing that diet is a protective factor in this population.

O dano genético pode ocorrer espontaneamente sob circunstâncias metabólicas normais e pode ser potencializado em situações de deficiência dietética e exposição excessiva a mutagênicos e carcinogênicos ambientais. As deficiências de ácido fólico, vitamina B6 e vitamina B12 podem levar a um aumento nos níveis e alterações na metilação do DNA. MTHFR é a enzima chave na via de metabolização do folato e o polimorfismo MTHFR C677T conduz à redução na atividade da enzima. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar influências da ingestão dos micronutrientes B12, B6 e folato (B9), do polimorfismo MTHFR C677T na instabilidade genômica de indivíduos expostos ocupacionalmente a pesticidas. O estudo envolveu 69 homens e 41 mulheres (n= 110) com uma idade média 42,3 ± 13,32 anos no qual 42 (38,2%) deles apresentaram peso normal, 51 (46,4%) sobrepeso e 15 (13,6%) obesidade grau I, todos os indivíduos da amostra são fumicultores de Venâncio Aires e Santa Cruz do Sul (estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil). A genotipagem do polimorfismo MTHFR C677T foi realizada pelo método PCR-RFLP. Os dados de dano de DNA foram avaliados pelos biomarcadores de exposição ocupacional ensaio cometa e micronúcleo. O status nutricional foi avaliado com base na média de 3 recordatórios de 24 horas (coletados em 3 dias não consecutivos , incluindo um final de semana em um intervalo de 4 meses). A ingestão dos micronutrientes foi estimada usando o programa nutricional Food Processor SQL 10.9. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre idade e tempo de exposição a pesticidas para os parâmetros analisados. Encontramos aumento na frequência de micronúcleo de linfócitos em indivíduos com ingestão inadequada de folato e vitamina B12, apresentando diferença significativa (P = 0,030) e (P = 0,014) respectivamente quando comparados com os indivíduos com ingestão adequada. Dano de DNA não mostrou resultados significativos quando relacionados com tabagismo, anos de exposição, IMC e polimorfismo MTHFR C677T. A correlação entre dano do DNA, ingestão de folato, B6 e B12 e o polimorfismo MTHFR não apresentou significância. Em conclusão, nossos resultados indicaram que a adequação de folato para valores ≥ 320 μg /dia e vitamina B12 ≥ 2,0 μg /dia, nesta amostra exposta, estaria protegendo da ação mutagênica dos pesticidas. A dieta adequada, tanto em folato quanto em vitamina B12 poderia estar auxiliando em um reparo de DNA adequado sugerindo um fator de proteção nesses indivíduos. / Genetic damage can occur spontaneously under normal metabolic circumstances and can also be present in situations of dietary deficiency or inadequate intake of nutrients and excessive exposure to environmental mutagens. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of the intake of micronutrients B12, B6 and folate and of polymorphism MTHFR C677T in the induction of DNA damage in individuals exposed to pesticides. The study involved 69 men and 41 women who were tobacco farmers in the region of Venâncio Aires (State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil). DNA damage was analyzed by the Comet Test and Micronucleus Test (MN); dietary intake was evaluated based on the mean of three 24-hour Diet Recall questionnaires. The nutrient intake data were computerized and estimated in the Food Processor SQL 10.9 program. The DNA damage results showed a significant increase in MN frequency in the lymphocytes of individuals who had an inadequate intake of folate and B12 (P = 0.030 and P = 0.014, respectively). No significant association was found between DNA damage and polymorphism MTHFR C677T. Correlations between DNA damage and polymorphism MTHFR C677T and nutrient intake were not significant. In conclusion, our results indicated that the adequate intake of folate (≥ 320 μg /day) and vitamin B12 (≥ 2,0 μg /day) can provide protection from the mutagenic action of pesticides. A dietary adaptation of folate and B12 can ensure adequate repair, showing that diet is a protective factor in this population.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A chalcona à um complexo fitoterÃpico derivado da aroeira-do-sertÃo (Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. All.), planta usada popularmente como antiinflamatÃrio e cicatrizante. Avaliaram-se os efeitos anti-sÃpticos e cicatrizantes das chalconas nas feridas e o seu efeito sobre a consolidaÃÃo Ãssea nas fraturas expostas induzidas em ratos. Utilizaram-se ratos Wistar machos adultos, com peso mÃdio de 300g. A fratura foi realizada no fÃmur esquerdo dos animais e exposta por 3h antes de iniciar o tratamento. Os animais foram distribuÃdos ao acaso em dois grupos: o grupo 1 o foco da fratura foi limpo com 100 mL de soro fisiolÃgico 0,9% e o grupo 2, o foco da fratura foi limpo com 100 mL de soro fisiolÃgico 0,9% e 40 mL de chalconas, na concentraÃÃo de 10 mg de chalcona por 1 mL de soluÃÃo salina a 0,9%. Em todos os animais foram realizadas culturas dos focos de fraturas antes de iniciar o tratamento que consistiu na osteosÃntese intramedular com fio de Kirschener de 1 mm de diÃmetro. Foi realizada a avaliaÃÃo clÃnica e radiolÃgica no pÃs-operatÃrio imediato, no 7Â, 14Â, 21 e 28 dias do tratamento. Na avaliaÃÃo clÃnica verificava-se o aspecto da ferida: sinais flogÃsticos, deiscÃncia da ferida, fÃstula e ferida cicatrizada. No primeiro grupo, a cicatrizaÃÃo ocorreu apÃs a 3 semana em 78,9 % dos animais; no segundo grupo, a cicatrizaÃÃo ocorreu a partir da 2 semana em 50 % dos ratos. Em todos os animais ocorreram contaminaÃÃes, sendo o Staphylococcus aureus o microorganismo isolado mais comumente. No primeiro grupo, 80% dos animais perderam a reduÃÃo na segunda semana, e no segundo grupo, 50% dos animais perderam a reduÃÃo na terceira semana. Conclui-se que a chalcona na concentraÃÃo testada nÃo tem efeito na consolidaÃÃo da fratura exposta induzida em rato, porÃm à benÃfica na cicatrizaÃÃo da ferida operatÃria.

La mise en œuvre de mesures restrictives de gel ainsi que de mesures judiciaires de saisie et de confiscation des avoirs de dirigeants d'État étrangers constitue un phénomène contemporain du droit international. Ces mesures représentent également le versant coercitif des efforts internationaux de développement de l'État de droit, en s'attaquant à la cause endogène la plus symptomatique de ses dysfonctionnements, à savoir la dénaturation des fonctions exercées par la classe des dirigeants, que ce soit à son profit, ou bien pour mettre en œuvre une politique d'État contraire aux règles les plus essentielles du droit international. Les mesures forment ensemble un réseau complexe de procédures dont la validité peut être justifiée, mais également contestée, par référence au droit international. À ce titre, l'encadrement du phénomène repose sur les règles qui régissent non seulement le titre de compétence de l'État au sein duquel les avoirs sont entreposés et les règles d'immunité qui conditionnent son exercice, mais encore les limites au déploiement des mesures sous l'angle du respect des garanties du droit international des droits de l'homme. Les limites juridiques posées par le droit international à l'exercice des pouvoirs de l'État entreposant les avoirs connaissent des mutations vertigineuses. Les zones d'ombres qui jalonnent les conditions de validité du phénomène au droit international autorisent, de ce point de vue, à rechercher et analyser les règles de droit qui sont à même d'en garantir le bien-fondé et l'effectivité. / The implementation of asset freezing and asset confiscation of politically exposed persons is a contemporary phenomenon of international law. These measures represent the coercive side of the promotion of the rule of law, tackling the most symptomatic cause of its breakdowns - the distortion of the functions of State leaders' to their own profit or to conduct a state policy that violates the most elementary rules of international law. Together, these measures amount to a complex network of procedures whose validity may be justified but also contested, referring to international law. This phenomenon is framed by the rules which govern the jurisdiction of the States in which assets are stored and by the rules of immunity affecting its exercise. It also falls within the scope of international human rights law. The way by which international law may allow or restrict the power to implement these measures has significantly changed in recent years. The validity of this phenomenon with regards to international law remains unclear. These grey areas call for an analysis of the legal rules which could guarantee their legitimacy and effectiveness.

The aim of this study is to explore what motivates youth from so called “exposed” areas to commit to voluntary work, and how the youth view their own role and the role of the organisation in a context of social mobilization. In order to answer the research questions of this study, the commitment of youth in a non-profit organization has been studied using several different methods of data collection. In order to measure the function of motivation amongst the youth, the survey Volunteer Functions Index (VFI) has been used. VFI is a tool used to measure motivation based on what functions an activity performs in the life of the individual. In order to achieve a greater understanding and be able to explore aspects that the VFI does not cover, four semi-structured interviews were conducted with current and former members of the organization. In order to better understand the context of the organization and to be able to ask more questions during the interviews, a participant observation was done within the work of the organization. The study shows that the youth that participate in the study perceive their commitment in the organization as an important part of their identity and that the identity is an important aspect of what possible actions are perceived to be available and attractive. It also seems as if the commitment to the organization is tied to the opportunity to change the social conditions for one self and others. The study also shows that the organization has been more successful in achieving social mobilization amongst girls than amongst boys, and that some of the participants attribute this to the gender roles that permeate the area / Denna studie syftar till att undersöka vad som motiverar ungdomar från så kallade utsatta områden till att engagera sig ideellt samt hur ungdomarna uppfattar sin egen och organisationens roll i en kontext av social mobilisering. För att kunna besvara studiens frågeställning har ungdomars engagemang i en ideell verksamhet studerats med hjälp av flera olika datainsamlingsmetoder. För att mäta ungdomarnas motivationsgrunder har enkäten Volunteer Functions Index (VFI) använts, ett verktyg som mäter motivation utifrån vilka funktioner aktiviteten har i individens liv. För att skapa en djupare förståelse och kunna fånga upp aspekter som inte täcks in av VFI har fyra semi-strukturerade intervjuer genomförts med nuvarande och före detta deltagare i organisationen. För att skapa förståelse kring kontexten och skapa förutsättningar för att ställa fler frågor under intervjuerna föregicks dessa av en deltagande observation inom organisationens verksamhet. Materialet visar på att ungdomarna som deltar i studien uppfattar engagemanget i organisationen som en viktig del av sin identitet och att identiteten är viktig för vilka handlingsalternativ som man uppfattar som möjliga och attraktiva. Det tycks dessutom som att engagemanget i organisationen är kopplat till möjligheten att förändra de sociala förutsättningarna för sig själva och andra. Studien visar också att organisationen varit mer framgångsrik med social mobilisering bland tjejer än bland killar och att vissa av deltagarna kopplar detta till de könsroller som genomsyrar området.

Mapas pedológicos são importantes fontes de informação necessárias à agricultura, mas praticamente inexistentes em escalas adequadas para o Brasil, e seu levantamento pelo método convencional para a demanda brasileira é inviável. Como alternativa ao problema, mapeamento pedológico digital apresenta-se como uma área do conhecimento que envolve as relações das informações de campo, laboratório e pontuais de solos com métodos quantitativos via imagens de satélite e atributos do relevo para inferir atributos e classes. A literatura destaca, portanto, a importância do estudo da posição espacial de pontos amostrais na estimativa de atributos do solo a partir dos valores espectrais de imagens de satélite, aliado a isso, faz-se importante o cruzamento dos atributos do solo estimados e espacializados para chegar a classes de solo. Face ao exposto, o objetiva-se o desenvolvimento de uma técnica via imagem de satélite, dados espectrais e atributos do relevo, integrados por lógica booleana, para determinar mapas pedológicos. O trabalho foi realizado no município de Rio das Pedras, SP e entornos, numa área total de 47.882 ha. Onde, realizou-se processamento de imagens de satélites multitemporais, para obtenção da informação espectral da superfície de solo exposto. Esta informação foi correlacionada com espectro de laboratório de pontos amostrais em subsuperfície (profundidade 80-100 cm) e estimou-se os espectros simulando bandas de satélite para locais desconhecidos. Elaborou-se uma chave de classificação de solos por cruzamento de mapas de atributos via lógica booleana, onde definiu os seguintes atributos a serem mapeados: argila, V% e matéria orgânica (M.O) na profundidade 0-20 cm e argila, CTC, V%, m%, Al, ferro total, matiz, valor e croma na profundidade 80-100 cm. As estimativas de espectros em subsuperfície e dos atributos dos solos nas duas profundidades foram realizadas pela técnica multivariada regressão geograficamente ponderada (GWR), que teve seu desempenho preditivo avaliado pela comparação com desempenho preditivo da técnica de regressão linear múltipla (MRL). Os resultados mostraram correlação entre os espectros das duas profundidades, com R2 de validação acima 0.6. Argila (0-20 e 80-100 cm), matiz, valor e croma foram os atributos do solo que obtiveram as melhores estimativas com R2 acima 0.6. A técnica multivariada GWR obteve-se desempenho superior ao MRL. O mapa pedológico digital comparado aos mapas de solos detalhados de levantamentos convencionais obteve índice kappa de 34.65% e acurácia global de 54,46%. Tal resultado representa um nível regular de classificação. Por outro lado, deve se considerar que se trata de uma região de alta complexidade geológica e compreendendo heterogeneidade de solos. A técnica desenvolvida mostra-se com potencial de evolução no mapeamento digital de solos à medida que forem evoluindo as estimativas de atributos de solos e ajustes nos critérios da chave de classificação. / Soil maps are important sources of information necessary for agriculture, but practically absent in appropriate scales for Brazil, and its mapping by the conventional method for the brazilian demand is impracticable. How an alternative to the problem, digital pedological mapping appears as an area of knowledge that involves the relationship of field information, laboratory and point of soils with quantitative methods by satellite images and relief attributes to predict attributes and classes. The literature highlights therefore the importance of studying the spatial position of sampling points in the estimation of soil attributes from spectral values of satellite images, combined to this, is an important the crossing of the estimated and spatialized soil attributes to get the soil classes. In view of exposed, the objective is the development of a technique satellite image, spectral data and attributes of relief, integrated by boolean logic to determine soil maps. The work was carried out in Rio das Pedras county, SP, and surroundings, in a total area of 47,882 ha. Which was held processing multitemporal satellite images, to obtain spectral information of exposed soil surface. This information was correlated with laboratory spectra of sample points in the subsurface (depth 80-100 cm) and was estimated spectra simulating satellite bands to unknown locations. Produced is a soil classification key for cross attribute maps by boolean logic, which defines the following attributes to be mapped: clay, cation saturation and organic matter (OM) in the 0-20 cm depth and clay, CEC, cation saturation, aluminiu saturation, Al, total iron, hue, value and chroma in depth 80-100 cm. The estimates spectra subsurface and soil attributes in two depths were performed by multivariate technique geographically weighted regression (GWR), which had its predictive performance is evaluated by comparison with predictive performance of multiple linear regression (MRL). The results showed a correlation between the spectra of the two depths, with validation R2 above 0.6. Clay (0-20 and 80-100 cm), hue, value and chroma were the soil attributes obtained the best estimates R2 above 0.6. The GWR multivariate technique yielded better performance than MRL. The digital soil map compared to the detailed soil maps of conventional surveys obtained kappa index of 34.65% and overall accuracy of 54.46%. This result is a regular level of classification. On the other hand, it must be considered that it is a highly complex geological region and comprising heterogeneity of soils. The technique developed shows with potential developments in digital soil mapping as they evolve estimates of soil attributes and adjustments to the classification key criteria.

Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap om hur lärare i fritidshem ser på anmäl­ningsplikten och hur de hanterar information när de misstänker att en elev är i en utsatta situation. Resultaten visar vad som lärarnas i fritidshem roller och ansvar är och vad som ligger till grund för att lärarna i fritidshem ska vidta åtgärder eller inte åtgärder enligt anmälningsplikten. Slutligen var stödet till lärare i fritidshemmet kommer ifrån då anmälan har genomförts. Forskningen bedrivs via Internet. Det finns ingen gräns för antal respondenterna, men respondenterna hade tre veckor på sig att svara på enkäter. Totalt kom cirka 100 svar på de två enkäterna. Resultaten visar att de flesta respondenterna är medvetna om anmälningsplikten och processen. Genom att lärarna tar ansvar agera de professionellt. Större delen respondenterna anmälde någon gång, men nästan hälften anmälde inte. Det finns många orsaker till att de inte anmäler. Det är på grund av okunskap, rädsla eller osäkerhet. Respondenterna hade olika eller liknande påverkningar under anmälan och efter anmälan, främst på grund av psykiska påfrestningar. Såsom oro, osäkerhet, rädsla och ångest är dessa de vanligaste känslorna som förekommer när anmälningar sker. Stödet kommer vanligtvis från rektorn, men också från olika källor, som till exempel arbetslag eller socialtjänst. Majoriteten skriver att de saknas utbildningskunskap om anmälan. KASAM-modellen används för att analysera resultaten. / The purpose of the study is to contribute knowledge about how teachers in after-school centers view the duty to report and how they handle information when they suspect that a student is in a vulnerable situation. The results show what the teachers 'in leisure-time centers' roles and responsibilities are and what is the basis for the teachers in leisure-time centers to take measures or not measures in accordance with the duty to report. Finally, where did the support for teachers in the after-school center come from when the application has been completed. The research is conducted via the Internet. There is no limit to the number of respondents, but the respondents had three weeks to respond to surveys. In total, about 100 responses came to the two questionnaires. The results show that most respondents are aware of the notification obligation and the process. By the teachers taking responsibility, they act professionally. The majority of respondents reported at some point, but almost half did not report. There are many reasons why they do not report. It is due to ignorance, fear or insecurity. The respondents had different or similar influences during the notification and after the notification, mainly due to mental stress. Such as worry, insecurity, fear and anxiety, these are the most common emotions that occur when reports are made. The support usually comes from the principal, but also from various sources, such as work teams or social services. The majority write that they lack educational knowledge about registration. The KASAM model is used to analyze the results.

Diploma thesis Ponava Centre is solving the architectonic study of Leisure centre. Area is situated in locality Ponava – Brno, Královo Pole. Leisure centre should provide its services to wide spectrum of visitors. Those activities does not have to be undertaken just in the building itself, but the idea to develop and utilize for those purposes the public space around it is suggesting itself. The centre is offering the activities for people of all age categories. It can provide the leisure function and also both educational and commercial function. In this spirit the inner space of the object is divided. The basic principle is to group together the three masses according to their most important functions, which are located in the object.

This study focuses on women’s own description of their experienced feelings. The described feelings in relation to being subjected to violence of a man in a close relationship. The standing points when working on the study has been that the women’s emotions can interfere with the opportunity to leave the violent man. The aim of the study is therefor to examine the emotions women experienced related to domestic abuse and how the emotions affect them. Furthermore, is this study based on theoretical grounds such as Symbolic interactionism, Mirror-image perception and Sociology of emotions. Secondary data has been collected based on autobiographies of women who has experienced violence of a man in a close relationship to obtain the purpose of the study. The data have then been analyzed in a thematic analysis which resulted in two main themes positive/neutral emotions and negative emotions. The result presents how the women experienced with violence described their feelings. The feelings can be understood in relation to the previous studies and presented theories. “Symbolic interactionism” as a standing point understands the result such as the described emotions of the women occurs through interaction with the violent man. The results show that the woman's emotions are dependent on the interaction with the violent man and that these are then created through isolation from the outside world and emotional ties. The emotions prove to be crucial for women as they greatly affect their ability to leave and their well-being. / Den här uppsatsen fokuserar på beskrivningar och berättelser av upplevda känslor från kvinnor som har varit utsatta för våld av en man de haft en nära relation med. I arbetet med uppsatsen är utgångspunkten att våldsutsatta kvinnors känslor skulle kunna påverka deras upplevda möjlighet att lämna relationen. Syftet är därför att ta reda på vilka känslor kvinnorna beskriver kopplat till våldsutsattheten och hur de påverkar dem. Vidare bygger uppsatsen på en teoretisk grund utifrån symbolisk interaktionism, jaget och spegeljaget samt emotionssociologiskt perspektiv. För att uppnå syftet med uppsatsen har sekundärdata samlats in från biografier av kvinnor som varit utsatta för våld i nära relation av en man. Data har sedan analyserats i form av en tematisk analys som landat i två huvudteman, positiva/neutrala känslor och negativa känslor. I resultatet presenteras det hur kvinnor beskriver sina känslor utifrån att de har erfarenhet av våld utfört av en man i en nära relation. Det går att förstå dessa känslor utifrån tidigare forskning samt de utvalda teorierna som presenteras. Resultatet visar på att kvinnans känslor är beroende av interaktionen med den våldsamma mannen och att dessa då skapas genom isolering från omvärlden och känslomässiga band. Känslorna visar sig vara avgörande för kvinnorna då de i hög grad påverkar deras möjlighet att lämna och deras välmående.