A close reading of a series of books by Eoin Colfer that enjoyed universal success showed a change in the language between the books especially with respect to minor linguistic features such as choice of location and abstract vs. concrete language. The books are about the boy Artemis Fowl, and were presumably conceived as children’s books. My original thesis was that the writer could not be sure of the success of the first book, but would definitely be aware of a worldwide audience for at least his third book, due to, for example, questions raised by the translators. If the original audience was expected to be Irish, or British, with very much the same cultural background as the author’s, the imagined subsequent audiences would change with success. My hope was to be able to show this by comparing linguistic features. And indeed, even though some changes could be due to coincidence there was a specific pattern evolving in the series, in that the originally Irish cultural background became less exclusive and more universal. The writer also used more details concerning locations, with added words to specify a place. What could thus be expected in the translated versions would be omissions and additions in especially the first book, but less need for that in later books. This, however, could not be proven in the Swedish translations. I thus conclude that the books became easier to follow for a wider, in this case Swedish, audience mostly because of efforts by the author and less because of the translator.

<p dir="ltr">The environmental factors that any living being experiences can have lasting influences on the rest of their life. There have been major changes in the poultry industry. Recently consumers are wanting products that reflect their own values and have experiences that better allow them to express natural behaviors, in turn benefiting the animals biological functioning. But, with endemic issues the industry is facing change needs to be made in order to ensure animals are able to live in their environment free of dangers and provided with all of the recourses they need to be successful and become a quality edible product for customers.</p><p dir="ltr">This study investigated the impact of environmental enrichment (EE) (CO = control, PB = pecking block, PL = platform, RO = robot, SB = strawbale, TU = tunnel) and forced locomotor periods and their effect on commercial tom turkeys. Two replicates of 400 male broad breasted white turkeys (n = 800) were reared and observed at different age points to assess the effects of environmental modifications. Toms were analyzed to see if the environmental modifications provided had an impact on the footpad health, walking ability, or objective gait parameters at different time points through the bird’s life.</p><p dir="ltr">On average, the walking ability of male commercial broad-breasted white turkeys was more affected by their age and body weight than the EE or forced locomotor period provided in this experiment. But, concerning the specific gait parameters of birds, few impacts (effects to gait time and gait distance) were observed in the objective gait parameter output form individual birds. Further investigation is needed to better understand the impact of environmental modifications on common problems seen in commercially available tom turkeys raised for consumption. Gait impairments and footpad health issues that face the turkey industry have persisted for some time, but with new research examining any links between the animal’s environment, walking ability, and foot health, producers have the possibility to reduce the possibility of premature culling while still providing high levels of care by providing biologically relevant modifications to the bird’s environment.</p>