Milk is provided to new borns as their first food source and it contains essential nutrients, vitamins and other beneficial components, such as enzymes and antibodies that are required for rapid growth and development of the new born and for sustained growth over time. Milk contains two main types of proteins; casein proteins and whey proteins. Although casein proteins account for up to 80% of the proteins found in bovine milk, it is the whey protein that has become of high interest because of its bioactive content. Whey, a very watery mixture of lactose, proteins, minerals and trace amounts of fat, is formed from milk when the milk is coagulated and/or the casein proteins are removed from the milk. Bovine whey protein, including both the acidic and basic fractions (low and high isoelectric point, respectively), has previously been studied in vitro (cell based) and in vivo (using rats) for its impact on bone to determine if it can help improve bone mineral density and help reduce the risk of developing bone diseases, such as osteoporosis. Bone is constantly undergoing a remodelling process of being dissolved and reformed and the two main cell types responsible for this bone remodelling process are mature osteoclasts, which dissolve (resorb) bone, and osteoblasts, which reform the bone. Prior work has shown that acidic protein fractions derived from different sources of whey protein concentrate (WPC) have both in vivo and in vitro activity on bone, particularly anti-resorptive properties. However, the component(s) which confer activity have not yet been identified. In this thesis, work was undertaken to better understand the analytical composition of three types of WPC (cheese, mineral acid and lactic acid) and their associated acidic protein fractions and relate this to bone activity in the hope of identifying where the activity lies. Bone activity was assessed using in vitro screening with osteoblast cells (MC3T3-E1) and osteoclast cells (RAW 264.7). Comparison of the cell-based bone activity of the parent WPCs and corresponding acidic fractions indicated that the acidic fractions derived from both mineral acid and lactic WPC were superior in their ability to inhibit osteoclast development. Although compositional data was complex and definitive correlations with both bone bioactivities could not be made, it appeared that elements common to both the acidic fractions were a higher proportion of GLYCAM-1 and bone sialoprotein-1 (osteopontin). Further studies to more closely investigate the bone bioactivity of the acidic fractions are warranted.

Milk is provided to new borns as their first food source and it contains essential nutrients, vitamins and other beneficial components, such as enzymes and antibodies that are required for rapid growth and development of the new born and for sustained growth over time. Milk contains two main types of proteins; casein proteins and whey proteins. Although casein proteins account for up to 80% of the proteins found in bovine milk, it is the whey protein that has become of high interest because of its bioactive content. Whey, a very watery mixture of lactose, proteins, minerals and trace amounts of fat, is formed from milk when the milk is coagulated and/or the casein proteins are removed from the milk. Bovine whey protein, including both the acidic and basic fractions (low and high isoelectric point, respectively), has previously been studied in vitro (cell based) and in vivo (using rats) for its impact on bone to determine if it can help improve bone mineral density and help reduce the risk of developing bone diseases, such as osteoporosis. Bone is constantly undergoing a remodelling process of being dissolved and reformed and the two main cell types responsible for this bone remodelling process are mature osteoclasts, which dissolve (resorb) bone, and osteoblasts, which reform the bone. Prior work has shown that acidic protein fractions derived from different sources of whey protein concentrate (WPC) have both in vivo and in vitro activity on bone, particularly anti-resorptive properties. However, the component(s) which confer activity have not yet been identified. In this thesis, work was undertaken to better understand the analytical composition of three types of WPC (cheese, mineral acid and lactic acid) and their associated acidic protein fractions and relate this to bone activity in the hope of identifying where the activity lies. Bone activity was assessed using in vitro screening with osteoblast cells (MC3T3-E1) and osteoclast cells (RAW 264.7). Comparison of the cell-based bone activity of the parent WPCs and corresponding acidic fractions indicated that the acidic fractions derived from both mineral acid and lactic WPC were superior in their ability to inhibit osteoclast development. Although compositional data was complex and definitive correlations with both bone bioactivities could not be made, it appeared that elements common to both the acidic fractions were a higher proportion of GLYCAM-1 and bone sialoprotein-1 (osteopontin). Further studies to more closely investigate the bone bioactivity of the acidic fractions are warranted.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Lund, 1995. / Published dissertation. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Lund, 1995. / Published dissertation. Includes bibliographical references.

Uncaria tomentosa (Willd) DC. é uma árvore nativa das Américas Central e do Sul, onde é popularmente conhecida como "unha-de-gato". Sua casca é largamente utilizada na medicina tradicional para o tratamento de diversas doenças, como gastrite, asma e artrite. Quanto à sua composição química é descrita a presença de alcalóides indólicos e oxindólicos, compostos polifenólicos e derivados do ácido quinóvico. Este trabalho teve como objetivo obter em separado frações enriquecidas dos referidos grupos químicos de Uncaria tomentosa, empregando o procedimento de extração em fase sólida, bem como a validação dos métodos analíticos aplicados a cada fração bioativa. Adicionalmente, as frações enriquecidas foram avaliadas quanto ao potencial efeito antiproliferativo contra linhagens de células de glioma e atividade imunoadjuvante empregando como modelo vacinas virais contendo BoHV-5, respectivamente em ensaios in vitro e in vivo. Todos os métodos de análise necessários para o acompanhamento e controle de qualidade da matéria-prima e produtos de transformação foram validados de forma satisfatória. O procedimento de separação/purificação empregando resina de poliestireno demonstrou resultados robustos e reprodutíveis e permitiu a separação de frações ricas em compostos fenólicos, alcalóides e triterpenos. Em outro plano, foi possível constatar a isomerização dos alcalóides pentacíclicos em meio aquoso por efeito do processo de secagem empregando elevadas temperaturas. O método de análise para a quantificação de polifenóis foi discriminatório quando aplicado aos extratos obtidos de diferentes órgãos de U. tomentosa. As frações fenólica e alcaloídica foram capazes de diminuir a porcentagem de células viáveis das linhagens de glioma C6 e U138-MG após período de tratamento de 48 e 72 h, respectivamente. Complementarmente, estas frações não afetaram as células não-tumorais na mesma extensão em que afetam as células cancerosas. No tocante à avaliação da atividade imunoadjuvante, um pequeno efeito foi observado apenas na resposta imune dos animais imunizados com a fração triterpênica. / Uncaria tomentosa (Willd) DC. is a climbing tree native from Central and South America, where is commonly known as “uña-de-gato” or “cat’s claw”. Its bark is widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of gastritis, asthma and arthritis. Concerning its chemical composition is worth mentioning the presence of indole and oxindole alkaloids, phenolic compounds and quinovic acid derivatives. This work aims to obtain enriched fractions of the three main chemical groups of Uncaria tomentosa above described using solid phase extraction procedure, as well as the validation of specific assay methods. In parallel, potential antiproliferative effect against glioma cell lines and imunoadjuvant activity using BoHV-5 viral vaccine are evaluated by in-vitro and in-vivo models, in that order. All analytical methods required for monitoring and end-process quality control were validated satisfactorily. The separation/purification procedure using a polystyrene resin gave promising results and allowed the separation of phenolics, alkaloids and triterpenes fractions. Fractions yield were in all satisfactory and the processes were robust and reproducible. It could confirm the alkaloid isomerization in aqueous milieu by effect of the temperature process. The LC method for assay of polyphenols was discriminatory when applied to extracts from different organs of U. tomentosa. The fractions of phenolic and alkaloids compounds were able to decrease the percentage of cells in C6 and U138-MG glioma lineages after a 48h and 72h-treatment, respectively. Moreover, these fractions did not affect non-tumoral cells to the extent that they affect tumor cells. With regard to the imunoadjuvant activity evaluation a moderate effect was detected on immune responses of immunized animals with triterpenes fraction.

The Namibian government through the Ministry of Education seeks for teachers to meet the demands and rise to the challenges of the post-independence basic education system. Therefore the University of Namibia Education Faculty must ensure through the training of student teachers for both lower, upper primary and secondary school level that these demands are met. Research shows that one of the major challenges in teacher training programs, specifically in the mathematics education programmes, lies with the student teachers’ difficulties in dealing with various topics in mathematics, particularly fractions. The teaching of fractions is a challenging area at primary level and lays the foundation for understanding different topics in upper grades such as algebra, ratio and proportion, statistics and probability, to mention just a few. This study focused on an exploration of teaching fractions by five student teachers during their teaching practice.The main purpose was to gain an understanding of the experiences of the level 5-7 student teachers with regard to their practice of fraction teaching; their experience of the mathematics education course with respect to the teaching of fractions; and their prior experience related to fractions and fraction teaching at Grade 6 level. The findings from this research showed that student teachers viewed mathematics, specifically fractions, as just about doing calculations, doing drill and practice as in this way learners’ understanding of fractions is enhanced. The importance of using rules and procedures was emphasized as paving the way to mastering fractions. The data analysis also revealed that student teachers employed different teaching approaches when they considered learners’ prior knowledge. However, they misinterpreted the learner-centred approach in terms of group work and class discussion in their teaching of fractions. The data also revealed that some student teachers had an understanding of fractions as they managed to redirect their learners from applying some fraction misconceptions. The findings further showed that due to lack of understanding most of the participants experienced fear and anxiety in their fraction teaching; attempted an approach then reverted to old practices used in schools; taught fractions as symbolic representations where no meaning was involved; used incorrect terminologies such as ‘1 over 4’ or ‘1 out of 4’ instead of a ‘quarter’ or ‘one-fourth’. It is further revealed that the some student teachers viewed a fraction as a pair of two different whole numbers and can be broken apart. The findings of this study yielded one main implication for the teaching of mathematics: that the teacher training programs, specifically for mathematics teachers, must take into consideration the weaknesses and strengths of the student teachers shown in this study to properly train and prepare them to become effective mathematics teachers.

Uncaria tomentosa (Willd) DC. é uma liana tropical nativa da Amazônia brasileira e peruana. A espécie é reconhecida pelas suas propriedades antiinflamatória imunoestimulante, antiviral e antitumoral, geralmente atribuídas aos polifenóis e, principalmente, à fração de alcaloides oxindólicos pentacíclicos. No âmbito tecnológico, visando o desenvolvimento de produtos derivados com maior valor agregado, são poucos os subsídios encontrados na literatura científica, afora alguns relatos atrelados a patentes e registros de produtos. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho objetivou a obtenção e caracterização de frações enriquecidas de alcaloides, saponinas e polifenóis a partir das cascas de U. tomentosa, mediante o emprego de técnicas de separação em fase sólida e de métodos analíticos validados. A matéria prima foi extraída por maceração em EtOH a 40%, por quatro dias. Depois de filtrado e concentrado, o extrato bruto foi liofilizado (EBL). Para fins analíticos, o EBL foi reconstituído em EtOH a 40% e caracterizado quanto a presença de alcaloides oxindólicos, saponinas triterpênicas e polifenóis. Os quatro principais picos relativos aos alcaloides oxindólicos presentes no EBL foram quantificados por CLAE-UV e o teor total, expresso em mitrafilina, foi de 1,48 g%. Os principais picos atribuídos às saponinas foram analisados por CLAE-DAD e o teor total, expresso em α-hederina, foi de 18,37 g%. O teor de polifenóis totais, determinado pelo método colorimétrico de Folin-Ciocalteu, foi estimado em 31,93 g%. Para a separação da fração polifenólica, o emprego de PVPP mostrou ser mais eficiente do que bentonita, carvão ativado ou caseína. A fração enriquecida de alcaloides oxindólicos foi obtida por separação em resina fortemente aniônica. O teor de alcaloides totais corresponde por cerca de 90% (m/m) desta fração. A fração de saponinas triterpênicas foi obtida mediante separação em resina fortemente catiônica, com teor aproximado de 78% (m/m), considerando o somatório das áreas dos picos de interesse. A proposta de uma técnica comparativa, fazendo uso de resina hidrofóbica, resultou em uma fração saponosídica enriquecida com um rendimento superior, porém com um menor teor de saponinas totais, em torno de 75% (m/m). / Uncaria tomentosa is a tropical liana native form Brazilian and Peruvian rain forests. The specie is recognized by its immune stimulant, anti-viral, anti- inflammatory and anti-cancer properties often attributed to the polyphenolic fraction and manly to the peculiar pentaciclic oxindole alkaloidal fraction. On the technological field, aiming the transformation of the raw material into standardized and high aggregate value products a few efforts can be encountered in the literature, excepting a couple of patents and product registration related information. In this context the present work aimed to the obtainment and characterization of enriched fractions of alkaloids, saponins and polyphenols from the stem barks of U. tomentosa, through solid phase separations techniques and validated analytical methods. The raw material extraction was extracted by a four days maceration in a 40% hydroethanolic solution. After the filtration and concentration, the crude extract was lyophilized (EBL). For analytical purposes the EBL was resuspended in a 40% hydroethanolic solution and characterized for the presence of oxindole alkaloids, triterpenic saponins and polyphenols. The four main peaks attributed to the oxindole alkaloids in EBL were quantified by UV-HPLC and the total content, expressed as mitraphiline, was about 1.48 g%. The main peaks attributed to the saponins were analysed by DAD-HPLC and the total content, expressed as α-hederin, was about 18.37 g%. The total polyphenolic content, determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric assay, was estimated at 31.93 g%. For the polyphenols separation the use of PVPP showed to be more efficient than bentonite, active carbon or casein treatment. The enriched fractions of the oxindole alkaloids was obtained through a strongly anionic resin separation. The total alkaloid content of this fraction was about 90% (w/w). The saponin enriched fraction was obtained through a strongly cationic resin separation and the total saponin content was about 78% (w/w). The suggestion of a comparative technique employing a hydrophobic resin resulted on a saponosidic enriched fraction with higher yield but a lower saponin content of about 75% (w/w).

Uncaria tomentosa (Willd) DC. é uma árvore nativa das Américas Central e do Sul, onde é popularmente conhecida como "unha-de-gato". Sua casca é largamente utilizada na medicina tradicional para o tratamento de diversas doenças, como gastrite, asma e artrite. Quanto à sua composição química é descrita a presença de alcalóides indólicos e oxindólicos, compostos polifenólicos e derivados do ácido quinóvico. Este trabalho teve como objetivo obter em separado frações enriquecidas dos referidos grupos químicos de Uncaria tomentosa, empregando o procedimento de extração em fase sólida, bem como a validação dos métodos analíticos aplicados a cada fração bioativa. Adicionalmente, as frações enriquecidas foram avaliadas quanto ao potencial efeito antiproliferativo contra linhagens de células de glioma e atividade imunoadjuvante empregando como modelo vacinas virais contendo BoHV-5, respectivamente em ensaios in vitro e in vivo. Todos os métodos de análise necessários para o acompanhamento e controle de qualidade da matéria-prima e produtos de transformação foram validados de forma satisfatória. O procedimento de separação/purificação empregando resina de poliestireno demonstrou resultados robustos e reprodutíveis e permitiu a separação de frações ricas em compostos fenólicos, alcalóides e triterpenos. Em outro plano, foi possível constatar a isomerização dos alcalóides pentacíclicos em meio aquoso por efeito do processo de secagem empregando elevadas temperaturas. O método de análise para a quantificação de polifenóis foi discriminatório quando aplicado aos extratos obtidos de diferentes órgãos de U. tomentosa. As frações fenólica e alcaloídica foram capazes de diminuir a porcentagem de células viáveis das linhagens de glioma C6 e U138-MG após período de tratamento de 48 e 72 h, respectivamente. Complementarmente, estas frações não afetaram as células não-tumorais na mesma extensão em que afetam as células cancerosas. No tocante à avaliação da atividade imunoadjuvante, um pequeno efeito foi observado apenas na resposta imune dos animais imunizados com a fração triterpênica. / Uncaria tomentosa (Willd) DC. is a climbing tree native from Central and South America, where is commonly known as “uña-de-gato” or “cat’s claw”. Its bark is widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of gastritis, asthma and arthritis. Concerning its chemical composition is worth mentioning the presence of indole and oxindole alkaloids, phenolic compounds and quinovic acid derivatives. This work aims to obtain enriched fractions of the three main chemical groups of Uncaria tomentosa above described using solid phase extraction procedure, as well as the validation of specific assay methods. In parallel, potential antiproliferative effect against glioma cell lines and imunoadjuvant activity using BoHV-5 viral vaccine are evaluated by in-vitro and in-vivo models, in that order. All analytical methods required for monitoring and end-process quality control were validated satisfactorily. The separation/purification procedure using a polystyrene resin gave promising results and allowed the separation of phenolics, alkaloids and triterpenes fractions. Fractions yield were in all satisfactory and the processes were robust and reproducible. It could confirm the alkaloid isomerization in aqueous milieu by effect of the temperature process. The LC method for assay of polyphenols was discriminatory when applied to extracts from different organs of U. tomentosa. The fractions of phenolic and alkaloids compounds were able to decrease the percentage of cells in C6 and U138-MG glioma lineages after a 48h and 72h-treatment, respectively. Moreover, these fractions did not affect non-tumoral cells to the extent that they affect tumor cells. With regard to the imunoadjuvant activity evaluation a moderate effect was detected on immune responses of immunized animals with triterpenes fraction.

Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Thaís Cyrino de Mello Forato / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa De Pós-Graduação em Ensino, História, Filosofia das Ciências e Matemática, 2016. / O foco da pesquisa refere-se ao ensino de Frações, usualmente apresentados nos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental. Essa inserção e o contato dos alunos com esses novos números ampliam o conhecimento acerca dos conjuntos numéricos. Usualmente, as frações são introduzidas por meio de atividades que sugerem a mobilização da concepção parte-todo que propõe relacionar uma figura a um número fracionário e vice-versa. Educadores, pesquisadores e os resultados das avaliações em larga escala aplicadas em todo o Brasil, corroboram a necessidade de investigação e estudos que favoreçam as ações dos docentes em sala de aula, nesse tema. Mediante análise e dispondo de diferentes perspectivas e abordagens metodológicas existentes no campo da Educação Matemática, escolhemos o recurso da História da Matemática para estruturar nossa pesquisa, fundamentando uma ponte para a sala de aula, admitindo que o contato com o contexto histórico e com as necessidades e problemas que fomentaram o surgimento ou expansão de um conceito matemático, poderá despertar no educando o interesse para a aprendizagem e a compreensão desse conceito. Nosso principal objetivo foi investigar o processo de desenvolvimento de uma proposta de intervenção pedagógica destinada a promover o ensino de Frações numa perspectiva sociohistórica dos saberes matemáticos. Abordar as relações da Matemática com o desenvolvimento social, econômico e cultural poderá desfazer a imagem de ciência pronta, acabada e acessível para poucos, rompendo barreiras que a maioria dos alunos coloca em relação à sua aprendizagem. A pesquisa é de cunho teórico, fundamentada em referenciais que discutem questões teóricometodológicas na abordagem da pesquisa (auto) biográfica, que nos possibilitou refletir sobre o processo de construção da investigação e formação vivenciada. Para a construção da proposta didática, elencamos Forato (2009) como principal aporte teórico-metodológico, uma vez que a mesma ampara aspectos importantes relacionados ao estabelecimento de recorte e produção da abordagem histórica para a escola básica. Para a construção das atividades, utilizamos Moura (2010) e pontualmente outras referencias, todas em ressonância com os principais pressupostos da historiografia contemporânea (D¿Ambrósio, 2012; Roque, 2013). Os resultados abarcam diferentes instâncias, desde as reflexões sobre o processo, bem como o material pedagógico e orientações para amparar as reflexões e ações dos professores. / This research focusses on teaching Fraction Numbers usually presented at an early age in Secondary Education. Such insertion and student contact with these new numbers broaden knowledge on Sets of Numbers. Typically, fractions are introduced by means of activities which suggest the mobilization of the whole-part concept which proposes to relate one figure to a fraction number and vice-versa. Educators, researchers and the results of large-scale assessments throughout Brazil corroborate the need for investigations and studies that favour teacher-actions in classrooms on this theme. After analysing distinct and existing perspectives and methodological approaches in the field of Mathematics Education, we chose to the resource on the History of Mathematics to structure our research and bridge this to the classroom, admitting that contact with historical context and the needs and problems that fostered the origin and expansion of a mathematical concept, can awaken pupils¿ interest in learning and comprehending this concept. Our main goal was to investigate the development process of proposing a pedagogical intervention to promote learning Fraction Numbers from a social-historical perspective of mathematical knowledge. Addressing mathematical relations with social, economics and cultural developments can undo the image of a ready-completed Science and accessible to only a few, by breaking barriers that students make on how most of them relate themselves with learning mathematics. The intent of this theoretical research is grounded on references that discuss theoretical and methodological issues when addressing (self) biographical research, enabling us to reflect on the construction process of this research and the Master¿s formation experienced. For the construction of the didactical proposition, we selected Forato (2009) as the main theoretical and methodological source, as this itself upholds important aspects related to establishing a particular historical period in order to produce a historical approach for basic education. For building the activities we used Moura (2010) and other spot references, all in accordance with the main hypotheses of contemporary historiography (D¿Ambrósio, 2012; Roque, 2013). The results encompass different instances, from reflections about the process, as well as pedagogical material and guidance to support teacher reflections and actions.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Jeferson Cassiano / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Mestrado Profissional em Matemática em Rede Nacional, 2016. / Neste trabalho de dissertação, apresentamos uma linha de pesquisa envolvendo a incomensurabilidade com um estudo de caso do número de ouro; sua definição, suas aplicações, sua relação com o pentagrama e com a sequência de Fibonacci e também suas curiosidades que o relacionamos com a arte e a natureza. O objetivo é mostrar como este tema pode vir a ser abordado entre os alunos do Ensino Fundamental e Medio de forma prática e interativa. / In this dissertation, we present a line of research involving incommensurable with a case study of the number of gold, its defnition, its applications, its relationship with the pentagram and the Fibonacci sequence and its curiosities that relate to art and nature. The goal is to show how this theme might be broached among students of middle school and high school in a practical and interactive way.