Internet rate control protocols, such as TCP, encounter severe performance problems in wireless mesh networks. Because wireless networks use shared communication channels, contention and interference can significantly degrade flow throughput and fairness. Existing research takes either an engineering-based or optimization-based approach to solve the performance problems. The engineering-based approach usually solves a specific observed problem, but does not necessarily optimize the overall performance. The optimization-based approach mathematically models the network to find the optimal resource allocation among competing flows. The model can lead to a distributed rate control algorithm with performance guarantees, but relatively little work has been done to verify that the algorithm leads to good performance in real networks. This dissertation develops a more accurate network optimization model, implements the derived distributed rate control algorithm in a mesh testbed, and discusses observations in the extensive experiments. We first synthesize models used for optimizing fair rate control for wireless mesh networks, and discuss their tradeoffs. We then propose a partial interference model which uses more accurate objective functions and constraints as compared to the binary interference model. Numerical results show that the partial interference model outperforms the binary interference model in all scenarios tested, and the results also suggest that partial interference should be modeled separately from contention. Our experimental results confirm the prevalence of partial interference in our mesh testbed, and show that the partial interference model results in significantly improved performance in a typical interference topology. We also observe a significant deviation between theory and practice, whereby, the assumption of a linear relationship between interfering links breaks in our experiments. We discuss several directions to further investigate this issue.

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This essay explores the concept of “equivalence” (likvärdighet) and how it can be defined in the context of the Swedish school system. The method that is used is a critical examination of the equivalence theory formulated by Lars Lindblom. The concept of equivalence in his theory can be defined as equal opportunities for education that is designed to provide compensated resources and welfare where the most disadvantaged students, which includes the differently abled, are compensated according to the principle of difference. Further, that the social distribution domain in a fair society must both ensure that the school provides equal opportunities and compensates the disadvantaged and that the school's compensatory mission must therefore become the first priority in equality. In the essay I advance the thesis that Lindblom’s theory does neither function as a framework for allocation of resources to different categories of students or as a tool do model teaching. This is, because it does not provide any practical guidance for how the concept of equivalence should be used when distributing resources among different groups of students, except for the fact that students who receive compensatory should be prioritized. Lindblom's contribution is nevertheless valuable in that the theory provides a new and in-depth insight into the various dimensions contained within the concept of equivalence.

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Uppsatsen tar sin utgångspunkt i den allt mer ökade efterfrågan av produkter somproducerats i överensstämmelse med mänskliga rättigheter. Uppsatsen behandlarLunds kommunstyrelses beslut att rekommendera dess förvaltningar att användaRättvisemärkt kaffe och te.Syftet med uppsatsen är att se på vilket sätt, och i vilken omfattning beslutethar implementerats i organisationen. För detta har vi använt såväl en teoretiskreferensram i form av nyinstitutionalistisk organisationsanalys som empirisktmaterial. Det empiriska materialet utgörs av interjuver med anställda inomkommunens förvaltningar. Till detta har ett bakgrundkapitel som behandlar deninnehållsmässiga innebörden av begreppet hållbar utveckling, utifrån såväl eninternationell, nationell som lokal aspekt lagts.Avslutningsvis är slutsatserna att det inom kommunen finns en konkret viljaatt vidga innebörden av begreppet hållbar utveckling. De intervjuade ställer sigpositiva till grundtanken med det aktuella beslutet men menar attförändringsviljan dessvärre bromsas. Bland annat framhåller de intervjuade olikaekonomiska och juridiska faktorer som sådana hinder. De menar dock att arbetetfortfarande i hög grad är aktuellt och sannolikt kommer att utvidgas. / The essay takes its origin in the increased demand for products that has beenproduced in accordance with human rights. The essay treats the decision ofLund’s municipal executive board to recommend its different administrations touse Fair trade coffee and tea.The purpose of the essay is to see in which way, and to what extent thedecision has been implemented in the organization. For this purpose, we use anew institutional organizational theory's as theoretical frame of reference. Theempirical material in the essay consists of interviews with employees of theLund’s municipality. In addition to this, a background chapter has been added toexplain the substance of the term sustainable development, both from aninternational, national and local point of view.To conclude, there is a concrete intention within the municipality to embracethe meaning of the term sustainable development. The persons interviewed arepositive to the purpose of the current decision, but also believe that the will tochange unfortunately is being halted. Among other things, they point out differenteconomical and legislative factors. Despite this, they believe that the process iscurrent and most likely will expand.

yes / Whilst some argue that volunteer tourism is nothing more than neo-colonialism, we propose that it can (under certain conditions) make a positive contribution to local communities in developing countries and can also contribute to a ¿globalising, humanising civil society¿. We also argue that an increase in volunteer tourism is likely to be an unstoppable trend as international travel and easy global communication make ¿Do-it-Yourself¿ development activities ever more possible. In this chapter, we consider further the conditions required for volunteers to have a positive rather than a negative or neutral impact.

This thesis will explore the media's increasing impact on the criminal court system, specifically through prejudicial publicity given to criminal trials. In our society, the primary responsibility for gathering and disseminating information rests on the media. The media, consisting primarily of television and written publications, feel that they have a duty to provide citizens with important information about the community and the world. While the media have traditionally gathered news for informational purposes, they also provide news coverage of people and events for entertainment value. This is accomplished by focusing on the out-of-the ordinary and on stories of intrigue that capture the public's fancy. The media's desire to inform and entertain has carried over into the legal process, specifically the criminal court system. The media are typically drawn to cases that either provide a shocking, outrageous storyline, or that have a high-profile, famous defendant. The media love to exploit criminal trials for the suspense, drama, and sensationalism that they produce, as the viewing audience is longing for inside gossip and pure outrageousness. However, the media have the capability of publicizing a case beyond just mere hype, essentially turning the trial into a "media circus." Concerns arise when media outlets release prejudicial information before the case has been tried in front of the trier-of- fact, the jury. If the potential jurors consume this prejudicial, often-times inadmissible, information, then this increases the chances that jurors will pre-form opinions as to the guilt or innocence of the defendant prior to hearing the in-court evidence. If this occurs, the defendant's Sixth Amendment right to a fair trial by an impartial jury is in serious jeopardy. The media's First Amendment rights of free speech and press, coupled with a presumed right of access to criminal proceedings, lie in direct conflict with the defendant's Sixth Amendment due process rights. Exactly how courts go about balancing these rights delineated by the United States Constitution is still not definitive. The media feel that they can publicize criminal trials in any way they deem appropriate, while defendants argue that the jury pool is tainted by the media's coverage of the case. This prevents a truly unbiased jury from being chosen. Because of these constitutional issues, the United States Supreme Court has seen fit to enter the media publicity debate. While not providing, any definitive rules on when media publicity violates a defendant's Sixth Amendment's rights, the members of the Court have provided some recommendations and direction on these issues. When a case arouses the interest of media outlets nationally and internationally, the primary focus turns to the jury pool. Since jurors are seen as the trial participants most influenced by the media coverage, methods to keep the jury from being exposed to prejudicial pretrial publicity are utilized. At times, a skillfully and thoroughly conducted voir dire can find jurors unexposed to media coverage about the case. The judge's role has expanded in recent years as the media have become more pervasive in the criminal court system. The judge is responsible for supervising the media and for making sure that they do not infringe on the defendant's Sixth Amendment right to a fair trial by an impartial jury. To accomplish this duty, the trial judge has a number of mechanisms that he or she can employ against the media in order to ensure that a fair and unbiased jury is chosen for the case. However, these mechanisms are loathed by media outlets as they assert that these tools violate their First Amendment rights. Attorneys have been impacted by the media; however this relationship is unique in that it is a reciprocal one. The media publicize the trial of the attorney's client. In turn, the attorney uses this publicity as a weapon to advocate his or her client's case and proclaim guilt or innocence. Concerns about these extrajudicial statements arise when attorneys themselves release prejudicial information through the media to the representative community from which the jury will be chosen. As a result, the American Bar Association and various states have enacted rules designed to limit attorney speech so as to prevent any possibility of prejudice to the defendant in his or her trial. Indeed, the media have become more pervasive in the criminal court system, projecting events to the world as they happen. The coverage also tends to focus on the entertainment value of the case, releasing details that play on the viewer's emotions. However, an aggressive media impacts the due process rights of the accused, thus harming the search for justice. These are all issues and concerns that would not have arisen in this context, but-for the media's continuing impact on the criminal justice system.

Börsnoterade bolag ska i sin koncernredovisning redovisa enligt IFRS och förvaltningsfastigheter skall redovisas enligt IAS 40 Förvaltningsfastigheter. Detta examensarbete undersöker hur Nordiska börsnoterade bolag tillämpar vissa punkter inom IAS 40 i 2014 års redovisning jämfört med 2009 års redovisning. Syftet med undersökningen är att undersöka skillnader mellan de granskade företagens redovisning 2014 och 2009, med utgångspunkten i en tidigare publicerad undersökning (Hedlund & Ersson, 2011). Det som undersöks är om företagen använder samma värderingsmetod, om de informerar om hur värdering av förvaltningsfastigheter skett, om var i resultatrapporten de rapporterar justeringar av verkligt värde samt hur väl de lämnar upplysningar enligt IAS 40 punkt 75. Undersökningen har skett med en kvantitativ metod då det är årsredovisningar som granskats. Undersökt data är årsredovisningar från 2014 och 2009 för samma företag som granskats i den tidigare undersökningen. Några företag har utgått då de inte ingår i urvalsramen Nordiskt börsnoterat fastighetsbolag. Totalt granskades 14 stycken företag. Resultatet visar att efterlevnaden totalt sett är något bättre 2014 jämfört med den tidigare undersökningen. Till stor del beror det på urvalet där de företag som utgått var dåliga på att lämna upplysningar enligt IAS 40 i 2009 års redovisning. Sett till de företag som är med i båda undersökningarna är efterlevnaden likartad de jämförda åren. Det är få företag som lämnar upplysningar om begränsningar i rätten att sälja förvaltningsfastigheter, avtalsenliga förpliktelser att köpa eller hur de skiljer på rörelsefastigheter och förvaltningsfastigheter. Tolkningen kan då göras att det inte finns någon restriktion eller förpliktelse om det inte lämnas några sådana upplysningar. Om det är ett fastighetsbolag så kan det tolkas som att de inte har några rörelsefastigheter. Med dessa tolkningar blir efterlevnaden bland de undersökta företagen god. / Listed companies should prepare their consolidated accounts according to IFRS and investment property shall be accounted for in accordance with IAS 40 Investment Property. This study, investigates how the Nordic listed companies comply with certain paragraphs of IAS 40 in the 2014 financial statements as compared with the 2009 financial statements. The purpose of the study is to investigate differences between the studied company’s financial statements in 2014 compared to 2009, with a previous study (Hedlund & Ersson, 2011) as a base. The study focus on whether they use the same valuation method, if they describe the valuation process, where in the financial statement fair value adjustments are reported and how well they comply with IAS 40 paragraph 75. The study is based on a quantitative method since financial statements are studied. Examined data are annual reports for 2014 and 2009 from the companies investigated in the previous survey. However slightly fewer companies were included since some of them are no longer included in the selection criteria Nordic listed real estate company. The result shows that compliance with IAS 40 is overall slightly better than in the previous survey. Largely, it depends on the selection of companies, since the companies excluded were bad at providing information in accordance with IAS 40 in the previous investigation. Looking at the companies that are included in both studies, compliance is similar for the compared years. There are few companies that provide information about restrictions on the right to sell investment properties, obligations to buy or how they differ business property from investment property. The interpretation can then be made that there is no restriction or obligation if there is no such information. If it is a real estate company, the interpretation can be made that they have no business property. With these interpretations compliance is good among the studied companies.

A utilidade da contabilidade para o processo de decisão está relacionada à mensuração e divulgação apropriada de informações que, realmente, reflitam a situação econômicofinanceira dos negócios. O valor justo (fair value) tem sido apresentado como medida de avaliação de certos ativos específicos, entre eles, os biológicos, que são dotados de vida e por isso estão sujeitos a transformações biológicas (nascimento, crescimento, degeneração e morte) as quais afetam significativamente o seu valor, não sendo o custo histórico capaz de refletir fielmente todos os ganhos ou perdas de valor. Diante deste cenário, esta pesquisa terá por finalidade responder à questão: Quais restrições podem ser encontradas na aplicação do valor justo na atividade de pecuária no Brasil, considerando a subjetividade implícita nas escolhas dos métodos de avaliação?; e, consequentemente, seu objetivo é estudar a subjetividade encontrada na aplicação do valor justo na mensuração dos ativos biológicos na atividade pecuária bovina no Brasil, considerando os aspectos conceituais e as regras determinadas pelo Pronunciamento CPC 29. O foco do estudo foi a pecuária bovina de corte em função de sua importância econômica nacional e por existir mercado ativo para os animais em várias fases da vida. A pesquisa revisou os principais conceitos pertinentes ao tema, além dos estudos que permeiam o valor justo, buscando examinar a aplicabilidade, restrições, críticas, vantagens e graus de subjetividade. O estudo de caso foi o método utilizado para conhecer os sistemas em uso na avaliação de ativos biológicos, os quais foram comparados a uma lista de requisitos exigidos pelo valor justo. Os resultados obtidos apontam que é possível ser aplicado o valor justo na atividade agropecuária no Brasil, para o caso estudado, entretanto em algumas fases da vida do animal, principalmente quando não existem valores de mercado disponíveis, tal aplicação encontra maiores restrições além de proporcionar maior subjetividade. / The usefulness of Accounting for decision making is related to measurement and appropriate disclosure of information that really reflect the economic and financial situation of the business. The fair value has been presented as a way of assessment of certain specific assets, including the biological, which are endowed with life and, therefore, are liable to biological transformations (birth, growth, degeneration and death) which affect significantly their value and the historical cost is not able to faithfully reflect every values gains or losts. Under this scenario, this research aims to answer the question: What restrictions can be found in the application of fair value in the activity of cattle raising in Brazil, considering the implicit subjectivity in the choice of assessment methods? And, consequently, the present work aim to study the subjectivity found in the application of fair value in biological assets measurement in cattle raising in Brazil, considering the conceptual aspects and rules determined by the Standard CPC 29. The focus of this study was the beef cattle farming because of its importance for national economic and the existence of active market for these animals at various stages of life. The study reviewed the main concepts that are relevant to the subject, besides the studies that underlie the fair value, seeking to consider the applicability, limitations, criticisms, advantages and degrees of subjectivity. The case study was the method used to know the systems in use in the assessment of biological assets, which were compared to a list of requirements required by the fair value. The results indicates that it is possible to apply the fair value in agriculture and cattle raising activity in Brazil, for the case studied, however in some phases of this animals life, especially when there are no market values available, such application finds further restrictions besides providing greater subjectivity.