nÃo hà / A feira livre de Bodocà compÃe espaÃo de comÃrcio, sociabilidade e manifestaÃÃes culturais, que tambÃm sÃo afrodescendentes, no sertÃo de Pernambuco. Esta constitui o locus da presente pesquisa que observa as prÃticas educativas relacionadas as africanidades bodocoenses no cotidiano das atividades semanais desse comÃrcio ao ar livre. AtravÃs de documentos e tÃcnicas diversas buscou-se responder ao problema: Como a feira de Bodocà pode ser compreendida enquanto espaÃo educativo para a aprendizagem da HistÃria e do PatrimÃnio Cultural material e imaterial Afrodescendente? Dessa forma em nossa metodologia nos pautamos na abordagem qualitativa e recorremos à pesquisa bibliogrÃfica e de campo onde foram realizadas observaÃÃes in loco, registros em caderno de campo, gravaÃÃes de Ãudio, registros fotogrÃficos, entrevistas semi-estruturadas e a memÃria como fonte. Nossas anÃlises tiveram o aporte teÃrico de autores diversos acerca da educaÃÃo enquanto um conceito amplo que transcende as salas de aula e ocorre no dia a dia, nas relaÃÃes sociais, de trabalho, na vivÃncia com o grupo social e na cidade que educa (BRANDÃO, 2007; FREIRE, 2001; GADOTTI, 2007; GÃMEZ-GRANEL e VILA, 2003). Aqui destacamos a prÃtica educativa na perspectiva da africanidade que ocorre em conexÃo com o cotidiano, sem estar separada em um espaÃo e/ou horÃrio, pautada na cosmovisÃo africana e ocorrendo atravÃs de metodologias diversas como a tradiÃÃo oral, as cantigas, provÃrbios, prÃticas religiosas, etc., (CUNHA JR, 2013; LUZ, 2013; CALVET, 2011;DOMINGOS, 2011). Assim, o presente trabalho traz como objetivo geral: evidenciar a feira bodocoense enquanto espaÃo educativo que possibilita a aprendizagem da HistÃria e do PatrimÃnio Cultural material e imaterial Afrodescendente. Como objetivos especÃficos buscou-se: 1) Contextualizar historicamente a presenÃa africana e afrodescendente no sertÃo pernambucano e a feira enquanto espaÃo de exposiÃÃo da histÃria e do patrimÃnio cultural afrodescendente em BodocÃ; 2) Observar as potencialidades da feira bodocoense que nos levem a enxergÃ-la enquanto espaÃo educativo; 3) Verificar as possibilidades da feira bodocoense constituir espaÃo educativo em relaÃÃo a HistÃria e ao patrimÃnio cultural material e imaterial afrodescendente. Ao mergulharmos no exercÃcio da pesquisa pudemos notar a riqueza cultural e de transmissÃo de conhecimentos diversos que a feira possui. Constatamos que à um espaÃo mÃltiplo e multiplicador constituÃdo de vÃrios universos, interesses e representaÃÃes. E, em meio a essa riqueza e imensidÃo, nota-se vÃrias prÃticas educativas com intuitos diversos onde a heranÃa ancestral africana e afrodescendente à transmitida atravÃs de vÃrias prÃticas algumas intencionais a maioria nÃo intencional. A aprendizagem desse legado assim tambÃm acontece de maneira sutil, consciente e inconsciente sendo preservado e reelaborado no cotidiano da feira.

O modelo, ou modelos, de organização da Economia Solidária nasceu, aproximadamente, ao mesmo tempo em que surgia o capitalismo industrial e foi reinventado na década de 1990, enquanto alternativa ideológica de afronta aos efeitos excludentes do capitalismo e/ou alternativa de política de emprego e renda à população mais pobre, desempregada ou subempregada, com a formação de iniciativas por parte da população excluída do mercado. Esta “reinvenção” ocorre majoritariamente sob orientação de organizações religiosas, sindicais, universitárias e ONG’s. Segundo a SENAES (Secretaria Nacional de Economia Solidária) (BRASIL, 2004b), considera-se Economia Solidária o conjunto de atividades econômicas com as seguintes características: cooperação, autogestão, viabilidade econômica e solidariedade. Em 2005, a secretaria identificou 14.954 empreendimentos econômicos solidários no Brasil, dos quais 85 em Porto Alegre. Para estudar a Economia Solidária, pela ótica econômica, não é suficiente a teoria econômica tradicional, pois é necessário: entender o surgimento e a sobrevivência de associações que encerram concomitantemente as lógicas econômica, política e social; considerar a relação entre ética e economia, com uma aproximação das duas, e entender esta relação tanto na busca de outros princípios de comportamento econômico quanto no entendimento dos juízos de valores feitos pelas pessoas ao adjetivarem um comércio de justo; entender o mercado como uma forma de alocação, dentre outras e que as outras formas de alocação permanecem, além de entender o mercado como uma formação social; entender como se formam os preços “justos” e porque um consumidor escolheria um produto de Economia Solidária, mesmo tendo que pagar um preço mais elevado. Foram realizados dois estudos de caso em Porto Alegre (RS, Brasil): nas feiras da Cooperativa Ecológica Coolméia e nas lojas da Etiqueta Popular. Por meio de entrevistas realizadas com produtores cooperados e com consumidores dos dois empreendimentos, buscou-se identificar se estes percebem os empreendimentos como mais do que uma alternativa de emprego, se os consumidores são conscientes de que compram uma relação de compromisso junto com os produtos e qual é o reflexo dos anteriores na formação dos preços. A análise qualitativa das entrevistas demonstra um grau de aderência com as teorias discutidas anteriormente, mas também demonstra que há ainda um longo caminho a ser percorrido, o que é percebido pelos produtores entrevistados. O fato da maioria dos produtores afirmarem que estavam em melhor situação sócio-econômica com sua participação nos empreendimentos e o fato de alguns consumidores parecerem conscientes com relação ao efeito de suas decisões de compra podem apontar a Economia Solidária como uma forma alternativa à economia capitalista. A dúvida que permanece diz respeito à dimensão desta Economia Solidária, ou seja, se ela conseguiria incluir toda a população excluída pela economia capitalista, sem deixar de gerar os benefícios encontrados até agora nestes empreendimentos e até mesmo os aumentando. Ademais, há dúvidas quanto à relação da Economia Solidária com a economia capitalista e com o governo. / The model, or models, of organization of the Solidarity Economy was born, approximately, at the same time as the industrial capitalism was being developed. It has, however, been reinvented in the 1990’s as an ideological alternative of confrontation to the excluding effects of the capitalism and/or as an alternative of employment and income policies to the poorest, unemployed or underemployed population. This was made by means of initiatives of the population excluded from the market, under the orientation of religious organizations, labor unions, universities and NGO’s. According to SENAES (National Office of Solidarity Economy) (BRASIL, 2004b), it is considered Solidarity Economy the ensemble of economic activities with the following characteristics: cooperation, self-management, economic feasibility and solidarity. In 2005, the Office identified 14.954 solidary enterprises in Brazil, among which 85 are located in Porto Alegre. To study the Solidarity Economy, from the economic point of view, the traditional economic theory is not suitable, because it is necessary to: understand the emergence and the survival of association that enclose, at the same time, the economic, social and political logics; consider the relationship between ethics and economics, and, also, understand both the search of other economic behavioral principles and the understanding of moral judgments made by people when qualifying a trade as fair; understand the market as one form of allocation among others, which also continue to exist, as well as understand that the market is a social construction; understand how the fair prices are formed and why a consumer would choose a product of Solidarity Economy, even if he has to pay a higher price for it. We have analyzed two cases of Porto Alegre, Brazil: the open markets of Cooperativa Ecológica Coolméia e the stores of Etiqueta Popular. The assessment was made by interviews with producers and consumers of both enterprises, as a means to identify if the producers view the undertaking as more than an employment alternative, if the consumers are conscious that they buy a commitment relationship along with the products, and what is the reflex of the answer of the two previous questions in their price formation. The qualitative analysis of the interviews has demonstrated a degree of adherence to the theories discussed before. Also, it has demonstrated that there is still a long way to go through, and that the producers have realized. The fact that the majority of the producers has affirmed that they were better off because of their participation and the fact that some consumers appeared to be conscious of the effect of their purchase decisions might indicate that the Solidarity Economy is an alternative to the capitalist economy. However, doubt still remains as to the size of this economy, that is, could it include all the population excluded by the capitalist economy, without overlooking the benefits generated until now, and even enlarging them? Besides, there are doubts as to the relationship of the Solidarity Economy with the capitalist economy and with the government.

Esta investigação tem como principal objeto uma feira de gado localizada próxima a Cidade da Bahia de Todos os Santos: Capuame. Embora a feira fosse constantemente citada pela historiografia como uma das mais importantes do período setecentista, sabia-se muito pouco sobre sua existência. Não havia até o momento estudos a seu respeito fundamentados em consistente base documental. Assim, o primeiro objetivo desta pesquisa é preencher uma lacuna historiográfica, dedicando parte da dissertação ao estudo da primeira feira de gado da América Portuguesa. Compreender sua dinâmica de funcionamento em contexto colonial, analisar a sua relação com o processo de territorialização dos sertões baianos através da produção da mercadoria gado e a simultânea conexão com um dos principais portos e praças comerciais do Atlântico Sul são aspectos fundamentais para redimensionar a importância da pecuária para a reprodução da economia e da sociedade colonial. / The main object of this investigation is a cattle fair located near the Cidade da Bahia de Todos os Santos: Capuame. Although the fair has been constantly quoted by historiography as one of the most important of the eighteenth century, very little was known about its existence. There had not been any studies based on consistent document analysis. Thus, our first goal has been to fill in a historiographical gap, dedicating part of this thesis to the study of Portuguese America\'s first livestock fair. To understand its functioning dynamics in a colonial context, to analyse its relationship with the process of Bahia\'s sertões (dryland) territorialisation through the production of cattle industry as goods and the simultaneous connection with one of South Atlantic\'s main seaports as well as commercial squares are all fundamental aspects to redimension the importance of livestock breeding for the reproduction of the colonial society and economy.

Desenvolvimento e Inserção Social / Master Degree on Development and Social Inclusion / Esta tese procura reflectir sobre uma perspectiva de compreensão da emergência do movimento do Comércio Justo (CJ) num contexto de modernidade tardia, no âmbito das teorias dominantes dos novos movimentos sociais e do actual processo de globalização. A pesquisa traduz-se num estudo de caso de uma associação que apresenta como objectivos a divulgação dos princípios do CJ e a comercialização de produtos oriundos desta forma de comércio alternativa, a Associação Reviravolta. O foco analítico incide sobre os domínios de acção e formas de actuação desta organização, a sua estrutura e funcionamento, bem como da acção que nela desenvolvem os seus protagonistas, dirigentes e voluntários. Isto é, pretende-se determinar, através de uma análise organizacional, de que modo se estruturam os seus elementos, como se encaixam no seu organigrama, qual a relevância dos estatutos que a enformam no seu quotidiano, e qual o tipo de interacção existente entre os diferentes agentes que a compõem, ou seja, almeja-se assinalar os seus elementos culturais e simbólicos, e caracterizá-la enquanto corpo socializado. / This thesis aims to analyze the emergence of the Fair Trade movement within a context of late modernization and in relation with the current dominating theories on new social movements and globalisation. This research is based on a case study of an association, the Associação Reviravolta which has two main goals: to disseminate the FT principles and marketing the products which originate from this alternate form of commerce. The analytical focus falls upon the domains of the activity developed and of the procedures adopted by this organization, its structure and modes of functioning, as well as actions undertaken by its workers, managers and volunteers. It is intended, through an organizational analysis, to determine in what manner its elements are structured, the place each takes in the association s organisation chart, the importance of its statutes in its daily function, and the type of interaction between its different components, thus raising its symbolic and cultural elements and to characterize it as a social frame.

IFRS allows firms to choose between fair-value accounting and historical cost accounting with impairment testing for property, plant and equipment (PPE). This study examines the effect of firms' accounting choices for this group of non-financial assets on over-investment after IFRS mandatory adoption in the European Union (EU). My results indicate that over-investment in PPE (or capital expenditures) is lower following IFRS adoption among EU firms that used historical cost accounting with impairment testing in the post-IFRS period, consistent with EU firms having more timely loss recognition for PPE under IFRS strict impairment rules. In my analysis of United Kingdom (UK) firms, I find that most UK firms elected to use historical cost accounting with impairment testing for PPE after IFRS mandatory adoption. I also find that UK firms that previously used fair-value accounting under UK GAAP and then switched to historical cost accounting with impairment testing under IFRS exhibit greater reductions in over-investment relative to other EU firms that used historical cost accounting with impairment testing prior to IFRS adoption. Additional analysis suggests that the reductions in over-investment after IFRS mandatory adoption are greater as the severity of agency conflicts increases, consistent with outside shareholders demanding timely loss recognition as a means of addressing agency conflicts with managers.

During the 1930s a large number of cultural artifacts presented rural Iowa to national audiences as an ideal place where the "real" America still flourished despite the harsh realities of the Great Depression. Artist Grant Wood's lush landscapes, novelist Phil Stong's trustworthy farmers, and cartoonist "Ding" Darling's pragmatic Iowans, are among the creations that comforted Americans from 1930-1936. These texts gained attention from audiences not only because they invoked peaceful pastoral imagery, but also because they frequently presented a monolithic patriarchal society without ethnic and racial diversity or social class distinctions. This presentation of Caucasian normativity was a tonic for many Americans who felt unnerved by the floundering economy and still recognized the deep divisions of the previous decade, which had resulted in race riots, immigration restrictions, and labor unrest. These splits were still present in the 1930s, even though that decade has come to be remembered primarily for the economic crisis and dust storms which spawned famous representations of Dust Bowl migrants. Those conditions were real, but the cultural importance of productive, honest (white) Iowa farmers during the first half of the Depression has, by comparison, been largely forgotten. In four chapters which respectively analyze journalism, art and literature, films, and political speeches from the period, I seek to rectify this historical oversight and offer a glimpse into how Americans, when faced with an ongoing crisis, may be encouraged to embrace a "simpler" way of life belonging to an imagined past.

The literature on the changing nature of fair trade suggests it is indeed evolving and changed from the grassroots movement it once was. One of the strongest arguments that comes out in this body of literature is that the message, values, and way fair trade can encourage positive socio-economic and community development is changing. What the scholarship does not address, though, is how this evolution is changing the way that fair trade is perceived? The answer to this question about the changing perceptions of fair trade can be extended to those who produce fair trade products, those who consume them, those market them, those who manage them, and those institutionally organize the movement and certification criteria. My study attempts to gain insight on how fair trade is perceived among the producers (farmers) of fair trade. Although there are many studies about the impact of fair trade on cooperatives of producers/farmers, there is one voice that seems to be missing: the voice of the producers themselves. My work with the CADO Sugar Cane Cooperative in the state of Cotopaxi, Ecuador attempts to fill this gap. I executed a three-week research project in which I interviewed administration of the cooperative as well as the sugar cane farmers themselves about their perceptions and understanding of fair trade. Broadly, I was able to conclude that majority of producers in this community were involved with fair trade because of the steady income, and the cooperative became fair trade certified with the incentive of a large contract with a buyer-a buyer that required a fair trade certified product. These two points bring up a very important question: where is the concern for the human development aspects that fair trade champions (education, economic development, health, etc.)? In this project I will address the implications that my findings have on how we understand the fair trade model in terms of social movement theory and the concept of fair trade as free trade.

The coffee trade in Chiapas, Mexico is a unique approach of sustainable development and economic integration, demonstrating that local social movements can change behaviors in international trade regimes. The Zapatista community of Chiapas, Mexico, has an impact on the global trade system, where resultant changes begin at the local level. In the southern Mexican state of Chiapas, factors contributing to the Zapatista rebellion have led actors within civil society to form new socio-political organizations capable of changing participation, norms, and economic outcomes during the post-rebellion period (1994 - present). This study explores the dilemmas facing the autonomy of actors in broadening and deepening their roles in the fair trade movement. It argues that innovative practices of fair trade coffee production, originating at the local level in Chiapas from Zapatista reform measures, has a transformative effect on international trade regimes. The Zapatista social movement has aided Mayans and other groups in establishing new linkages where the impacts of fair trade are experienced beyond the local level. Social movement theorists provide an analytical framework necessary to examine these dynamic linkages between civil society, the state, and international trade regimes. However, contemporary Latin American social movement theorists do not seem to have adequately transcended the dualism between civil society and the state. The importance of this study is that it illuminates how, although the state remains the principle actor, these linkages formed by fair trade have important repercussions for the autonomy of indigenous groups in pursuing independent economic relations. Findings illustrate that fair trade is a viable means to socially re-embed international trade relations, attributing new rules, norms, and procedures to trade regimes. Reorganization in the face of state oppression has enabled a shift from anti-globalization tendencies toward an alternative form of economic integration which has become widely legitimized through a three-way dynamic between civil society, the state, and the international community.

Electronic commerce and the internet provide greater opportunities for companies and individual person to be involved in commercial activities; the involved parties may not know or trust each other or may even be mutually suspicious of each other. The issue of fairness becomes more critical and must be well addressed. The aim of this thesis is to investigate security solutions with fairness for on-line transactions. A fair trading protocol with credit payment is proposed. The proof of equivalence of discrete logarithm to discrete loglogarithm is employed as the main tool to construct the protocol. The scheme provides a unique link between payment and gambling outcome so that the winner can be ensured to get the payment. Since an optimal fair exchange method is used in gambling message exchange, the proposed system guarantees that no one can successfully cheat during a gambling process. Our system requires an off-line Trusted Third Party (TTP). If cheating occurs, the TTP can resolve the problem and make the gambling process fair. An efficient and secure poker scheme is proposed. It is based on multiple encryption and decryption of individual cards. The protocol satisfies all major security requirements of a real mental poker. It gets rid of the Card Salesman and guarantees minimal effect due to collusion. The protocol is secure and more efficient compared with other known protocols. The strategies of players can be kept confidential with the introduction of a Dealer. The protocol is suitable to be implemented in an on-line gambling card game. The implementation of the fair on-line gambling protocol has been demonstrated and all utility classes for the implementation have been defined. / Master of Science (Hons)

This study examines how pioneer and follower pricing strategies affect the formation and evolution of reference price perceptions in new product categories. It contributes to our understanding of pricing new products by integrating two important research streams in the field of marketing - reference price theory and the theory of pioneer brand advantage. This is the first research to address reference price effects for radically new product categories. Prior research has focused solely on products in existing categories, typically in fast moving consumer goods categories. Using three experiments to causally establish the consequences of pioneer and follower pricing strategies on consumer perceptions, three critical research issues are addressed for the first time, consistent with calls for research in the literature: 1. Which reference price do consumers utilise in new product categories? 2. What is the role of consumer confidence in reference price for new product categories? 3. How do reference price perceptions form and evolve as a result of pioneer and follower pricing strategy? In the literature, a frequently cited issue is the fragmented operationalisation of reference price perceptions. With little theory to guide researchers in terms of which measures should be used, experiment 1 provides new theory, finding as hypothesised, that fair price perceptions as opposed to expected price perceptions are more likely to be evoked by consumers for new product categories. Experiment 1 also finds that using consumers' confidence in their reference price beliefs as an additional explanatory variable, does not improve over current reference price models. Overconfidence, a robust consumer behavioural phenomenon (Alba and Hutchinson 2000), might explain this result. Prior research has made several contributions to understanding reference price perceptions in established product categories. However, not much is known about how these reference price perceptions initially form and evolve. Experiments 2 and 3 address this gap by simulating an emerging market and examining the role of pioneership in shaping reference price perceptions. Experiment 2 found the pioneer, due to its perceptual prominence, is able to define the reference price and subsequently define perceptions of value. That is, the value consumers place on a product and their intentions to purchase the product are about the same whether the pioneer follows a penetration (initial low price) or skimming (initial high price) strategy. Experiment 3 extends experiment 2 by examining what happens in the emerging market when a follower brand enters. The follower enters at a large or small discount to the pioneer, and the pioneer completes its penetration or skimming strategy, converging to a 'regular' price. As predicted, the pioneer's initial price frames subsequent price and value perceptions, signifying the importance of the pioneer as a referent brand. Lower initial prices erode value perceptions, whereas higher initial prices substantiate value perceptions. The follower's pricing strategy does not have as much influence as the pioneer's pricing strategy. Other findings from experiment 3 related to reference price theory in general. Specifically, there was strong evidence of an averaging process when forming reference prices. This adds theory to the measurement debate about operationalising reference price as some past price such as last price paid or some average of past prices. Experiment 3 also provides a further measurement contribution by supporting the use of brand specific measures of reference price, rather than category based measures. More generally, because of the causal research design, this thesis provides strong evidence of the use of reference prices in consumer decision making: a key concern emphasised by one of the area's seminal articles (i.e., Kalyanaram and Winer 1995), which stresses the need to provide evidence that consumers actually use reference prices, and not just act as if they do.