本研究探討的研究問題有三：（一）記者與消息來源的關係類型有哪些？（二）影響記者與消息來源人際關係發展的因素有哪些？（三）記者與消息來源之互動關係如何影響記者處理消息來源人物的方式？ 　　本研究以參與觀察法、深度訪談法及內容分析法，針對四位個案記者進行研究。研究結果如下： 　　一、記者與消息來源互動關係類型 　　個案記者與消息來源的互動關係可分為四類，第一類是同化關係，記者較容易被主跑線上經常提供新聞線索的消息來源同化。 　　第二類是利益合作關係，記者通常與職級較高或主管級的消息來源維持利益合作的關係。 　　第三類是對立關係，因為記者與消息來源互動時以各自的利益為重，故當記者與消息來源因對方的舉動無法達成各自的目的時，便容易演變為對立關係。 　　第四類是表面接觸關係記者經常與非預定新聞事件的主角或發起人維繫此種關係。 　　二、影響記者與消息來源之人際關係發展因素 　　四位個案記者傾向於與專業性及可信度高的消息來源互動頻繁。而對於經常協助記者取得新聞資訊的消息來源，記者容易產生高度的情感認同。另外，記者通常較依賴職級較高的消息來源取得新聞詮釋。 　　三、記者與消息來源互動關係與記者處理消息來源方式之關聯性 　　四位個案記者在新聞內容中賦予消息來源的顯著程度，不會因記者與消息來源的關係親密程度而受到影響。而記者在新聞內容中對消息來源的態度呈現上，則傾向於對表面接觸關係的消息來源做有利的處理。

Often considered to be apolitical playwrights, Samuel Beckett and Tom Stoppard each dedicated dramatic works to dissident Czech playwright (and later President) Václav Havel in the late 1970s and early 1980s—during his imprisonment for his role in writing and distributing the dissident document Charter 77. These dramatic works, with a few others, collectively mark simultaneous, parallel shifts in Beckett’s and Stoppard’s careers toward uncharacteristically explicit political engagement. This report examines these works—Beckett’s Catastrophe and What Where, and Stoppard’s Every Good Boy Deserves Favor and Professional Foul—through the lens of Havel’s political philosophy, especially as expressed in his 1978 essay “The power of the powerless.” This report argues that Havel’s model of apolitical resistance to injustice, a model he calls “living in truth,” expresses humanist values that these playwrights had long affirmed in their art. Their shared moral vision, along with sympathy for Havel’s plight under a totalitarian regime that distorted language as a tool of oppression, was the catalyst for their new, direct involvement in political matters. The report establishes the historical context of the Soviet-dominated Communist regime in Czechoslovakia, along with relevant biographical and professional narratives for each figure. It then examines closely this selection of Beckett’s and Stoppard’s dramatic works and their shared thematic concerns, and demonstrates how they artistically embody and communicate Havel’s model of “living in truth.” / text

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:02:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo1476_1.pdf: 4263090 bytes, checksum: fca95b350e246352695e054bc2e4455c (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O presente trabalho versa sobre uma nova metodologia para ser aplicada na Arqueologia Subaquática, especificamente em naufrágios, onde em um único mergulho, dependendo das condições ambientais e do suporte técnico, o arqueólogo pode coletar até 37 dados sobre um mesmo naufrágio. A metodologia dinamiza e padroniza o cabedal de informações de um dado sítio arqueológico subaquático, o qual contempla desde o tipo de ambiente do sítio, as características geológicas e hidrometeorológicas, considerando também dados sobre cronologia, porte, estado, material construtivo, particularidades dimensionais, aparelhos e acessórios, tipologia e possíveis fatores causadores do naufrágio de uma determinada embarcação. Essa metodologia foi aplicada em três cascos desconhecidos soçobrados na costa pernambucana, tendo sido possível descobrir o nome da embarcação e o fator causador de um naufrágio, determinar os fatores causadores dos outros dois, bem como confirmar o nome de um e sugerir o nome do outro, mostrando a exequibilidade desse método

Para realizar el trabajo de investigación, tomamos como objetivo principal el determinar el impacto del Saldo a Favor del Exportador en la situación financiera de las Mypes del sector textil del distrito de La Victoria en el ejercicio 2018. Cabe mencionar, que La Victoria es uno de los distritos que alberga la mayor cantidad de pequeñas y medianas empresas textiles que realizan exportaciones, sin embargo, muchos de estos microempresarios desconocen del beneficio otorgado por la Administración Tributaria. Asimismo, el presente trabajo de investigación atravesó por distintas fases de análisis de datos y se realizó evaluaciones financieras para conocer a detalle como el Saldo a Favor Materia de Beneficio aporta al exportador beneficios a largo plazo. Nuestra investigación se basó en primera instancia en establecer el marco teórico, los antecedentes y las definiciones de las variables, posteriormente se realizó el análisis de la población y el tamaño de muestra en el distrito de La Victoria donde se realizó investigaciones cualitativas con las entrevistas a expertos e investigación cuantitativa con las encuestas a los microempresarios dueños de empresas exportadoras. Para finalizar, en el capítulo V de análisis de resultados usamos la herramienta SPSS para examinar nuestros datos recolectados, asimismo, se usó el Chi Cuadrado y las tablas cruzadas, con las herramientas mencionadas se validó nuestra hipótesis principal y las secundarias donde se concluye como el SFMB mejora la liquidez, por último, se detalló las conclusiones y recomendaciones del presente trabajo de investigación donde se propone soluciones y sugiere algunas ideas para futuros tópicos de investigación. / In order to make this research work, the main object is to determine the impact of the Balance in Favor of the Exporter on the financial situation of Mypes in the textile sector of the district of La Victoria in 2018. It is worth mentioning that La Victoria is one of the districts that has the largest number of textile micro-businesses that carry out exports, however, many of these small and medium- sized enterprises are unaware of the benefit granted by the Tax Administration. Additionally, this research work went through different phases of data analysis and financial evaluations were carried out to know in detail how the Benefit Matter Balance in Favor provides the exporter with long-term benefits. This research was based in the first instance on the analysis of the population and the sample size in the district of La Victoria, where qualitative research was carried out with interviews with experts and quantitative research with surveys of microentrepreneurs who owned exporting companies. Finally, in chapter V of analysis of results we used the SPSS tool to examine our collected data, likewise, the Chi Square and cross tables were used, with the mentioned tools our main hypothesis and the secondary hypotheses were validated where it is concluded as the SFMB improves liquidity, finally, the conclusions and recommendations of the present research work were detailed where solutions are proposed and some ideas for future research topics are suggested. / Tesis

[pt] A ascenção dos computadores e da banda-larga móvel e fixa são fatores importantes nas mudanças observadas no mercado de trabalho dos países ricos. Conforme o mundo tecnológico rapidamente evolui e cada vez mais rápida conectividade surge, há pouca evidência dos impactos das atuais tecnologias nos países em desenvolvimento. O Brasil, em particular, durante a última década, observou uma notória expansão do acesso à internet móvel. Nesta dissertação, explora-se o rápido avanço da cobertura de 4G para estimar os efeitos causais de internet móvel rápida para mercados locais de trabalho formal no Brasil. Como as tecnologias de 4G não são instaladas randomicamente, compromissos de abrangência, presentes nos contratos entre operadores nacionais da banda de 4G e a agência nacional de telecomunicações (ANATEL), servem como variável instrumental para presença de internet. O crescimento médio observado na amostra de número de operadores presente em cada mercado local é responsável por uma redução de 8 porcento nos contratos formais de trabalho (40 porcento da variação no período). Esta redução é causada por (i) redução de rotatividade e por (ii) efeitos de desemprego. Consistentes com a hipótese de rotineirização, o 4G reduz a demanda de trabalho para tarefas rotineiras e manuais. Com isso, há um aumento da proporção de trabalhadores com ensino superior e em ocupações que exigem maior qualificação. Os efeitos são concentrados no extremo da distribuição dos setores em termos de uso de tecnologias, mas não houve efeitos na composição das indústrias. Identifica-se evidência sugestiva de que banda-larga móvel está associada à polarização nos empregos. / [en] The rise of computerization and fixed and mobile broadband has been an important factor for changes in the labor market of rich countries. However, as the world of tech rapidly evolves and even faster mobile internet emerges, there is still little evidence about the impact of current mobile technologies in developing countries. Brazil, in particular, during the last decade, has seen a remarkable increase in mobile internet access. In this dissertation, I explore this rapid expansion of 4G coverage to estimate the causal effects of fast mobile internet in formal local labor markets in Brazil. Since 4G technologies are not rolled out randomly, provision commitments in contracts between 4G national operators and Brazilian regulatory agency of telecommunications (ANATEL) work as an instrumental variable to internet presence. The average increase of mobile operators observed in sample is responsible for a reduction of 8 percent in formal employment contracts (about 40 percent of the variation in period). This reduction is explained by (i) reduced turnover and by (ii) displacement effects. Consistent with the routinization hypothesis, 4G expansion shifts labor demand away from manual and routine tasks. This, in turn, has benefited more high-skilled workers, increasing the share of college-graduates in the labor force and the average skill level index of local labor markets. Effects are driven by the extremes of the distribution of technological intensity but there are no changes in the industry-composition of labor markets. I also show suggestive evidence that mobile broadband is associated with job polarization.

本研究採情境實驗法，探討具有「道德臉面」威脅的請託情境，如何影響個人選擇不同的求助對象。研究一操弄請託情境為「有關」vs.「無關」道德臉面的威脅。結果發現：在「無關」道德臉面威脅的情境，絕大多數的問卷填答者，選擇向情感性關係的家人求助，這時個人決定找家人幫忙的主要考量，是希望獲得「較好的協助」；反之，在「有關」道德臉面威脅的情境下，絕大多數的問卷填答者，選擇向工具性關係的陌生人求助，而此時個人主要的考量，是為了「維護面子」。不過，在「有關」道德臉面威脅的請託情境，又無陌生人可以求助的情況，問卷填答者選擇向家人或朋友求助的人數，並沒有顯著的差異。 研究二操弄威脅「道德臉面」的請託情境，事件當事人和請託者之間不同的自我關聯程度（自己vs. 家人vs. 朋友），以及此失面子事件的發生，是否有一可被接受或同情的「合理藉口」。研究發現：當「自己」就是事件當事人，且沒有合理藉口時，問卷填答者傾向選擇工具性關係的陌生人求助。反之，如果事件的發生有一可解釋的外在理由，則問卷填答者選擇向陌生人和朋友求助的人數沒有顯著差異。當事件當事人是「家人」且沒有合理藉口時，填答者同樣會選擇向陌生人求助。不過，當「家人」有可被同情的藉口時，則絕大多數的填答者，選擇向朋友求助。在當事人是「朋友」的情境，則不管事件發生的理由為何，大多數的問卷填答者，均選擇向混合性關係的其他朋友求助。與研究一相同的是問卷填答者在選擇向「朋友」求助時，考量的因素是希望能獲得「較好的協助」，反之，當其選擇向「陌生人」求助時，考量的因素則是希望能「維護面子」。 研究三則設計在威脅個人「道德臉面」的請託情境中，有一些可以讓事件當事人覺得不會沒面子的可幫助熟識者（同事）。並操弄讓當事人感到「沒面子」程度不同的求助對象選擇（同事vs.陌生人vs.家人vs.朋友）。研究發現：當有不會讓當事人覺得沒面子的對象存在時，問卷填答者多優先選擇向此對象（同事）求助。只有在沒有此對象可以選擇的情況下，填答者才會退而求其次地選擇向「陌生人」求助，在連陌生人也無法選擇的情況下，問卷填答者選擇向家人或朋友求助的人數則沒有顯著差異。分析研究的資料則發現，影響問卷填答者分別選擇向「同事」、「陌生人」、「家人」或「朋友」求助的主要因素，是因為相對而言，在該不同求助對象的選擇下，問卷填答者對該對象比較不會覺得「沒面子」。 整體而言，在威脅「道德臉面」的請託情境中，最能預測問卷填答者，選擇哪一種關係對象求助的預測變項，是其「沒面子」的感受，而非西方個人主義文化中強調的「自尊」。同時，當個人因覺得「沒面子」而選擇向陌生人求助時，其考量的主要因素是希望能「維護面子」。換言之，在會威脅自己面子的情況下，是否能獲得對方「比較好的協助」，則不是那麼重要。

Revisitar conceitos clássicos do Direito do Trabalho faz-se necessário perante os novos anseios de empregados e empregadores, decorrentes de um mercado econômico global e multifacetado. O pluralismo das fontes trabalhistas torna imperioso o reconhecimento dos frutos da negociação coletiva (i.e., acordos, convenções e contratos coletivos de trabalho) como autênticas fontes de Direito. Por seu turno, a incapacidade de a legislação consolidada disciplinar as novas realidades econômicas exige a restruturação dos conflitos entre lei e contratação coletiva, questionando-se a efetiva abrangência do princípio da norma mais favorável. É o que demonstram, com efeito, as experiências vivenciadas por Estados estrangeiros, como Portugal, Espanha, França e Itália, onde a legislação cede cada vez mais espaço aos interlocutores sociais. Cumpre adaptar tais experiências ao modelo brasileiro, ainda que marcado por sindicalismo contraditório e com resquícios corporativistas. Do contrário, há o risco de se comprometer ainda mais a efetividade da legislação protecionista, enfraquecida pela atuação de empresas que buscam, a todo custo, reduzir encargos laborais. Propõe-se, dessa maneira, o fortalecimento da negociação coletiva em solo pátrio, a fim de reconhecer aos sindicatos (independentemente de qualquer reforma sindical prévia) a possibilidade de alterarem a legislação in peius, diante das necessidades concretas de cada relação trabalhista. Porém, tal atuação não será ilimitada: além da celebração de acordos específicos por empresa, devem-se precisar quais matérias podem ou não ser objeto de derrogação negocial, sob pena de comprometer o princípio da proteção, pilar do Direito do Trabalho. / La rivisitazione dei concetti classici del Diritto del Lavoro è necessaria di fronte alle nuove attese dei datori di lavoro e dei lavoratori, derivanti da un mercato economico globale e multiforme. Il pluralismo delle fonti di lavoro è fondamentale per riconoscere che i frutti della contrattazione collettiva (ad esempio, gli accordi, le convenzioni e i contratti collettivi di lavoro) sono autentiche fonti del Diritto. A sua volta, lincapacità della legislazione consolidata a disciplinare le nuove realità economiche richiede la rimodulazione del conflitto tra la legge e la contrattazione collettiva, mettendo in discussione leffettiva portata del principio della norma più favorevole. Questo occorre, infatti, con diversi paesi stranieri, come Portogallo, Spagna, Francia e Italia, dove la legge concede troppo spazio alle parti sociali per regolare i suoi interessi. Bisogna applicare queste esperienze al modello brasiliano, anche se esto è segnato da un sindacalismo contraddittorio e corporativo. In caso contrario, ci sarà il rischio di compromettere lefficacia della legislazione protettiva, grazie allattuazione di aziende che cercano, solo, a ridurre i costi del lavoro. Si propone, in questo modo, il rafforzamento della contrattazione collettiva al fine di riconoscere i sindacati (indipendentemente dalla riforma sindacale) la possibilità di modificare la legge in peius, a causa di esigenze concrete del rapporto lavoristico. Tuttavia, tale attuazione non sarebbe illimitata: potrà svolgersi soltanto tramite accordi specifici per azienda e si dovranno specificare quali materie possono o no essere negoziate, assicurandosi lapplicazione del principio di protezione, pilastro del Diritto del Lavoro.

Selon l’article 5 du code civil, les juges ne peuvent « se prononcer par voie de disposition générale et règlementaire sur les causes qui leur sont soumises ». L’article 1134, alinéa 1er, du même code pose le principe de la force obligatoire du contrat. Or, la jurisprudence de la chambre sociale de la Cour de cassation est normative ; son immixtion dans le contrat de travail est patente. Déséquilibré, soumis à un ordre public spécifique, source d’un conflit de droits et de libertés, le contrat de travail présente certaines spécificités. Ces dernières paraissent guider l’action du juge. L’adaptation du contrat constitue l’une des principales manifestations de son intervention. Elle se caractérise par l’enrichissement de l’accord de volontés ou, à l’inverse, par son amputation. De nombreuses obligations sont ajoutées au contrat. Si le fondement avancé par le juge varie, les articles 1134, alinéa 3 et 1135 du code civil justifient, en réalité, cette addition. La soustraction revêt diverses formes. Elle est parfois la source d’un pouvoir créateur ; celui-ci n’est pas toujours susceptible d’être rattaché à la protection des libertés et droits fondamentaux. Au-delà, la réfection conduit le juge à rebâtir et réécrire le contrat. Ce dernier est rebâti sur le fondement de l’article 1134, alinéa 2, du code civil. La volonté des parties est objectivée ; leur volonté réelle n’est pas nécessairement respectée. La réécriture du contrat découle, notamment, de l’application de l’article 1152 du code civil. Mais elle s’étend au-delà de ce texte. Originale et audacieuse, la relecture judiciaire du contrat de travail est liée au particularisme de cet accord. / According to article 5 of the French civil code, the judges cannot « decide through the mean of general and statutory rules on the causes they are submitted with ». Article 1134 al.1 of the same civil code provides for the principle of the binding effect of the contract. Yet, the jurisprudence of the labor chamber of the French High Court (Cour de cassation) is normative ; its interference in the labor contract is obvious. Unbalanced, subject to a specific public order, source of conflict of rights and freedoms, the labor contract has certain particularities. These appear to guide the judge’s action. The adaptation of the contract is one of the principle manifestations of the judge’s intervention. It is characterized by the improvement of the agreement of the wills or, on the contrary, by its amputation. Many obligations are added to the contract. If the reasons exposed by the judge vary, actually, article 1134 al.3 and article 1135 of the French civil code justify these additions. This subtraction has different forms. It is the source of a creative power ; such creative power is not always linked to the protection of freedoms and fundamental rights. Besides, the rework leads the judge to the rebuilding and redrafting of the contract. Said contract is rebuilt in accordance with article 1134 al.2 of the French civil code. The willingness of the parties becomes objective ; their real willingness is not necessary complied with. The redrafting of the contract is the result of, in particular, article 1152 of the French civil code. However it can be extended beyond this article. Original and audacious, the judicial way to read the labor contract is linked to the sense of the identity of such labor contract.

Kunskapsöverföring, kan medföra konkurrensfördelar för bygg- och fastighetsföretag. Multiprojektmiljöer medför gränssnitt mellan projekt, vilket kan problematisera kunskapsdelningen samt skapa utmaningar. Tidigare studier har bland annat undersökt utmaningarna, metoder och verktyg. De har däremot inte fokuserat på hur erfarenheter tas tillvara och överförs mellan projekt, samt vilka faktorer som gynnar respektive hindrar lärandet mellan projekt, vilket utgör den här studiens syfte och frågeställningar. För att uppnå syftet har en omarbetad kunskapsöverföringsmodell, samt en kvalitativ metod, med semistrukturerade och öppna frågor valts. Datamaterialet har analyserats utifrån två tematiska analyser, en teoriledd samt en induktiv. Resultatet visar olika aktiviteter om hur kunskapsöverföring sker inom valt undersökningsområde. Det vidrör även sex faktorer som anses gynna respektive hindra kunskapsöverföring. Studiens slutsatser är att artikulering är det vanligaste sättet att delge erfarenheter. Exempelvis möten, samtal samt studiebesök. Därefter har kodifiering och internalisering beaktats likvärdigt i uppsatsen. D.v.s. förbättringspotential föreligger hos båda trots att exempelvis check- och förbättringslistor, dokumentation, IT-baserade system, respektive mentorskap, studiebesök samt workshop och grupparbeten genomförs av företagen. Minst fokus har institutionalisering erhållit, trots att det är viktigt vid exempelvis nyanställningar, via exempelvis introduktioner, utbildningar samt överlappning. De sex faktorer som presenteras (ekonomi, företagsklimatet, IT-baserade system, en återkommande projektgrupp, tid samt viljan att förbättras och utvecklas) kan såväl gynna som hindra lärande mellan projekt. Fortsatt forskning bör främst undersöka om företagen lär sig vid kunskapsöverföring, samt hur hela fastighetsbranschen gör. / Knowledge transfer can lead to competitive advantages for construction and real estate companies. Multiple-projects companies’ entails interfaces between projects, which can problematize knowledge sharing as well as create challenges. Previous studies have for example investigated the challenges, methods and tools. On the other hand, research has not focused on how experiences are gained and transformed between projects, as well as the factors that favors or prevent learning between projects, which constitutes the purpose and research question of this study. To achieve the purpose, a revised knowledge transfer model, as well as a qualitative method, with semistructured and open questions was implemented. The data material was analyzed on the basis of two thematic analyzes, one theory- led qualitative and one inductive thematic analysis. The result shows various activities on how knowledge transfer takes place within the chosen examination areas. It also affects six factors that are considered to favor or prevent knowledge transfer. The study’s conclusion is that articulation is the most common way of sharing experiences. For example, meetings, conversations and study visit. After that, codification and internalization has been considered equivalent in this study. I.e. improvement potential exist in both, although, for example check- and improvement lists, documentation, IT-based systems, respectively, mentorship, study visits, and workshops and group work are conducted by the companies. The least focus has been on institutionalization, even though it is important in the case of new jobs, for example, introductions, training and overlap. The six factors presented (economy, business climate, IT- based systems, a recurring project group, time and the desire to improve and develop) can both benefit and prevent knowledge transfer. Further research should primarily investigate whether companies learn something of knowledge transfer, and how the entire industry is doing.

Entre 1960 i 1978 Manuel Vázquez Montalbán assoleix una primera identitat professional a la premsa. Estudia Periodisme i treballa a dues publicacions del 'Movimiento', però una estada a la presó per un delicte polític l'obliga a començar de nou el 1965. A continuació s'acosta a l'anàlisi de la informació Internacional (Siglo20, Tele/eXpres) i evoluciona, segons ho permet l'incert ambient polític, cap a la columna (Triunfo, Arreu, Mundo Diario), l'espai periodístic on s'instal.larà a la transició (La Calle, El Periódico). L'eina fonamental d'aquest trànsit professional és l'humor (Hogares Modernos, Triunfo, Por Favor, Interviú), el reportatge d'ordre sociològic (Triunfo) i el domini de la ficció, els recursos amb què Vázquez Montalbán treballa durant els primers anys 70, quan opina en boca de personatges i signaturas inventades, fins que finalment pot fer-ho sense embuts, un cop derogada la llei de Premsa de 1966. Passa el dia a les redaccions, participa dels problemes i les tensions de la professió i fins i tot dirigeix algunes revistes. A partir de 1979, en guanyar el premi Planeta, redueix la dedicació al periodisme per deixar espai a la narrativa de ficció. / Between 1960 and 1978 Manuel Vázquez Montalbán starts to make a professional name for himself in the press. He studies journalism and works in two publications of the Movement', but a stay in prison for a political crime forces him to start over again in 1965. On leaving prison he chooses to analyse international information (Siglo20, Tele/eXpres) and in the uncertain political environment of late francoism moves towards working as a political columnist (Triunfo, Arreu, Mundo Diario) and those newspaper that established themselves during the transition period (La Calle, El Periódico). Humour is the common denominator during this phase (Hogares Modernos, Triunfo, Por Favor, Interviú), sociological stories (Triunfo) and the prevalence of fiction, the resources with which Vázquez Montalbán works during the early 70s, when he speaks through invented characters and false signatures until he could eventually do so with no holds barred once the 1966 Press Law is repealed. He lives journalism to the full spending all day in newsrooms and being fully involved in all the problems and stresses of the profession and even edits some magazines. After 1979, after winning the Planeta Prize he reduces his commitment to journalism to make space for narrative fiction.