Ao longo dos últimos anos, redes de Bragg em fibras ópticas (FBG, do inglês Fiber Bragg Gratings) vêm sendo frequentemente utilizadas como sensores de deformação e de temperatura. O problema da indistinguibilidade entre esses dois parâmetros físicos, presente durante medidas realizadas por esse tipo de sensor, tem sido bem resolvido com o uso de duas FBGs com comprimentos de onda distintos. Muito embora esse artifício tenha apresentado bons resultados, ele também oferece algumas desvantagens, sendo uma delas a necessidade de duas fontes de luz para diferentes comprimentos de onda. Em virtude disto, este trabalho apresenta um sistema capaz de realizar medidas de temperatura e deformação, simultaneamente, utilizando apenas uma fonte de luz. O método baseia-se na inscrição de duas redes de Bragg com comprimentos de onda próximos (no caso, 810 e 860 nm) na mesma posição da fibra óptica. Apesar de a separação entre os comprimentos de onda das FBGs ser aparentemente pequena (cerca de 50 nm), o sistema respondeu precisamente a variações de deformação e temperatura. Dessa forma, a utilização de apenas uma fonte de luz no sistema é corretamente justificada, uma vez que, com essa alteração, o custo do sistema é substancialmente reduzido. Ademais, o uso de comprimentos de onda em torno de 800 nm também barateia o sistema, pois os CCDs usados neste intervalo espectral são menos onerosos do que aqueles tradicionalmente usados em comprimentos de onda de comunicações ópticas (1,55 μm). / In recent years, fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) have been frequently used as strain and temperature sensors. Several studies have tackled the problem of distinguishing between these two physical parameters using a dual-wavelength sensor. Although these sensors have shown good results, they have a few drawbacks, one of them being the need for two light sources with different wavelengths. We present an approach for simultaneous strain and temperature sensing which uses only one light source. The method relies on writing FBGs with nearby wavelengths (for instance, at 810 and 860 nm) at the same section of the fiber. Even though the Bragg wavelengths are separated by just a few nanometers (about 50 nm), it is possible to accurately measure variations in strain and temperature. One of the major advantages of this approach is the use of a unique light source, what reduces substantially the system cost. Another advantage is the lower cost of array detectors at 800 nm when compared to those of telecom wavelengths (1,55 μm).

Este trabalho tem como finalidade o desenvolvimento de compósitos a base de resina de poliéster insaturado reforçados com fibras naturais visando aplicações na indústria automotiva. Foram obtidas amostras em escala semi-industrial de compósitos reforçados com fibra de curauá, sisal e vidro, com teores variando de 15 a 40% em massa, com e sem a adição de carga mineral na matriz polimérica, através do processo de prensagem a frio. Os efeitos de cada um dos fatores foram analisados sobre a resistência à tração, módulo de elasticidade, alongamento na ruptura, resistência à flexão e ao impacto. Além disso, foi determinado o comportamento dos materiais com diferentes composições com relação à absorção de umidade. A variação da resistência à flexão como função do tempo de imersão e do teor de umidade absorvido pelos diferentes materiais foi determinada. Foram analisadas as propriedades superficiais como brilho, neblina (haze), ondulância (long-waviness) para as amostras produzidas e submetidas a ensaios de envelhecimento térmico, câmara de condensação e envelhecimento artificial. Todos os resultados obtidos foram baseados em normas da indústria automobilística para verificar conformidade com as exigências do setor. / The purpose of this work is to develop unsaturated polyester based composites reinforced with natural fibers of automotive applications. Samples have been obtained in a semi-industrial scale of composites reinforced with curauá, sisal and glass fiber, with contents varying from 15 to 40% in weight, with and without mineral filler incorporation to the polyester matrix. The molding technique employed was compression molding. The effects of these variables have been investigated over the tensile strenght, young\'s modulus, strain at rupture, flexural and impact strenght of the materials. The behavior of each sample has been investigated concerning water absorption. The variation of flexural strenght as a function of water absorption and immersion time has been determined for each formulation studied. Surface properties such as gloss, haze, long and short-waviness have been determined for all samples obtained just after painting and after artificial weathering, thermal aging and water absorption tests. All results have been performed based on automotive standards in order to evaluate the conformance of the materials to the requirements of the industry.

A adição de fibras de sílica em compósitos de polipropileno (PP) foi investigada neste trabalho como uma proposta de desenvolvimento de novos materiais utilizados pela indústria automotiva, os quais permitam a redução de peso do veículo e a consequente economia de combustível. As fibras são leves, constituídas de sílica amorfa e tratadas com aminossilano para uma melhor interação com a matriz polimérica. Compósitos de PP homopolímero, bem como de compósitos de PP heterofásico modificados com o copolímero etileno e 1-octeno (POE), foram formulados utilizando-se 20% de fibras de sílica e com PP funcionalizado com anidrido maleico (PP-g-MAH) como compatibilizante. As amostras foram avaliadas quanto às propriedades mecânicas, térmicas, características morfológicas, anisotropia e quanto a requisitos específicos, como emissões de voláteis, odor e resistência a riscos. O compósito de PP homopolímero na presença de 2% de PP-g- MAH apresentou o melhor balanço de propriedades, porém com comprometimento quanto à tenacidade. A análise morfológica desta formulação indicou a presença de fibras descoladas, demonstrando que o tratamento das fibras com o aminossilano, não foi totalmente efetivo para a redução das tensões interfaciais. Os compósitos de PP heterofásico modificados com POE (5% em peso) e com fibras de sílica apresentaram boa dispersão, forma e tamanho de domínios elastoméricos, os quais promoveram um bom efeito de tenacificação. O copolímero POE atuou como um agente compatibilizante, melhorando a adesão fibra-polímero. Por outro lado, estes compósitos apresentaram um grande número de partículas de borracha descoladas da matriz por cavitação, sugerindo que a adesão entre as fases pode ser melhorada, apesar da afinidade química da blenda PP/POE. De uma forma geral, as fibras curtas de sílica constituem uma alternativa potencial para o reforço de compósitos de PP. Além de menor densidade, os compósitos estudados apresentaram bons resultados quando comparados a formulações com o emprego de talco, o qual é muito empregado em peças automotivas. / The addition of silica fibers in polypropylene (PP) composites was investigated on this work as a proposal to develop new materials used in automotive industry, in order to enable the reduction of vehicle weight and the resulting fuel economy. The fibers are lightweight, made of amorphous silica and treated with amine silane for better interaction with the polymer matrix. Composites of PP homopolymer and PP heterophasic composites modified with ethylene and 1-octene (POE) were formulated using 20% of silica fibers as reinforcement and PP functionalized with maleic anhydride (PP-g-MAH) as compatibilizer agent. The samples were evaluated for mechanical, thermal, morphological, anisotropy, as well as specific requirements such as emissions of volatiles, odor and scratch resistant. The composite of PP homopolymer in the presence of 2% of PP-g-MAH showed the best balance of properties, however the tenacity was impaired. The morphological analysis of this formulation indicated the presence of detached fibers, demonstrating that treatment of fibers with the amine silane was not totally effective in reducing the interfacial tensions. Heterophasic PP composites modified with POE (5 wt%) and silica fibers presented good dispersion, shape and size of elastomeric domains, promoting a good toughening effect. The POE copolymer acted as a coupling agent, enhancing the adhesion fiber-polymer. On the other hand, these composites showed a large number of rubber particles detached from the matrix by cavitation, suggesting that the adhesion between the phases can be improved, despite the chemical affinity of the blend PP/POE. In general, short silica fibers are a potential alternative for polypropylene composites reinforcement. In addition to lower density, the studied composites demonstrated good results when compared to formulations with the use of talc, which is very used in automotive parts.

O trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o perfil morfométrico e o metabolismo post mortem de bovinos Nelore com diferentes taxas de crescimento da desmama ao sobreano. Foram confinados 154 bovinos Nelore, machos não-castrados, com idade média de 18 meses e 350 kg de peso vivo. Os animais foram designados a um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos (alta taxa de crescimento [ATC] e baixa taxa de crescimento [BTC] da desmama ao sobreano). Foram selecionados cinco animais extremos de ATC e cinco extremos de BTC (10 animais de cada ano) para realização das analises de cor (L*, a*, e b*), força de cisalhamento, perdas por cocção, e também analise do perfil morfométrico muscular. Amostras também foram coletadas para simulação da glicólise in vitro para a determinação de pH, glicose, glicose-6-fosfato e glicogênio nos pontos 0, 0,5, 2, 4, 8, 12 e 24 horas. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o software SAS 9.4. Não houve efeito da taxa de crescimento sobre as características de desempenho, carcaça nem qualidade de carne. Animais BTC apresentaram maior frequência de fibras do tipo I, enquanto animais ATC apresentaram frequência de fibras tipo IIa 4% maior. Em relação à área transversal das fibras musculares, fibras do tipo I provenientes de animais ATC foram 17% maiores. Os animais ATC apresentaram maior concentração de glicogênio nos pontos 0 e 8 horas. Os animais BTC apresentaram maiores concentrações de G6P nos postos 2 e 8 horas. Animais BTC apresentaram maiores concentrações de glicose nos pontos 8 e 24 horas. Em conclusão, a seleção de bovinos com alta taxa de crescimento no período da desmama ao sobreano promove um perfil de fibras mais glicolítico. Entretanto, essa mudança no perfil morfométrico não altera a queda do pH nem a qualidade da carne. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphometric profile and the postmortem metabolism of Nellore cattle with different growth rates from weaning to yearling. 154 non castrated Nellore males with 18 mo/old and 350 kg live weight were confined. The animals were assigned to a completely randomized design with two treatments (high growth rate [ATC] and low growth rate [BTC] from weaning to yearling). Five animals from ATC group and five animals from BTC group (10 animal each year) were selected. Analysis of color (L*, a*, and b*), shear force, morphometric profile, simulation of in vitro glycolysis for the determination of pH, glucose, glucose-6-phosphate and glycogen in 0, 0,5, 2, 4, 8, 12 e 24h were performed. The data were analyzed using SAS 9.4 software. There was no effect of growth rate on performance, carcass or meat quality characteristics. BTC Animals had a higher frequency of type I fibers, while ATC animals presented a 4% greater frequency of type IIa fibers. Regarding the cross-sectional area of muscle fibers, Type I fibers from ATC animals were 17% larger. ATC animals showed higher glycogen concentration at 0 h and 8 h. BTC animals had higher concentrations of G6P at 2h and 8h. BTC animals presented higher glucose concentrations at 8 h and 24 h. In conclusion, the selection of cattle with a high growth rate from weaning to yearling leads to a more glycolytic fiber profile. However, this change in the morphometric profile neither alters the pH drop nor the meat quality.

INTRODUCTION: The“vulnerable plaque" is defined as the“precursor lesion" that ultimately ends in acute coronary thrombi (clots) that create a heart attack. Macrophages and inflammatory cells, found preferentially in vulnerable plaque, sustain their activity in the plaque through anaerobic metabolism and lactate production. The ultimate goal is to assess anaerobic metabolism in-vivo by measuring tissue pH and lactate concentration in atherosclerotic plaques using optical spectroscopy. The proposed in-vitro optical probe design, experimental method, and spectroscopic data analysis methodology are established in this research. METHODS: A fiber optic probe was designed and built based on both Monte Carlo simulations and bench testing with the goal to collect light from a small volume of tissue. A simulation of the depth penetration of the proposed probe was performed on normal and atherosclerotic aortic tissue, and the final probe was bench tested using normal aorta. A method was developed to preserve plaque metabolic status of tissue harvested from patients. Human atherosclerotic tissue obtained immediately after carotid endarterectomy was placed in Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) with non-essential amino acids supplement, bubbled with 75%O2/20%N2/5%CO2 at 37°C. Tissue pH, pCO2, pO2 and temperature with (n=7) and without (n=2) the media preparation over time were reviewed to assess plaque viability and maintenance of physiological conditions. Additional plaques placed in media were used for development of chemometric methods to measure pH and lactate. Areas of each plaque were randomly chosen for analysis. Reflectance spectra were collected with a dispersive spectrometer (400-1100 nm) and a Fourier-transform near-infrared spectrometer (1100-2400 nm) using the fiber optic probe. Reference measurements for tissue pH and lactate were made with glass microelectrodes and micro-enzymatic assay, respectively. Partial least-squares (PLS) data analysis was used to develop multivariate calibration models on an initial set of 5-6 plaques relating the optical spectra to the reference tissue pH (n=20) or the lactate concentration (n=21) to assess data quality. The coefficient of multiple determination (R2), the standard error of cross-validation (SECV), and the number of factors were used to assess the model performance. Additional points were collected from ~14 plaques and added to preliminary data. Pre-processing techniques were then used to see if preliminary data results could be improved by reducing different sources of variability with the introduction of more points. RESULTS: Monte Carlo simulations and depth penetration tests with the final probe design showed light is collected from ~1 mm3 volume of tissue using a 50 micron source-receiver separation. Tissue pH, pCO2, pO2 and temperature values demonstrated that the plaques were viable and stable in the media preparation for a maximum of 4 hours. Data from the first six plaques collected for lactate analysis showed that for seventeen points, a six-factor model produced adequate results (R2=0.83 SECV=1.4 micromoles lactate/gram tissue). Data from the first five plaques collected for tissue pH analysis, showed for seventeen different points, a three-factor model produced adequate results (R2=0.75 SECV=0.09 pH units). When additional points were added to either data set, model results were degraded. CONCLUSIONS: The in-vitro optical probe design and experimental procedures was established and the feasibility of the optical method demonstrated with preliminary data. However, with the addition of more data points, different sources of tissue and spectral variability were observed to affect calibration. The gross pathology type and mismatched optical volume to reference measurement volume limited the tissue pH determination. The reference measurement precision, the spatial resolution of the reference lactate measurement, and unmodeled tissue variability (water and proteins) limited the lactate determination. Large variability in all optical measurements was observed. Additional in-vitro data collection would be required such that the variability due to the tissue is reduced and any spectrometer variability adequately compensated to be able to use the optical calibration in-vivo.

"Hydroxyl ions are a common contaminant in optical fibers, and are responsible for strong absorption centered at 1380 nm that becomes significant over long optical path lengths. Recently, however, special fabrication methods have been developed that minimize the hydroxyl ion contamination, permitting use of the entire 1300-1700 nm spectral region for telecommunications. There is therefore interest in examining the Nd 4F3/2 to 4I13/2 transition for a potential optical amplifier at 1400 nm. In this thesis, the excited state absorption cross section and the overall gain/loss spectrum of neodymium in a silica glass fiber were determined for the 1200-1500 nm wavelength region using the pump-probe method. The ground state absorption cross section was also determined from transmission measurements, and the stimulated emission cross section was calculated using the fluorescence spectrum and the McCumber relation. Oscillator strengths for absorption and emission transitions were calculated in the 800-1600 nm wavelength range using the Judd-Ofelt method. The above procedures were followed for both the Nd-doped fiber, as well as an erbium-doped silica fiber. The shape of the Nd emission spectrum is also noteworthy, since the characteristic Nd peak at 1064 nm is not observed, although there is strong emission at 1092 nm. The pump-probe measurements revealed significant excited state absorption loss between 1200 and 1350 nm, due to excitation from the 4F3/2 to the higher 4G9/2 and 4G7/2 states. Between 1350 and 1475 nm, there was no net gain or loss that could be observed beyond the level of the noise. For the glass fibers studied, it appears that in the spectral region of interest for an optical amplifier, the stimulated emission and excited state absorption cancel one another out."

L’utilisation des thermoplastiques renforcés de fibres de verre courtes pour la fabrication de pièces de structure dans l’industrie des transports est croissante pour des applications structurelles en environnements chauds. La conception de telles pièces nécessite le développement d’un outil de dimensionnement en fatigue à hautes températures. La prise en compte de la distribution d’orientation des fibres (DOF), dû au procédé d’injection, hétérogène est essentielle.Ces travaux de thèse, cofinancés par la Direction Générale de l’Armement et la région Poitou-Charentes, proposent une approche complétement intégrée de la simulation du procédé d’injection à la prédiction de durée de vie en fatigue, dans un cadre viscoélastique, de pièces injectées en thermoplastiques renforcés, à 110°C.Différentes étapes jalonnent la structure de l’outil numérique qualifié de « Through Process Modelling » (TPM). A partir de la connaissance de la DOF au sein d’une pièce obtenue par simulation du procédé d’injection, les propriétés effectives anisotropes locales sont estimées par homogénéisation viscoélastique. Les champs mécaniques hétérogènes, associés à différents types/niveaux de chargement et obtenus par simulation éléments finis, sont post-traités pour extraire la grandeur mécanique équivalente en entrée d’un critère de fatigue énergétique fournissant la durée de vie de la pièce pour chacune de ces conditions de chargement.L’identification des paramètres du critère de fatigue, puis la validation de l’ensemble de la méthodologie, s’appuient sur des essais de fatigue en traction uniaxiale à 110°C. Ces essais sont réalisés, en enceinte climatique, sur éprouvettes découpées dans des plaques injectées de PA66GF30 selon différentes orientations par rapport à la direction d’injection, pour 2 rapports de charge (R = 0,1 et R = -1) et à 2Hz.Les prédictions de durées de vie sont très satisfaisantes. L’influence de la qualité de prédiction de la DOF en entrée de la chaîne de calcul sur les résultats est aussi discutée. / The employment of short glass fibres reinforced thermoplastics is increasing in the automotive industry for hot environment applications. The design of components in such conditions and with this type of materials under fatigue loading must be optimized using a fatigue life assessment methodology. The heterogeneous fibres orientation distribution (FOD), due to the injection process should be considered.This work, funded by the Direction Générale de l’Armement et Région Poitou-Charentes, suggests an integrated approach from the injection process simulation to the assessment of the fatigue life at 110°C of injected components in a viscoelastic framework.The methodology here advanced is called “Through Process Modelling” (TPM). From the FOD in the component given by the injection simulation, the anisotropic effective local properties are estimated using viscoelastic homogenisation. The heterogeneous mechanical fields obtained by finite element simulations, for different types/levels of loading, are post-processed in order to get the input equivalent mechanical quantity of an energetic fatigue criterion giving the fatigue life of the component in each of these loading conditions.The identification of the fatigue criterion parameters and the validation of the whole methodology rely on an experimental fatigue database for a PA66GF30. Uniaxial tensile fatigue tests are carried out at 110°C in a climatic chamber, for 2 stress ratios (R = 0,1 and R = -1) and at 2Hz. They are performed for specimens cut out from injected plates with different orientations with respect to the flow direction.The methodology leads to very good predictions. The influence of the prediction of the FOD, input of the calculation chain, on the results is discussed.

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-11-20T17:29:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Amanda de Paula Lima.pdf: 1103885 bytes, checksum: c825dfd59f4730fd1cd0b63b5796cb44 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-20T17:29:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Amanda de Paula Lima.pdf: 1103885 bytes, checksum: c825dfd59f4730fd1cd0b63b5796cb44 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-10 / Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Paraná / A presente pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo avaliar os efeitos da suplementação combinada de lisina e metionina sobre o desempenho produtivo e expressão de genes relacionados com o crescimento muscular em alevinos de tilápia do Nilo revertidos sexualmente. Trezentos e trinta e seis alevinos de tilápia do Nilo (peso inicial 0,90 ± 0,01 g) foram distribuídos em 24 aquários de 70L com sistema contínuo de fluxo de água (2,0 L/min), em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. Foram elaboradas quatro dietas isoproteicas (~330,50 g/kg de proteína bruta) e isocalóricas (~18,59 MJ/kg) sem suplementação de lisina e metionina (Controle), suplementada com lisina (Lys), suplementada com metionina (Met) e suplementada com lisina e metionina (Lys+Met) durante oito semanas. Os peixes foram alimentados manualmente, quatro vezes por dia até saciedade aparente. Peixes tratados com as dietas Lys e Met apresentaram maior peso corporal e taxa de crescimento específico em relação aos peixes mantidos com as demais dietas. Peixes tratados com dieta Lys apresentaram maior taxa de eficiência proteica em comparação aos peixes mantidos com as outras dietas. O índice hepatostomático e a gordura corporal foram menores nos peixes alimentados com as dietas Met e Lys+Met em comparação aos peixes tratados com a dieta controle. O consumo, sobrevivência, umidade, proteína bruta, cinzas corporais e a expressão do mRNA da miostatina não foram influenciados pelas dietas. Peixes que receberam dieta Lys+Met apresentaram maior nível de expressão de mRNA da MyoD em comparação aos peixes que receberam a dieta controle, mas nenhum efeito da suplementação isolada de lisina e metionina foi observada. Em conclusão, a suplementação combinada de lisina e metionina melhora o desempenho produtivo e aumenta a expressão de mRNA de MyoD e miogenina e reduz conteúdo de gordura corporal de alevinos de tilápias do Nilo. / This work was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effects of the combination of lysine and methionine on the performance of growth and expression of genes related to muscle growth in sexually reversed Nile tilapia fingerlings. Fish (n = 336, initial weight 0.90 ± 0.01 g) were randomly distributed into 24 70 L aquaria with a continuous water flow system in an entirely randomized design with four treatments and six replicates. Four isoproteic (~330.50 g/kg crude protein) and isocaloric (~ 18.59 MJ / kg) diets without lysine or methionine supplementation (Control), or supplemented with lysine (Lys), methionine (Met) and lysine and methionine (Lys + Met) were elaborated. Fish were hand fed until apparent satiety. Fish fed diets Lys+Met and Met showed higher final body weight and specific growth ratio compared to fish fed other diets. The protein efficiency ratio was higher in fish diet Lys compared to fish fed other diets. Fish fed Met and Lys+Met diets showed lower hepatosomatic index and whole-body fat compared to fish fed the control diet. Feed intake, survival and whole-body moisture, crude protein, ash and mRNA expression of myostatin of fish were not affected by diets. Fish fed diet Lys+Met demonstrated higher mRNA expression level of MyoD compared to those fed the control diet. In conclusion, Nile tilapia fingerlings fed combined lysine and methionine demonstrates improved growth performance in line to higher mRNA expression of MyoD and myogenin, and also reduced body fat contents

A tecnologia dos materiais a base de cimento Portland vem se desenvolvendo rapidamente, onde a melhoria das propriedades mecânicas vem sendo alcançada, eliminando os agregados graúdos e estudando a composição granulométrica da mistura, procurando preencher os vazios utilizando materiais finos e ultrafinos, como pó de quartzo e a sílica ativa. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivos: desenvolver concreto de pós reativos com resistência à compressão próxima de 200 MPa e módulo de elasticidade acima de 45 GPa; propor uma relação constitutiva para o material, considerando o volume de fibras; especificar as deformações máximas na tração e na compressão; e verificar a influência das fibras nas resistências à compressão e à tração na flexão. Para isso, foi utilizado o método de empacotamento das partículas sólidas, com o intuito de definir composições granulométricas, e desenvolveu-se técnicas necessárias para a moldagem, adensamento e cura térmica. A análise experimental compreendeu o estudo das seguintes propriedades: resistência à compressão, módulo de elasticidade, resistência à tração na flexão, deformações e ductilidade. As fibras metálicas melhoraram as propriedades mecânicas e aumentaram a ductilidade do concreto. A temperatura de cura e o tempo de submissão ao tratamento térmico, tornou o material mais resistente. A deformação específica máxima na compressão foi definida experimentalmente como 4,3%. O limite elástico para as deformações de tração ficou em 0,28%. Foi proposta uma relação constitutiva para tensões de compressão, que pode ser utilizada para concretos de pós reativos, com resistência à compressão próxima de 200 MPa e taxa de fibras até 4% em volume. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o concreto de pós reativos desenvolvido apresentou altas resistências à compressão e à tração na flexão, onde a microestrutura do material mostrou-se com baixíssima porosidade e interface pasta - agregado praticamente suprimida. A tecnologia desenvolvida nesta pesquisa pode ser considerada um grande avanço na tecnologia de materiais a base de cimento Portland que, com maiores aperfeiçoamentos, espera-se a aplicação desse material em situações que tirem proveito das excelentes propriedades mecânicas e durabilidade / The technology of Portland cement materials has developed quickly, where the improvement of the mechanical properties has been reached, eliminating the coarse aggregates and studying the granular mixture, in order to fill the emptiness with fine and ultra-fine materials, like crushed quartz and silica fume. The present paper aimed: develop reactive powder concrete with compressive strength close to 200 MPa and module of elasticity above 45 GPa; propose a strength x strain relationship in compression for the material considering the volume of fibers; specify the maximum strain in the traction and in the compression; and to verify the influence of the fibers in the compression strength and in the bending strength. It went using the method of packing of the solid particles to define the grain size distribution, and necessary techniques were developed for the preparation and thermal cure. The experimental analysis understood the study of the following properties: compression strength, module of elasticity, bending strength, strain and ductility. The metallic fibers improved the mechanical properties and they increased the ductility of the concrete. The cure temperature and the time of submission to the thermal treatment, improved the compression strength. The maximum strain in the compression was defined experimentally as 4,3%. The elastic limit for the traction strain was 0,28%. A strength x strain relationship in compression was proposed, and can be used in reactive powders concrete, with compression strength of around 200 MPa and rate of fibers of up to 4% of volume. The results indicate that the reactive powders concrete developed presented excellent compression strength and bending strength, and the material presented a microestrutura with low porosity. The technology developed in this research can be considered a great progress in the technology of materials with Portland cement, and the application of that material is expected in situations that use advantage of the excellent mechanical properties and durability

Neste trabalho, investigou-se a obtenção de fibras de La0,6Sr0,4Co1-yFeyO3 pela técnica de electrospinning e sua caracterização visando a sua aplicação como cátodo em células a combustível de óxido sólido de temperatura intermediária (SOFC-IT). Foram obtidos 5 compostos perovskitas LaxSr1-xCo1-yFeyO3 (LSCF) variando-se a quantidade de cobalto na composição (La0,6Sr0,4Co1-yFeyO3, sendo y = 1,0; 0,8; 0,6; 0,4; 0,2). As fibras LSCF, após tratamento térmico de 1000 ºC, apresentaram diâmetro médio em torno de 1 μm e estrutura perovskita com simetria romboédrica, com exceção do composto La0,6Sr0,4FeO3, que apresentou estrutura ortorrômbica. Foram avaliadas as propriedades elétricas das fibras sem compactação, compactada e sinterizada no intervalo de temperatura de 25-900 ºC. A condutividade elétrica das fibras LSCF aumentou com a compactação e sinterização das fibras e com o aumento do conteúdo de cobalto. As fibras sem compactação apresentaram valores de condutividade elétrica entre 0,23 S.cm-1 para La0,6Sr0,4FeO3 (LSF) à 0,43 S.cm-1 para La0,6Sr0,4Co0,8Fe0,2O3 (LSCF82) a 600 °C. Nas fibras compactadas os valores de condutividade elétrica aumentaram de 0,90 S.cm-1 para LSF à 9,06 S.cm-1 para LSCF82 a 600 °C. As fibras sinterizadas apresentaram os maiores valores de condutividade elétrica, 71 S.cm-1 para LSF e 832 S.cm-1 para LSCF82 em 600 ºC. A avaliação do desempenho eletroquímico das fibras LSCF como cátodo foi estudada por espectroscopia de impedância em células simétricas, contendo o eletrólito de céria dopada com gadolínio (CGO) e cátodos LSCF infiltrados com CGO. As medidas de impedância mostraram que os diagramas de Nyquist são compostos de dois a três semicírculos, dependendo da temperatura da medida. Os cátodos LSCF com maior conteúdo de cobalto apresentaram menor resistência de polarização. O cátodo La0,6Sr0,4Co0,8Fe0,2O3 apresentou a menor resistência de polarização entre 500 e 900 °C, classificando este cátodo compósito como um promissor material para SOFC de temperatura intermediária baseado em eletrólito CGO. / In this work, the preparation of La0.6Sr0.4Co1-yFeyO3 fibers by electrospinning and its characterization was investigated aiming the production of cathodes for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC-IT). Five compounds of the family LaxSr1-xCo1-yFeyO3 (LSCF) were obtained varying the cobalt content (La0.6Sr0.4Co1-yFeyO3, where y = 1.0; 0.8; 0.6; 0.4; 0.2). The electrospun La0.6Sr0.4Co1-yFeyO3 (y=0.2-1.0) fibers resulted in an average diameter of about 1 μm and perovskite crystalline structure with rhombohedral symmetry after heat treatment at 1000 °C, except for La0.6Sr0.4FeO3 that crystallized in an orthorhombic structure. The electrical properties of the fibers in the non-compacted, compacted and sintered forms were investigated in the temperature range of 25-900 °C. The electrical conductivity of LSCF fibers increases with the compaction and sintering of the fibers and with the increase of cobalt content. The non-compacted fibers showed electrical conductivities ranging from 0.23 S.cm-1 for La0.6Sr0.4FeO3 (LSF) up to 0.43 S.cm-1 for La0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3 (LSCF82) at 600 °C. The electrical conductivity increased in compacted fiber samples to 0.90 S.cm-1 for LSF and to 9.06 S.cm-1 for LSCF82 at 600 °C. The sintered fibers showed the highest electrical conductivity for all samples, 71 S.cm-1 for LSF and 832 S.cm-1 for LSCF82 at 600 ºC. The electrochemical performance of LSCF fibers as cathode was studied by impedance spectroscopy in symmetrical cells containing gadolinium doped ceria (CGO) electrolyte and LSCF cathode infiltrated with CGO. Impedance measurements showed that the Nyquist diagrams have two or three semicircles, depending on the measurement temperature. The LSCF cathodes with higher cobalt content exhibit lower polarization resistance and the La0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3 cathode had the lowest polarization resistance between 500 and 900 °C, classifying this composite cathode as a promising material for intermediate temperature SOFC based on CGO electrolyte.