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No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Aplicabilidade de modelos de hidrograma unitário em bacias hidrográficas hidrologicamente distintas.pdf: 14911634 bytes, checksum: 81a2209820b64f7bee6b4bd3366bfaac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-26 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - FAPERGS / Eventos extremos de precipitação, combinados com aumento da população, intensificação de atividades agrícolas e uso inadequado do solo, têm culminado em inúmeros problemas relacionados a cheias em bacias hidrográficas. A gestão dos recursos hídricos é considerada bastante desafiadora e o monitoramento hidrológico tem sido uma importante ferramenta. No entanto, o monitoramento hidrológico ainda é um fator limitante de modo que comumente técnicos da área de recursos hídricos se deparam com a ausência de dados no local de interesse. No caso da gestão de cheias em bacias hidrográficas, os dados de vazão são substanciais na compreensão do comportamento hidrológico quando da ocorrência de um evento de chuva intensa. Esta carência de dados hidrológicos tem resultado no desenvolvimento de modelos para estimativa de hidrogramas de escoamento superficial direto (ESD) resultantes de eventos de precipitação. O ESD é o componente mais importante para análise de vazões decorrentes de eventos extremos de chuva. Dentre as técnicas de modelagem de ESD, deve ser destacada a teoria do Hidrograma Unitário (HU) e do Hidrograma Unitário Instantâneo (HUI). O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os modelos de HU Triangular (HUT), HU Adimensional (HUA), HUI de Nash (HUIN), HUI de Clark (HUIC), HUI de Nash Geomorfológico (HUING) e HUI de Clark Geomorfológico (HUICG) para determinação do hidrograma de ESD decorrentes de eventos de precipitação em uma bacia hidrográfica localizada no Rio Grande do Sul e outra em Minas Gerais. As informações básicas para utilização de tais modelos de HU e HUI foram as variáveis topográficas extraídas dos modelos digitais de elevação e dados hidrológicos de cada bacia. Foi estabelecida a curva-chave de cada seção de controle no intuito de converter dados linimétricos em dados de vazões. Com base nos eventos chuva-vazão escolhidos para cada bacia, pôde-se constituir o hietograma de cada evento e o hidrograma correspondente. A separação de escoamento foi realizada usando o método das inflexões, enquanto a determinação das precipitações efetivas (Pe’s) foi realizada pelos métodos do Índice , CN e CN modificado. Foi possível constatar que: i) as suposições da técnica de HU e de HUI foram válidos para a modelagem do hidrograma de ESD para as duas bacias hidrográficas analisadas; ii) houveram diferenças nos hidrogramas de ESD estimados nas duas bacias pelos modelos de HU e HUI empregados; iii) além de ter sido verificado o impacto das diferenças de características fisiográficas entre as bacias, especialmente aquelas vinculadas ao solo, na modelagem de cheias, também foi constatado que a diferença do padrão de chuvas entre as duas regiões exerceu influência na referida modelagem; iv) o método de determinação de Pe exerceu influência significativa sobre os resultados dos diferentes modelos de HU e HUI, especialmente quando da estimativa de vazões de pico; e v) o modelo HUIC foi o que estimou os hidrogramas de ESD para as duas bacias hidrográficas de forma mais satisfatória, seguido do HUIN, sendo que ambos apresentaram substancial superioridade em relação aos modelos de HU tradicionalmente empregados (HUT e HUA) e também aos modelos de HUING e HUICG. / Heavy rainfall events in conjunction with increase in population, intensification of agricultural activities and inappropriate land use, have resulted in countless problems related to floods in watersheds. Water resources management is considered challenging and hydrological monitoring has been a fundamental tool. However, this type of monitoring is a limiting factor such that practitioners and engineers have to commonly deal with the inexistence or lack of information in the site of interest. Streamflow data sets are essential for flood management in watersheds in order to allow the understanding of hydrological behavior due to the occurrence of a heavy rainfall event. Such lack of hydrological data has culminated in the development of models for estimation of direct surface runoff (DSR) hydrographs resulting of rainfall events. DSR is the main component when analyzing stream flows originated from extreme rainfall events. Among the existing techniques available for DSR modeling, it should be highlighted the theory of Unit Hydrograph (UH) and of Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (IUH). The objective of this study was to evaluate the Triangular UH (TUH), Dimensionless UH (DUH), Nash IUH (NIUH), Clark IUH(CIUH), Geomorphological Nash IUH (GNIUH) and Geomorphological Clark IUH (GCIUH) for estimation of DSR hydrographs resulting of extreme rainfall events in a watershed situated in Rio Grande do Sul State and another located in Minas Gerais State. The basic information for use of the aforementioned UH and IUH models were topographical variables extracted from digital elevation models and hydrological data (rainfall and water level). The stage-discharge rating curve of each outlet was obtained in order to convert water levels into streamflow records. Based on the rainfall-streamflow events, which were chosen for each watershed, it was possible to develop the hyetograph of each event and the corresponding hydrograph. DSR separation was performed through the inflexion method, while the determination of effective rainfalls (Pe’s) was done by means of the methods known as  index, CN and Modified CN. The main results and conclusions were: i) the suppositions of UH and IUH were valid for DSR modeling in the studied watersheds; ii) differences among DSR hydrographs estimated by the different models of UH and IUH were found; iii) there was impact of the differences in physiographical characteristics between watersheds, especially those parameters associated with soil, on flood modeling, and it was also observed that the difference in the rainfall patters between watersheds exerted influence on flood modeling; iv) the method for determination of Pe had substantial influence on the results obtained through the different UH and IUH models, especially when analyzing the estimation of peak stream flows; and v) CIUH was the most satisfactory model to estimate DSR hydrographs for the watersheds, followed by NIUH, and both presented substantial superiority in relation to the UH models, which are traditionally employed (TUH and DUH), and to the GNIUH and GCIUH.

Canada coordinates its responses to natural disasters abroad through implementing its ‘whole-of-government’ policy framework. The two largest natural disasters that struck in 2010 were the January earthquake in Haiti and the flooding in Pakistan seven months later. In contrast to the fast and robust earthquake relief provided to Haiti, Canada’s response to the Pakistan floods was minimal, especially when considering the extent of damage sustained. This dissertation applies a public administration lens to trace factors that led to the Government of Canada’s 2010 disaster-relief decisions. It develops a multi-level theoretical framework to holistically explore the role of problem-definition in shaping decision-making. It applies historical institutionalism at the macro level; recognizes the role of case-specific details and arenas at the meso level; and uses the logic of appropriateness to identify informal institutions affecting individual action at the micro level. Analysis of interviews, government documents and media coverage indicates that bureaucratic actors involved in the whole-of-government approach recognize that their role is ultimately removed from final disaster-relief decisions. There is an informal acceptance that political will, more than needs in the disaster-affected region, shapes implementation decisions. Consequently, technical assessment is inadvertently affected, and recommendations reflect what is deemed most in line with ministerial disposition to assist. The primary motivators for Government of Canada action are found to be the gaining of public support or the need to subdue targeted criticisms. Findings indicate that as a result of its media appeal, there was a strong incentive for the deployment of military assets in response to the earthquake in Haiti, even when doing so was not in the best interest of the affected region. Where Canada could respond only with non-military means, there was less incentive for action. This leads to supply-driven relief rather than a needs-based humanitarian response. With the developed theoretical framework, process-mapping and media analysis methodologies, and the actor-centred approach adopted, the dissertation makes theoretical and empirical contributions to existing public administration literature on decision-making and problem definition. It also presents a hitherto unexplored perspective on donor behaviour for consideration by international relations and development scholars.

This study is an examination of the rate at which organic debris and clastic sediment accumulate in a gully after it is scoured by a debris torrent. Of particular interest is the effect that a change in land use from old-growth to clear-cut conditions may have on these rates. This change should result in a reduction in the delivery of large organic debris (LOD), which is a major factor in sediment storage in gullies. It is hypothesized that this change in land use, and the subsequent reduction in the LOD supply, should result in a significant difference in debris recharge rates between old-growth and clear-cut gullies. Twenty-nine gullies in both land-treatment groups were sampled on the west coast of the Queen Charlotte Islands. Sampling procedures involved the estimation of the volume of LOD and sediment in storage (normalized by the gully surface area) and the determination of the time elapsed since the last debris torrent. These data were then used to estimate recharge rates(3h1)am’year of LOD, sediment, and total debris. Recharge rates of each material were compared between land-treatment groups using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test. This test revealed that LOD has been delivered to old-growth gullies at a significantly higher rate relative to clear-cut gullies. There was no significant difference in sediment and total debris recharge rates between gullies in the two groups, but this outcome was partially a result of the small samples and the different debris recharge times in each data set. Graphical representations of the data permitted the identification of possible temporal trends in sediment and debris accumulation, which may be strengthened with larger data sets. Debris recharge rates have several applications. The estimate of sediment volume stored in a gully can be used in the construction of local sediment budgets, as one component of a watershed sediment cascade is quantified. The calculation of debris recharge rates will provide insight into the transfer rate of sediment from hillslopes to low order channels and to the storage capacity of the channels. Finally, debris recharge rates can be used to improve knowledge of the frequency-magnitude characteristics of debris torrents in an area. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

Dans le but de mieux comprendre les facteurs agissant sur le milieu fluvial à l’échelle plurimillénaire, ainsi que les effets de la dynamique alluviale sur la préservation de l’information archéologique, une étude géoarchéologique a été menée sur quatre fenêtres des vallées de la Loire, de la Saône et du Doubs en Bourgogne (France). À partir de sites de franchissement romains et d’un pont médiéval, retrouvés dans le chenal actuel, puis en étendant les recherches à d’autres secteurs, l’évolution des lits mineur et majeur au cours de l’Holocène a été reconstituée. Des informations de natures diverses, datées et spatialisées, ont été croisées : pour les deux derniers siècles, principalement les plans et vues aériennes contemporains, tandis que les périodes plus anciennes sont abordées grâce aux indices archéologiques, à l’analyse géomorphologique du lit majeur et, principalement, aux archives sédimentaires. Ces dernières ont été analysées du point de vue de la sédimentologie de faciès afin d’identifier les processus à l’origine des dépôts. Les grandes étapes de l’évolution des trois grands cours d’eau étudiés, une fois identifiées et datées, ont été confrontées aux données existantes afin d’interroger l’influence qu’ont pu avoir les fluctuations climatiques et les activités humaines sur la dynamique alluviale. La reconstitution de l’évolution du milieu au cours de l’Holocène permet enfin d’aborder la question de la conservation des données archéologiques en domaine alluvial, propice à l’implantation humaine, mais où l’information est la plupart du temps masquée par une succession de processus taphonomiques. / A geoarchaeological study was led on four sections of the valleys of the Loire, Saône and Doubs rivers (Burgundy, France) in order to point out the factors influencing the alluvial dynamics on a multimillennial scale, and their effects on the preservation of archaeological information. Investigations started by roman and medieval remains of bridges discovered in active channels, were then carried out on larger parts of alluvial plains, and altogether allowed the evolutions of the channels during the Holocene period to be deducted. Various types of information on alluvial characteristics were crossed through time and space: ancient maps and XXth century or aerial photographs for centennial scale, archaeological data, geomorphological analysis, but mostly alluvial deposits for older periods. Facies analyses on fluvial sediments led to the identification and the reconstitution of successive sedimentary environments through time. The main steps of the evolution of the three rivers, after being identified and dated, were compared to previous studies in order to estimate the respective roles of climatic changes and anthropic influence on alluvial dynamics, on this regional scale, during the Holocene. Preservation of archaeological information in fluvial deposits is therefore discussed here, to reach a better understanding of taphonomic issues in such environmennts, which are potentially rich in archaeological remains.

Orientador: Antonio Carlos Vitte / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T09:24:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VilelaFilho_LuisRibeiro_M.pdf: 9357827 bytes, checksum: 23f0b04675d8f65e7822914f9ccd78c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: o acelerado processo de expansão urbana verificado nas últimas décadas, particularmente nas grandes cidades brasileiras, fez com que os chamados problemas ambientais urbanos se avolumassem de forma generalizada. Dentre esses problemas, a questão das enchentes tem se constituído em um dos mais relevantes por acarretar danos socioambientais por vezes irremediáveis. Em sua gênese, a incidência de enchentes em áreas urbanas está associada às circunstâncias em que se consolida a apropriação do espaço urbano, que em geral são baseadas em posturas pouco abrangentes da gestão pública, na medida em que essas intervenções são regidas por interesses particulares em detrimento das características e propriedades do espaço natural. Essas intervenções alteram e desestabilizam o sistema natural, fazendo com que sua dinâmica passe a responder a novos estímulos e processos, podendo resultar na ftagilidade do sistema, uma vez que, no meio fisico a fragilidade está associada à suscetibilidade desse meio sofrer alterações. Nesse contexto, o objeto de estudo deste trabalho é a bacia de drenagem do córrego Proença, situada nas imediações da área central da cidade de Campinas (SP) que, em função de um modelo de planejamento associado a uma lógica especulativa imobiliária, atrelada ao poder local, acabou por gerar um intenso e denso processo de urbanização na bacia, que acarretou em profundas intervenções no seu sistema natural, provocando seu desequilíbrio, o qual se reflete nas constantes situações de enchentes ocorridas anualmente na bacia. Tendo em vista estas questões, o objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizara situação de risco às enchentes na bacia do córrego Proença, a partir da relação entre a fragilidade potencial do relevo, e o processo de produção do espaço urbano em Campinas. Nesse sentido, a correlação entre os índices morfométricos obtidos possibilitou a identificação dos setores de fragilidade potencial da bacia, de tal forma que, a associação entre o modelo de gestão urbana adotado para a cidade, onde priorizaram-se as intervenções viárias e funcionais no sentido de favorecer a especulação imobiliária em detrimento dessas propriedades morfométricas do espaço natural, resultou em situações de risco à enchentes bacia do córrego Proença / Abstract: The acceleratered urban expansion process that took place during the last decades in most of Brazilian metropolis, made the so-called urban environmental problems increase in a generalized way. Among those problems, floods have become one of the most relevant since it may cause social-environrnentalhazards, which are, sometimes, incurable. The incidence of floods in urban areas is associated to the circumstances consolidated by the use of the urban space, generally based on not so wide-ranging public policies, since those interventions are ruled by private interests rather than the characteristics and specifíc aspects of the natural area. Such interventions alter and make the natural system unstable, so that its dynamics react to the new stimulus and processes, resulting in its ftagility, since in the physical environrnent this fragility is associated to its susceptibility ofundergoing changes. In this context, the focus of present study is the Basin Drainage Proenca, located around the downtown area Campinas (SP) which, due to a planning scheme associated to logic speculative real state aflàirs, connected to local power, caused a great urban process around the basin area which led to a deep impact in its natural system, thus causing unstable status reflected by the ftequent and high incidence of floods that annually take place. Based in the above statement, the aim of study was characterize the situations of risks related to floods in the Basin Proenca, taking into account the relationship between the fragile terrain and the urban developing process in Campinas. The correlation between the morphemics rate found in this study enabled the identification of potential fragile areas in the basin in such a way that, the association between urban management models used by local govemment, where the intervention of roads are given more attention in order to favor real state speculation rathen than to the morphemics characteristic of the natural area, resulted in the situation of risks of floods in the Basin Proença / Mestrado / Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial / Mestre em Geografia

Easement of areas designated for overflowing of floods - Abstract The aim of this thesis is to elaborate and subsequently provide an analysis of the current legal regulation of the easement of areas designated for overflowing of floods in Czech civil law. With regard to the historical development of easements as a superior concept of the easement of areas designated for overflowing of floods, as well as with regard to the regulation of a similar institute, which is the area designated for controlled flood overflowing under the Water Act. This thesis focuses on approaching the relatively young institute of the easement of areas designated for overflowing of floods in Czech civil law, clarifying its basic essence and its use in practice. The first chapter briefly outlines the basic characteristics of easements and their subdivision. The second chapter of the thesis briefly outlines the basic characteristics of the easement of areas designated for overflowing of floods. In the third chapter, this thesis focuses on the historical development of easements from Roman law until the Civil Code of 1964, focusing on the general historical development of easements in the absence of specific regulation of the easement of areas designated for overflowing of floods in this historical development. The greatest emphasis in...

This diploma thesis focuses on water management analysis of the Rokytná River and finding suitable precautions usable by municipalities when dealing with drought and lack of water in their administrative district. The short research at the beginning of the thesis summarizes problematic of drought and lack of water in the Czech Republic, including the current state and overall context. Next part focuses on the assessment of current state of the Rokytná River basin, based on performed reconnaissance of the basin and processed analysis of a part of the basin delimited from km 0,0 to km 16,7 of the river, between towns of Ivančice and Moravský Krumlov. This analysis concentrates on finding factors, which can contribute to extent of drought impact in this area. It also contains a suspended load study of the waterway, which writes up granularity characteristics and calculation of the amount of transported material from a suspended load sample, taken from the bed of the Rokytná River. The overview of suitable proceedings and precautions follows, based on findings in previous parts of the diploma thesis. The conclusion of this thesis consists of very suggestion of suitable steps and precautions related to particular localities in the Rokytná River basin. Target is to enhance the retention ability of the region and to minimize the impact of both drought and floods. The result of these actions should be the empowerment of environmental sustainability in this particular area. Conclusions of this thesis can be used by municipalities and other administrative bodies when creating an approach of combating drought and when deciding about the implementation of relevant precautions.

MSc (Zoology)) / Department of Zoology

MENVSC / Department of Geography and Geo-Information Sciences / Climate change has a crucial impact on livelihoods, economy, and water resources due to the occurrence of weather and climate extreme events such as floods, droughts and heat waves. Extreme weather has been increasing worldwide, hence the need to understand their nature and trends. The aim of this study was to analyse the spatial variability and long-term trends of climate extremes over the Limpopo in South Africa from 1960 to 2014. Rainfall, temperature, and circulation fields were analysed to understand the extent, nature of climate extremes over the Limpopo. Extreme value theory (EVT) is a powerful method that was also employed in this study to provide statistical models for events rarely observed. R statistical software was used for clustering analysis which has a variety of functions for cluster analysis. Any station whose value is larger than 95th for any day of the season was considered as a widespread extreme event. The results show that the study area is highly vulnerable to extreme events due to its latitudinal location and low altitude. Anomalous cut-off lows, tropical cyclones and tropical storms are the major extreme producing systems affecting the Limpopo province whilst the Botswana High becomes dominant during heat waves and drought. Extreme weather events are common in Limpopo during summertime and often coincide with mature phases of the El Nino Southern Oscillation. In this study, after the suitable model for data was chosen, the interest was in deriving return levels of extreme maximum rainfall. The computed data for return levels predicted that the 5-year return period’s return level is approximately 223.89 mm, which suggests that rainfall of 223.89 mm or more per month should occur at that station or location on the average of once every five years. / NRF / http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1485

As a result of the United Nations’ International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (1990-2000), and recent high profile disasters, disaster risk reduction has climbed high on the international political agenda. There has been a paradigm shift from reacting to disasters towards preparing for and mitigating effects of disasters. Among the measures that have been highlighted on the disaster risk reduction agenda are early warning systems. In a Swedish context, there are needs for early warnings for various flood risk types. Municipalities carry big responsibilities for managing flood risks, and early warnings have a potential to facilitate decision-making and ultimately reduce flood losses. The aim of this thesis is to describe how a variety of flood warning signals are used in the risk management process of Swedish municipalities, how they can contribute to the flood risk reducing process, and which factors influence the success of this. The thesis is based on two papers. Paper I is based on interviews with three respondents from Swedish municipalities that have invested in and established local early warning systems. The paper shows that the possible effects from a local early warning system are not only reduced flood losses but also potential spinoff, the occurrence of which is dependent on the well-being of the organisation and its risk management processes. Paper II is based on interviews with 23 respondents at 18 Swedish municipalities, who have responsibilities related to flood risk management, and one respondent who works at SMHI with hydrological warning. The paper shows that municipalities can use a variety of complementary flood warning signals to facilitate decision-making for a proactive flood response. This is however not systematically the case, and is dependent on available resources. The theoretical contribution of this thesis is a development of existing conceptual models of early warning systems with respect to risk management and system contexts, and the use of complementary warning signals. / Following the United Nations’ International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (1990-2000), and recent high profile disasters, disaster risk reduction has climbed high on the international political agenda. Among the measures that have been highlighted are early warning systems – for Swedish municipalities who are responsible for managing flood risks, early warnings have a potential to facilitate decision-making and ultimately reduce flood losses. This licentiate thesis, based on two articles, aims to describe how a variety of flood warning signals are used in the risk management process of Swedish municipalities, how they can contribute to the flood risk reducing process, and which factors influence the success of this. The articles show that the possible effects from a local early warning system are not only reduced flood losses but also potential spin-off benefits, the occurrence of which is dependent on factors such as organisational culture and the functioning of the wider risk management system, and that municipalities can use a variety of complementary flood warning signals to facilitate decision-making for a proactive flood response which, however, is not systematically the case as benefits are dependent on available resources.