Resumo: O projeto de pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar as alterações fisiológicas na cana-de-açúcar decorrente da aplicação de maturadores químicos com diferentes mecanismos de ação e os reflexos na produtividade e qualidade tecnológica. Dessa forma foram instalados e conduzidos dois experimentos em cana soca nas Fazendas São Joaquim e Bosque, situadas no município de Igaraçú do Tietê, Estado de São Paulo, pertencentes ao Grupo COSAN - Unidade Barra (Usina da Barra). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o em blocos casualizados com cinco repetições. No experimento 1 (Fazenda São Joaquim) utilizou-se a variedade de cana-de-açúcar RB855453 e no Experimento 2 (Fazenda Bosque) a variedade SP80-3280. Os tratamentos consistiram na aplicação de sete maturadores químicos (KNO3 (p.c. Krista Kana), Etil-trinexapac (p.c. Moddus), Sulfometuron metil (p.c. Curavial), Etefon (p.c. Ethrel), KNO3 + boro (p.c. Krista Kana Plus), Glifosato (p.c. Roundup) e Compostos de radicais carboxílicos orgânicos + Glifosato (p.c. MTD + Roundup)) e uma testemunha, maturação natural. As doses empregadas foram, respectivamente: 3 kg p.c. ha-1, 0,8 L p.c. ha-1, 20 g p.c. ha-1, 2 L p.c. ha-1, 3,0 kg p.c. ha-1, 0,4 L p.c. ha-1 e 1,0 L p.c. ha-1 + 0,15 L p.c. ha-1. A aplicação dos maturadores ocorreu nos meses de março (Experimento 1) e maio (Experimento 2) de 2004, utilizando-se equipamento costal pressurizado (CO2). As parcelas foram constituídas de 8 linhas de 10m de comprimento com espaçamento de 1,5m. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros bioquímicos, biométricos e tecnológicos: atividade das enzimas invertases ácida solúvel e neutra em caldo de cana; altura de plantas, diâmetro dos colmos, número de colmos, rebrota, florescimento, chochamento, brotação lateral, produtividade de colmos e açúcar; pH, acidez, pol, pureza... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The purpose of research was to evaluate physiological alterations in sugarcane due to the application of chemical compounds with different actions and its reflects in the productivity and technological quality. Two experiments were carried out in ratoon cane in São Joaquim Farm and Bosque Farm, in Igaraçú do Tietê, São Paulo State, Brazil, belonging to Grupo COSAN - Unidade Barra (Usina da Barra). The experimental design used was random blocks with five repetitions. In experiment one (São Joaquim Farm) sigarcane RB855453 was used, and in experiment two (Bosque Farm) sugarcane SP80-3280. The treatments consisted of seven chemical compounds (potassium nitrate (trademark Krista Kana), Ethyl-trinexapac (trademark Moddus), Sulfometuron methil (trademark Curavial), Ethephon (trademark Ethrel), potassium nitrate + boron (trademark Krista Kana Plus), Glyphosate (trademark Roundup) and compounds of organic carboxilic radicals + Glyphosate (trademark MTD + Roundup)), and one control. The doses were, respectively: 3.0 kg ha-1 Potassium nitrate, 0.8 L ha-1 Ethyl-trinexapac, 20 g ha-1 Sulfometuron methil, 2.0 L ha-1 Ethephon, 3.0 kg ha-1 KNO3 + Boro, 0.4 L ha-1 Glyphosate, 1.0 L ha-1 Comp. carboxílicos + 0.15 ha-1 Glyphosate. The applications of chemicals were performed in March (Experiment one) and in May (Experiment two) in 2004, with constant spraying pressure... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below) / Orientador: Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol / Coorientador: Marcelo de Almeida Silva / Banca: João Domingos Rodrigues / Banca: Raffaella Rossetto / Mestre

Orientador: Leonor Patrícia Cerdeira Morellato / Resumo: Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo gerar informações básicas sobre a silvicultura das espécies florestais para possibilitar a implementação de programas de reflorestamento e recuperação de áreas degradadas na região amazônica. Trata-se de um estudo fenológico realizado pelo INPA, Manaus, Amazonas, especificamente pela Coordenação de Pesquisas em Silvicultura Tropical, ao longo de 35 anos. Este estudo analisou duas áreas de floresta amazônica, a Reserva Florestal Ducke (RFD) e a Estação Experimental de Silvicultura Tropical (EEST), no período de 1974 a 2000. O objetivo específico foi comparar os padrões fenológicos nas duas áreas experimentais, verificando sua regularidade e relação com fatores climáticos. As espécies selecionadas foram aquelas indicadas com potencial oleaginoso e ecológico, em avaliações preliminares e que estão sendo observadas para o estudo, a saber: Andiroba - Carapa guianensis Aubl.; Cumaru - Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Willd.; Casca preciosa - Aniba canelilla (H.B.K.) Mez e Pau rosa - Aniba rosaeodora Ducke. Foram amostrados 21 indivíduos de A. rosaeodora Ducke na RFD e cinco na EEST, e cinco indivíduos das espécies restantes em cada uma das duas áreas de estudo. Observados mensalmente com auxílio de um binóculo para o registro das fenofases (botões florais, antese, frutos imaturos e maduros). Os padrões fenológicos reprodutivos foram descritos de acordo com sua freqüência... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo). / Abstract: This research aims to generate basic information about the silviculture of forest species to make the implementation of reforestation programs and the recovering of degraded areas in the Amazon region possible. This phenological research has been conducted by INPA, specifically by the Tropical Silviculture Research Coordination, over a period of 35 years. This study will analyze two areas in the Amazon Forest, Reserva Florestal Ducke (RFD) and Estação Experimental de Silvicultura Tropical (EEST), in the period between 1974 and 2000. The specific objective is to compare the phenological patterns in both experimental areas, verifying their regularity and relationship with climatic factors. The species selected were those indicated with oily and ecological potential in preliminary evaluations: Andiroba - Carapa guianensis Aubl; Cumaru - Dipteryx odorata (Aubl) Willd; Casca preciosa - Aniba canelilla (H.B.K.) Mez and Pau rosa - Aniba rosaeodora Ducke. It were sampled twentyone individuals of A. rosaeodora Ducke in RFD and five in EEST, and five individuals of the remaining species in each one of the two areas of study. The individuals were monthly observed with the assistance of binoculars to record the phenophases. The phenological patterns will be described with regards to their frequency, regularity and duration. The relations among the phenological data with the climatic variables were made through the non-parametric Spearman linear correlation analyses taking in consideration the climatic monthly mean values. It was observed at EEST, that the flowering of the species studied tend to occur in a period of less precipitation, except for Carapa guianensis that tended to bloom in the transition from dry season to rainy season. Whereas, for Aniba rosaeodora the flowering tended to occur in the rainy epoch and... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below). / Doutor

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-06-16T13:36:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Elifabia Neves de Lima (1).pdf: 683840 bytes, checksum: 7486ae089ed313a1586e1186c0343cca (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-16T13:36:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elifabia Neves de Lima (1).pdf: 683840 bytes, checksum: 7486ae089ed313a1586e1186c0343cca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-08 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Caatinga is a semiarid formation that occupies greater has left northeast of Brazil. Some studies come demonstrating that in arid and semi-arid habitats the species density and the productivity of herbaceous biomass is influenced by the climatic seasonality and inter-annual precipitation variations, but as the precipitation variations they affect the dynamics of the populations still had not been clarified. In this study, the population dynamic of four herbaceous species had been described, in an area of caatinga, in Pernambuco, Brazil, considering its season variations and its forms of life. All the individuais of the species Gomphrena vaga Mart. (Amaranthaceae) Bidens bipinnata L. (Asteraceae), Dorstenia asaroides Hook(Moraceae) and Pseuderanthemum detruncatum (Nees) Radlk. (Acanthaceae), in 105 parcels of 1 m2, being 35 parceils in level microhabitat, 35 in stony microhabitat and 35 in niparian microhabitat, had been marked and rnonitored monthly. The number of the births, deaths and flowering individual was counted. The terophytas Gomphrena vaga and Bidens bipinnata were common, to all three microhabitats. Already O. asaroides and P. detruncatum had occurred oniy in the riparian. lt had significant differences in the densities of the populations between the climatic stations, being more raised in the rainy station of 2005, except for P. detruncatum. The rate increment population was positive in the majority of the months during the rany stations, indicating that the populations had increased of size. The populations howed fall of density at the beginning of the dry station, being relatively bigger in G. and B. bipinnata. The birth in the four populations was intense in the rainy period, varying between the months, but with a peak in the dry period (december) which had to an eventual rain. With exception of the riparian microhabitat, differences the birth of rate in G. vaga had 8 bipinnata and P. detruncatum occurred between rainy stations of 2005 and 2006, being bigger in 2006. Already O. asaroides did not present differences in the birth rate between the rainy stations of 2005 and 2006. Mortality in all the populations occurred as in the rainy peniod as in the dry period, beiing more elevated in the dry station significantly. Gomphrena vaga flowered in all habitats while B. bipinnata did not flowered in the riparian microhabitat. The two poulations had presented intent flowery individuais in the end of the rainy station and beginning of the dry station, but the amount of individuais that had flowered different between the rainy stations, being bigger in 2005. Dorstenia asaraides practically flowered in the rain stations. while P. detrucatum in almost every month. This study sample that the climatic seasonality and the conditions of establishment exert influence on the distribution and the dynamics of the populations. / A caatinga é uma formação semi-ária que ocupa maior parte do nordeste do Brasil. Vários estudos vêm demonstrando que em ambientes áridos e semi-áridos a densidade de espécies e a produtividade de biomassa herbácea são influenciadas pela sazonalidade climática e variações interanuais de precipitação, mas como as variações de precipitação afetam a dinâmica das populações não foram ainda esclarecidas. Neste estudo, as dinâmicas populacionais de quatro espécies herbáceas foram descritas, em uma área de caatinga, em Pernambuco, Brasil, considerando suas variações sazonais e suas formas de vida. Todos os indivíduos das espécies Gomphrena vaga Mart. (Amaranthaceae), Bidens bipinnata L. (Asteraceae), Dorstenia asaroides Hook. (Moraceae) e Pseuderanthemum detruncatum (Nees) Radlk. (Acanthaceae), presentes em 105 parcelas de 1m2, sendo 35 parcelas em microhabitat plano, 35 em micohabitat rochoso e 35 em microhabitat cíliar, foram marcados e monitorados mensalmente, quanto aos nascimentos, mortes e floração. As terófitas Gomphrena vaga e Bidens bipinnata foram generalistas, ocorrendo nos três microhabitats. Já D. asaroides e P. detruncatum ocorreram apenas no ciliar. Houve diferenças significativas nas densidades das populações entre as estações climáticas, sendo mais elevadas na estação chuvosa de 2005, exceto para P. detruncatum. A taxa de incremento populacional foi positiva na maioria dos meses durante as estações chuvosas, indicando que as populações aumentaram de tamanho. As populações apresentaram queda de densidade no início da estação seca, sendo relativamente maior em G. vaga e B. bipinnata. A natalidade nas quatro populações foi intensa no período chuvoso, variando entre os meses, mas com um pico no período seco (dezembro) devido a uma chuva eventual. Com exceção do microhabitat ciliar, ocorreram diferenças nas taxas de natalidade de G. vaga, B. bipínnata e P. detruncatum entre as estações chuvosas de 2005 e 2006, sendo maiores em 2006. Já D. asaroides não apresentou diferenças nas taxas de natalidade entre as estações chuvosas de 2005 e 2006. Mortalidade em todas as populações ocorreu tanto no período chuvoso quanto no período seco, sendo as taxas significativamente mais elevadas na estação seca. Gomphrena vaga floresceu em todos os microhabitats enquanto B bipinnata não floresceu no microhabitat ciliar As duas populações apresentaram individuos floridos concentrados no final da estação diferiu entre as estações chuvosas, sendo maior em 2005. Dorstenia asaroides floresceu praticamente nas estações chuvosas, enquanto P. defruncatum em quase todos os meses. Este estudo mostra que a sazonalidade climática e as condições de estabelecimento exercem influência sobre a distribuição e a dinâmica das populações

M.Sc. (Botany) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

M.Sc. (Botany) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

M.Sc. / The commercial value of cut flowers, whether for ornamental use or as an export product, has increased significantly over the years. Much attention is given to flower quality and flower longevity. These two factors are influenced by preharvest and postharvest treatments. The major postharvest loss reduction techniques in carnation flowers include regulation of preharvest growing, use of improved harvesting techniques, use of various storage techniques, use of growth regulators and use of floral preservatives. Senescence of carnation flowers (Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. White Candy), is accompanied by a climacteric rise in ethylene synthesis and an increased sensitivity of the flowers to ethylene. A pulse treatment with sucrose caused a delay and suppression of the climacteric rise in ethylene synthesis. The action of sucrose, with reference to ethylene, was similar to that of cytolcinins. Dry storage also caused an increase in flower longevity. This is due to the flower's ability to maintain water balance by lowering the cells osmotic potential. Dry storage is of importance, as transportation of the flowers occurs under these conditions. Although sucrose increased the longevity of freshly cut carnations, it caused a decrease in longevity of flowers that were subjected to water stress. With the lowering of the tissue water potential through treatment with sucrose and thereafter by dry storage, the flowers are subjected to stress, and are not able to recover even after rehydration. Applied sucrose increased the carbohydrate pool, thereby resulting in a gradual decline of starch. Administering both sucrose and water stress to the carnation flowers resulted in an early peak in the sugar content, as well as an early depletion of sugar in the flower petals. Cytokinin activity in untreated carnation flowers appeared to be higher compared to flowers treated with sucrose. Water stress have the effect of decreasing cytokinin levels and activity. It is thus clear from the results of this study, that carnations subjected to water stress through dry storage, should not be pretreated with any preservative containing sucrose, as it leads to a reduction in vase life.

Chicory (Cichorium intybus L) is a deep rooted biennial (or weakly perennial) composite that is grown as an annual in South Africa for its parsnip-like root. In its wild state the plant is a perennial with thin fibrous roots, but, through selection and propagation, cultivars with large, fleshy roots have been developed. From a purely horticultural standpoint, chicory is of interest as a pot-herb, a salad plant and as a root (Bailey, 1942) . As a root, the chicory plant represents an important article of commerce. In South Africa, the plants are grown virtually exclusively for their roots which, after drying, roasting and grinding, are used as an additive to, or substitute for, coffee (Introduction p. 11)

Aloe marlothii is a winter-flowering succulent that is widespread in the savanna biome of northern and north-eastern South Africa. Plants grow up to 8 m in height and are commonly found on rocky north-facing slopes. Nectar production occurs through a 24 h period with flowers producing copious amounts (c. 250 µl) of dilute nectar (c. 12%). This abundant nectar supply, that is available for a 5-10 week period during June-August, is utilised by numerous opportunistic avian nectarivores. At a study site in Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve, 60 km south-east of Johannesburg, at least 59% (38 species) of birds recorded during census transects fed on nectar; throughout the range of A. marlothii at least 85 species feed on nectar. This diversity surely far exceeds the number of species ever recorded feeding on nectar of a single plant. During the flowering period an influx of birds at the aloe forest occurred, with an overall increase in abundance and diversity. Pollinator exclusion experiments supported the hypothesis that A. marlothii is pollinated by generalist birds; specialist nectarivores are possibly excluded as inefficient pollinators by the nectar of low concentration and high volume. Fruit set was higher in plants that had avian visitors and very low when pollinators were absent. Stable carbon isotope analysis of whole blood was used to quantify the importance of nectar sugars for opportunistic nectarivores. During flowering there was an enrichment in the δ13C isotopic signature of whole blood of nectar-feeding birds towards that of nectar (δ13C = -12.6‰). This shift was most prominent in frugivores, insectivores and omnivores that typically fed on a diet depleted in 13C when nectar was not available. The C4 grass seed diet of granivores was similar to the isotopic signature ofA. marlothii nectar, so we were unable to determine to what degree granivores benefitted from nectar. Stable nitrogen isotopes in whole blood may suggest that many nectar-feeding birds shift their trophic position during flowering. However, we interpret these results with caution because of insufficient knowledge on diet-tissue fractionation factors of wild birds and/or temporal changes in vegetation isotopic values. Stable carbon isotope analysis of breath samples was used to show that A. marlothii nectar is a readily available income energy source for nectar-feeding birds. Because A. marlothii nectar is so dilute we expected it to be an important water source for many opportunistic nectar-feeding bird species. There was no correlation between the enrichment of δ13C of breath CO2 (representing metabolised nectar sugars) and the δ18O in breath CO2 (representing a highly evaporated water source in nectar); for most birds the δ18O in breath CO2 was more similar to that of free-standing water sources. However, because our knowledge on the relationship between δ18O of ingested water and body water, and fractionation processes when CO2 is exhaled is limited, we were unable to quantify water obtained from nectar. The sugars of A. marlothii nectar are probably more important, as a food source for opportunistic nectarivores during dry winter months when insect abundance is low, than the water in nectar, because birds are able to source water from other drinking sites. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Zoology and Entomology / unrestricted

Dans le cadre du projet ASTRID ((Advanced Sodium Technological Reactor for Industrial Demonstration), les interactions fluide-structure mettant en jeu la dynamique du coeur (gerbage), tels qu'elles peuvent survenir lors d'un séisme, sont d'un grand intérêt. Le gerbage du coeur est également reconnu comme l'événement le plus plausible pour expliquer les quatre AURN (Arrêt d'Urgence pour Radioactivité Négative) survenus dans le réacteur Phénix, durant les années 1989 et 1990. L'objectif poursuivi est d'améliorer, pour leurs aspects dynamiques, la compréhension des interactions fluide-structure susceptibles de se produire dans un SFR (Sodium Fast Reactor). Le centre d'intérêt principal étant phénomène de dissipation visqueuse, cette thèse entreprend trois approches expérimentales, numérique et analytique, en s'appuyant sur des expériences de vibrations libres menées sur deux installations, PISE1A, mono-assemblage et PISE2C, multi-assemblages. Deux séries d'expériences de vibrations libres ont été menées sur PISE1A, en faisant varier la hauteur d'eau et en utilisant un mélange d'eau et de glycérol, dans des proportions variables. Le but est d'examiner l'influence des variations de masse ajoutée et de viscosité sur la dynamique des oscillations de l'assemblage. Les simulations numériques correspondantes, développées dans le code CAST3M, se sont appuyées sur la résolution des équations de Navier-Stokes 3D. Les écarts entre les résultats numériques et expérimentaux sont présentés et analysés. En particulier, les effets d'extrémité se sont révélés être d'une importance marginale. Des expériences de vibrations libres ont également été effectuées sur PISE2C en sollicitant l'installation de trois façons différentes : mise en mouvement globale, mise en mouvement par la couronne externe puis par la couronne interne. Un modèle réticulé, fondé sur des hypothèses de symétrie et de linéarité a été développé parallèlement. Les résultats expérimentaux ont permis de confirmer les symétries mais ont remis en cause les hypothèses de linéarité. Ce résultat encourage à persévérer dans la voie des modèles déterministes. / In the scheme of French ASTRID (Advanced Sodium Technological Reactor for Industrial Demonstration) project, fluid-structure interaction phenomena involved in the dynamic behaviour of core flowering, which could happen during seismic events, are of high interest. Also core flowering behaviour is considered as the main initiating event for the four SCRAMs that happened in Phénix reactor during 1989 and 1990. In objective to improve the knowledge of fluid-structure interaction phenomena of dynamic issues in a SFR core, especially focused on damping, this Ph.D. thesis have been conducted in experimental, numerical and analytical approaches based on free-vibration experiments on mono-assembly test facility PISE-1A and multi-assembly test facility PISE-2C. Two series of free-vibration experiments have been performed on PISE-1A with different water heights and different mass fractions of water-glycerol mixtures to examine the dynamic behaviours with respect to different added mass, different densities and viscosities. Corresponding numerical interpretations have been conducted with 3D Navier-Stokes model in CAST3M code. Sources of uncertainties are discussed to explain the discrepancies between the numerical computation and experimental results. Edge effects are not found to have an important impact on the dynamic behaviours of the system. On PISE-2C, free-vibration experiments with different modes of excitations have been conducted, including total flowering, partial flowering with internal crown excited and partial flowering with external crown excited. A reticulate model with homogenised linear hypothesis has been developed to interpret PISE-2C experiments. Good symmetries are found in PISE-2C suggesting that the deterministic tool is valid for the analysis.

The onset of flowering time in a plant is extremely significant when evaluating population success. Floral growth, seed production, and dispersal are all dependent upon flowering time. Flowering early (and hence longer) increases the prospect of pollination but typically reduces vegetative growth and yields fewer/smaller flowers. Flowering late (and hence shorter) guarantees more/bigger flowers but carries the risk of insufficient pollination. This fundamental trade-off between growth and flowering time suggests that there may be an optimal time to initiate flowering. In this thesis, we consider a deterministic hybrid integrodifferential model where we represent the growing season in continuous time and the time between seasons as a discrete map. We track the evolution of flowering time, as a phenotype, by explicitly considering it as a variable in our model. The model is analyzed from two different viewpoints: (1) by mutual invasion analysis in the sense of adaptive dynamics; and (2) by deriving equations for the mean trait value and total population density when flowering time is considered to be Gamma-distributed. In both cases evolution to an intermediary flowering time was observed.