Syftet med denna C-uppsats var att implementera ett visualiseringskoncept för att presentera data i ett tidslinjegränssnitt med hjälp av Font Awesome-ikoner inom A4Cloud-projektet. Den huvudsakliga målgruppen utgör personer som främst arbetar inom A4Cloud-projektet. För att kunna belysa brister i visualiseringskonceptet genomfördes användartester där testpersonerna fick använda sig av det upprättade tidslinjegränssnittet samt en konstruerad plattform för att besvara ikoners betydelse. Både kvalitativa intervjuer samt statistiska framställningar genomfördes under studien. De slutsatser som kan dras från denna studie är att några element var svåruppfattade som interaktiva element och svåra att åtskilja från resten av gränssnittet. Testpersoner, blev under studien, tillfrågade under intervjun om de kunde tänka sig använda tidslinjegränssnittet i sin vardag. Orosfaktorn verkar inte ha spelat någon roll när testpersonerna besvarade tidigare nämnda intervjufråga, utan behovet att vilja ha koll på sina delningar med diverse tjänster verkar vara det som avgör. / A4Cloud

Einbinden von PostScript-Type1-Fonts in LaTeX/Dvips.

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The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) set Standard Highway Alphabet, or Highway Gothic, as the standard font for all American roadway signs in 1966. Since then, that standard has not changed, with all signs following the norm. In the 1980s, new retro-reflective sheeting introduced on American roadways caused Highway Gothic to be more difficult to read, due to the light "halo" effect caused around the letters, or halation. Recently, more studies have been conducted to improve the overall legibility of Highway Gothic. One study found that its legibility could greatly improve if it's size was increased by 20%. This, however, is extremely unlikely, since increasing the font size would also entail an increase in the physical signs lining roadways. In the 1990s, a new font was created, Clearview, to help combat the negative effects of Standard Highway Alphabet. This font received interim approval in 2004, which was removed in 2016 due to ambiguous results from studies as to whether it was more beneficial than Highway Gothic. It was reinstated two years later, in 2018. Legibility has five different components: retro-reflectivity, irradiation, luminance, contrast, and font design. Understanding these five components, and the benefits of each, can lead to the betterment of the font design on highway signs. This study consisted of two web-based tests. In the first test, the "Letters Test", participants would see a character slowly increasing in size on the screen. Once they could decipher the character, they would click the screen and input the character shown. On the second test, the "Words Test", participants would follow the same instructions, albeit with words in place of characters. There were four fonts tested, on both a positive and negative contrasts. The positive contrast consisted of a green background with a white font, and the negative contrast was a white background with a black font. The four tested fonts were E Modified Base, Alpha Two FHWA E Narrow, Alpha Two FHWA D, and Alpha Two FHWA C, named Base, Narrow, D-Altered, and C-Altered respectively. Forty-two participants participated in both tests. For the "Letters Test", the smallest average font size was the narrow font, followed by the base and D-altered. For the "Words Test", the smallest average font size was the base font, followed by the narrow, D-altered, and C-altered fonts. Overall, the base and narrow fonts took up more space than the D-altered and C-altered fonts. It is recommended that field tests are conducted with these fonts, taking into account the space that they take up, not the font size. This analysis could help to determine whether or not the altered fonts are as legible, or even more legible, than the base and narrow fonts when occupying the same space. / Master of Science / The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) set Standard Highway Alphabet, or Highway Gothic, as the standard font for all American roadway signs in 1966. Since then, that standard has not changed, with all signs following the norm. In the 1980s, new retro-reflective sheeting introduced on American roadways caused Highway Gothic to be more difficult to read, due to the light "halo" effect caused around the letters, or halation. Recently, more studies have been conducted to improve the overall legibility of Highway Gothic. One study found that its legibility could greatly improve if it's size was increased by 20%. This, however, is extremely unlikely, since increasing the font size would also entail an increase in the physical signs lining roadways. In the 1990s, a new font was created, Clearview, to help combat the negative effects of Standard Highway Alphabet. This font received interim approval in 2004, which was removed in 2016 due to ambiguous results from studies as to whether it was more beneficial than Highway Gothic. It was reinstated two years later, in 2018. Legibility has five different components: retro-reflectivity, irradiation, luminance, contrast, and font design. Understanding these five components, and the benefits of each, can lead to the betterment of the font design on highway signs. This study consisted of two web-based tests. In the first test, the "Letters Test", participants would see a character slowly increasing in size on the screen. Once they could decipher the character, they would click the screen and input the character shown. On the second test, the "Words Test", participants would follow the same instructions, albeit with words in place of characters. There were four fonts tested, on both a positive and negative contrasts. The positive contrast consisted of a green background with a white font, and the negative contrast was a white background with a black font. The four tested fonts were E Modified Base, Alpha Two FHWA E Narrow, Alpha Two FHWA D, and Alpha Two FHWA C, named Base, Narrow, D-Altered, and C-Altered respectively. Forty-two participants participated in both tests. For the "Letters Test", the smallest average font size was the narrow font, followed by the base and D-altered. For the "Words Test", the smallest average font size was the base font, followed by the narrow, D-altered, and C-altered fonts. Overall, the base and narrow fonts took up more space than the D-altered and C-altered fonts. It is recommended that field tests are conducted with these fonts, taking into account the space that they take up, not the font size. This analysis could help to determine whether or not the altered fonts are as legible, or even more legible, than the base and narrow fonts when occupying the same space.

Text can be written with various types of fonts, knowing how the fonts affect the reader is advantageous for developers and creators when choosing what font to use when creating consumable media. Researchers have suggested that the results of a font may be affected by the reader's familiarity with it [6]. In recent times, digital user interfaces have seen a shift from serif to sans-serif fonts [10]. Many young adults spend a lot of their time on digital devices, and it might be the case that they are more familiar with sans-serif fonts. This familiarity might yield a measurable effect on their reading speed and information recall when reading sans-serif fonts compared to serif fonts. This study aimed to answer the question: Does sans-serif fonts compared to serif fonts have an impact on reading speed and/or information recall for young adults? This study was conducted with 20 participants of ages between 18-30 years old. The participants read four texts, each text was presented with either Times New Roman, Arial, Verdana or Garamond on a computer screen. The time it took to read each text was measured and the participants were asked questions to test the recollection of what they just read. The result from this study showed no significance in the difference between the serif fonts compared to the sans-serif fonts for either reading speed or information recall. In this study no evidence was found that supports that serif or sans-serif fonts have an impact on- or correlates to reading speed or information recall. While these results did not show a significant difference there are other factors that could influence the results. The lack of significance from this study does not rule out that serifs can impact reading speed or recollection. / Text kan skrivas med olika typer av typsnitt, att veta hur dessa typsnitt påverkar läsaren är fördelaktigt för utvecklare och kreatörer när de väljer vilket typsnitt de skall använda när de skapar media. Forskare har påstått att resultatet från ett typsnitt möjligen kan påverkas av läsarens vana vid typsnittet [6]. På senare tid har digitala användargränssnitt skiftat från serif till sans-serif typsnitt [10]. Många unga vuxna spenderar mycket av sin tid framför digitala enheter och det kan därför vara så att de är mer vana vid sans-serif typsnitt. Denna vana kanske kan visa mätbara effekter på deras läshastighet och informationshågkomst jämfört med serif typsnitt. Denna studie hade med avsikt att svara på frågan: Har sans-serif typsnitt jämfört med serif typsnitt en påverkan på läshastighet och/eller informations återkallning för unga vuxna? Den här studien utfördes med 20 deltagare av åldrar mellan 18 och 30 år. Deltagarna läste fyra texter, varje text presenterades med antingen Times New Roman, Arial, Verdana, eller Garamond på en datorskärm. Tiden det tog att läsa varje text mättes och deltagarna ställdes frågor gällande vad de mindes om texten de just läst. Resultatet från denna studie visade ingen signifikans i skillnaden mellan serif typsnitten jämfört med sans-serif typsnitten, varken för läshastighet eller informationshågkomst. Denna studie hittade inget bevis som stödjer att serif eller san-serif typsnitt har en inverkan på- eller korrelerar med läshastighet eller informationshågkomst. Även om dessa resultat inte visade på någon signifikant skillnad finns det andra faktorer som kan ha påverkat resultaten. Bristen på signifikans i denna studie utesluter inte att serifer kan ha en påverkan på läshastighet eller informationshågkomst.

yes / This paper describes a technique for automatic recognition of off-line printed Arabic text using Hidden Markov Models. In this work different sizes of overlapping and non-overlapping hierarchical windows are used to generate 16 features from each vertical sliding strip. Eight different Arabic fonts were used for testing (viz. Arial, Tahoma, Akhbar, Thuluth, Naskh, Simplified Arabic, Andalus, and Traditional Arabic). It was experimentally proven that different fonts have their highest recognition rates at different numbers of states (5 or 7) and codebook sizes (128 or 256). Arabic text is cursive, and each character may have up to four different shapes based on its location in a word. This research work considered each shape as a different class, resulting in a total of 126 classes (compared to 28 Arabic letters). The achieved average recognition rates were between 98.08% and 99.89% for the eight experimental fonts. The main contributions of this work are the novel hierarchical sliding window technique using only 16 features for each sliding window, considering each shape of Arabic characters as a separate class, bypassing the need for segmenting Arabic text, and its applicability to other languages.

In the field of human factors engineering the issue of how to present electronic text to people has been studied intensely for over 35 years. However, one major consideration that has largely been overlooked in these studies is how visual impairments affect reading of computer text. Specifically, the issue of how text can be modified to improve readability of CRTs for individuals with low vision. A 2x5x2x3 (visual capability, font size, polarity, and contrast) mixed-factor, repeated-measures experimental design was used to determine if changes in font size, contrast polarity, and/or contrast can improve reading speeds and reduce error rate for people with low vision. The results of this experiment show that alterations in text can be made that do not affect unimpaired vision readers while dramatically improving the reading capabilities of the impaired vision population. For character size, 12 and 14 point font sizes were found to be too small for the visually impaired population examined. In general, 18 and 30 point font sizes were equal to each other and to the 24 point font size, but for some interactions these two were found to produce longer response times and higher error rates. Thus, a 24 point font size is recommended. Unlike previous research with visually impaired participants, this experiment found that negative (white-on-black) polarity worsened reading performance. It is thought that this discrepancy is a result of polarity's interaction with small font sizes. For this reason, it is recommended that for font sizes of 18 points and below, positive polarity should be used. For 24 and 30 point sizes either polarity is satisfactory, though previous research (Legge, Pelli, Rubin, and Schleske, 1985b; NRC, 1995; Rubin and Legge, 1989) suggests negative polarity might be better for some visually impaired readers.. Contrasts of 3:1, 7:1, and 18:1 were used in this experiment and had no significant effect for either vision group. However, contrast did significantly interact with both font size and polarity. For font sizes of 18 points or below, it is recommended that contrasts of 18:1 be used for either polarity, but this is very important if negative polarity is used. The above recommendations are based on a small group of impaired vision readers. Visual impairments vary widely and the sample used in this experiment represented only a portion of them, with respect to both cause and severity. Wherever possible, computer text should be tailored to the unique needs of its users. / Master of Science

By making a CDA the linguistic and semantic features in cosmetic products are going to be examined. For the purpose of this study, 99 products, from two companies, are analysed in order to find out if the marketing teams of the companies are using different linguistic and semiotic features in order to persuade their target group. Theories of masculinity and femininity are presented and the relationship between gender and language is analysed. Furthermore, Aristotle’s theory about the three proofs of persuasion ethos, pathos and logos is discussed. After analyzing and discussing the data that have been gathered in relation with the background theories, significant differences are noticed on the products for the two genders. In the research appears that the two genders are targeted in different ways and that different linguistic and semiotic features are used for each gender.

A proteína S100<font face=\"symbol\">b no cérebro é produzida e secretada pela célula da glia astrócito, e exerce de acordo com sua quantidade extracelular, ação trófica ou tóxica sobre os neurônios. Investigamos a distribuição da proteína S100<font face=\"symbol\">b, no animal em condição basal, realizando o mapeamento em diferentes áreas do encéfalo, com a técnica imuno-histoquímica, explorando a hipótese do aparecimento de S100<font face=\"symbol\">b em áreas encefálicas preferenciais. A distribuição da proteína foi analisada pela técnica do imuno-histoquímica, com utilização de anticorpo anti-S100 (<font face=\"symbol\">b subunidade). O mapeamento da proteína S100<font face=\"symbol\">b ao longo do eixo AP, permitiu observar marcação de elementos gliais distribuídos pelo telencéfalo, diencéfalo, e tronco encefálico, onde a proteína apresentou-se preferencialmente distribuída, na comparação dos animais. Nossos resultados sugerem que a proteína pode estar relacionada ao fato dessa distribuição ser conservada como padrão dentro da espécie. / S100<font face=\"symbol\">b protein is expressed primarily by astroglia in the brain, and practice functional implication of S100<font face=\"symbol\">b secretion by astrocytes into the extracellular space is scant but there is substantial evidence that secreted glial S100<font face=\"symbol\">b exerts trophic or toxic effects depending on its concentration. We provide here a detailed description of the distribution of the calcium-binding protein S100<font face=\"symbol\">b in and glial elements in the encefalo of rats. The distribution of S100-like immunoreactivity was analyzed by antisera: monoclonal, the b subunit (S100b) of this protein. All sera showed glial positive elements, which were more abundant in the brainstem than in the prosencephalon. S100-immunoreactive was detected in glial elements, in different regions of the telencephalon, diencephalon and mesencephalon. This distribution appears very similar to that, as well as to sparse observations on different vertebrates. Therefore, our results suggest that the distribution pattern of this protein in glial elements is highly conserved between the species.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar os mecanismos que alteram a produção de melatonina na glândula pineal durante o processo de caquexia associada ao câncer e o papel de citocinas neste contexto. Os resultados mostraram um aumento da produção de melatonina no grupo inoculado com o Tumor de Walker 256 (GT) junto com uma maior atividade e expressão gênica da enzima AA-NAT, principal enzima reguladora da síntese de melatonina. O estudo in vitro mostrou que a glândula do GT produziu menos melatonina que a glândula do grupo controle (GC) após estimulação com noradrenalina (NOR). Além disso, o TNF-<font face=\"symbol\">a foi capaz de modular a síntese de melatonina em cultura, promovendo um efeito estimulatório 2h após o inicio da estimulação com NOR, e um inibitório 4h após essa estimulação. Dessa forma, os resultados indicam que produtos na circulação do rato do GT estão envolvidos na modulação encontrada in vivo e que o TNF<font face=\"symbol\">a- é um forte candidato a participar dessa modulação promovida pelo estabelecimento da síndrome da caquexia sobre a produção de melatonina na glândula pineal. / The purpose of this work was to investigate the mechanisms that modify melatonin synthesis in pineal gland during cancer related cachexia and the involvement of cytokines in this context. The results showed an increment of melatonin production in the group inoculated with Walker 256 Tumor (GT) together with a higher activity and gene expression of AA-NAT enzyme, main enzyme that regulates melatonin synthesis. The in vitro study showed that glands from GT produced less melatonin than glands of the control group (GC) after noradrenalin (NOR) stimulation. Besides, TNF-<font face=\"symbol\">a was capable to modulate melatonin synthesis in pineal gland culture, promoting a stimulatory effect 2 hours after NOR stimulation and an inhibitory effect 4 hours after this stimulation. Therefore, the results indicate that products from tumor bearing rat\'s circulation are probably involved in the modulation found in vivo and that TNF-<font face=\"symbol\">a is a strong candidate to participate in cachexia-related modulation of melatonin production in pineal gland.