Almost five million tonnes of household waste was generated in Sweden in 2018, half of which was residual waste sent for incineration with energy recovery. For materials that can not be recycled or biologically treated, incineration with energy recovery is considered a preferred management option. The issue is that the fraction for residual waste contains considerable amounts of wrongly sorted materials, such as food waste and plastic packaging, which can be recycled or biologically treated, thus causing a smaller environmental impact. To quantify the composition and waste quantities of the wrongly sorted materials a waste composition analysis of the residual waste from four community bins in Västmanland county was conducted. The analysis revealed that about two-thirds of the waste was wrongly sorted and only one-third was actual residual waste. Life cycle analysis was subsequently used to calculate the carbon footprint of the wrongly sorted food waste and plastic packaging waste as well as the carbon footprint from optimal sorting and treatment of the materials. The investigation concluded that for food waste, anaerobic digestion caused a smaller climate impact than incineration with energy recovery and for plastic packaging, recycling generated a smaller climate impact than incineration with energy recovery. The size of the carbon footprint for the different management methods was in line with the priority order given in the waste hierarchy, stated in Swedish legislation.  However, the size of the potential climate savings partly depended on the choices made in the life cycle analysis where the most sensitive parameters were related to external production of heat, polymer resin and vehicle fuel. If the potential climate savings is extrapolated for VafabMiljö's entire collecting area, the total climate savings per year would be 8 263 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents per year for food waste and 2 070 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents per year for plastic packaging waste. This would be equivalent to driving 1 250 laps around the Earth with a car every year or flying 14 900 times Sweden–Thailand back and forth every year. / Nästan fem miljoner ton hushållsavfall genererades i Sverige under 2018, varav ungefär hälften skickades till energiåtervinning. För avfall som inte kan materialåtervinnas eller behandlas biologiskt anses energiåtervinning vara den bästa metoden för avfallshantering. Problemet är att stora mängder återvinningsbart material såsom matavfall och plastförpackningar felaktigt hamnar i restavfallet när det istället hade kunnat återvinnas och på så sätt medfört en mindre miljöpåverkan. För att kvantifiera samansättning och avfallsmängder av det felaktigt sorterade materialet, gjordes en plockanalys på restavfallet från fyra miljöbodar i Västmanland. Analysen visade att ungefär två tredjedelar av materialet var felaktigt sorterat och endast en tredjedel utgjordes av övrigt restavfall. Livscykelanalys användes därefter för att beräkna klimatavtrycket för det felaktigt sorterade matavfallet och för plastförpackningarna som återfanns i restavfallet såväl som klimatavtrycket för optimal sortering och hantering av materialen. Ordningen i avfallshierarkin visade sig stämma väl överens med klimatavtrycket från de olika behandlingsmetoderna i det undersökta området. För matavfall innebar rötning en lägre klimatpåverkan än energiåtervinning och för plastförpackningar medförde materialåtervinning en lägre klimatpåverkan än energiåtervinning. Storleken på besparingarna av växthusgaser berodde dock till viss del på val av inparametrar och de faktorer som främst påverkade var alternativ produktion av värme, plastråvara och drivmedel. Om resultaten extrapoleras över hela VafabMiljös upphämtningsområde så skulle de totala klimatbesparingarna för matavfall vara 8 263 ton koldioxidekvivalenter per år och för plastförpackningar 2 070 ton koldioxidekvivalenter per år. Dessa besparingar är jämförbara med bilkörning motsvarande 1 250 varv runt jorden varje år eller 14 900 tur- och returresor med flyg Sverige–Thailand varje år.

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In my master’s degree project in Design at Konstfack, completed and presented during the spring semester of 2022, I combine three of my competencies: Applied knowledge in industrial design, textile and pattern construction and textile materials science. The project was carried out in contact with many different actors, in the industrial design field as well as the textile field. 92% of the garments we wash, we wash unnecessarily. Many garments are washed after just one use. Washing less reduces the wear and tear of the fabric. If we extend the life of the garment by one year, we can reduce our carbon footprint by 25%. Sweat is one of the main reasons why we wash, although the whole fabric does not need to be cleaned. Based on the collected user data, the armpit was identified as one of the primary problem areas. I am developing an absorbent patch for the armpit. This product consists of circular textile materials, in symbiosis with function and shape. The product’s imprint is traceable, as well as transparent in manufacturing. With this absorbing patch, I want to contribute to a sustainable change in the fast-fashion industry by affecting design thinking, demand and consumerism. This project focuses on how we can practice washing less, by identifying behavior patterns, material research in textiles and circular design in product development. Last but not least it is a close study of a product category and how it can be developed. Hence the title: VETT. - “common sense”.

Global warming has increased significantly over the past decades and at its center, there are human factors which have the greatest impacts on productions of carbon dioxide which is considered as a primary greenhouse gas in development of global warming. Greenhouse gas emissions and, in particular, carbon dioxide emissions are growing significantly to the extent that if no initiatives are taken, it can have dramatic consequences for our future generations and in general for human’s life on Earth, therefore we need means by which we can control and maintain the levels of greenhouse gas emissions and in particular carbon dioxide emissions. One of the efficient solutions that can significantly decrease the levels of carbon dioxide emissions is the construction and development of smart cities. In this context (smart city), individuals can play an important role in reducing the CO2 emissions. By considering the new opportunities that can result from development of Smart Cities and the essential role of information and communication technology (ICT) in such cities, this thesis work tries to introduce the idea of a self-tracking Carbon Footprint mobile application which enables users to keep track of their individual’s carbon dioxide emissions occurred as a result of their daily activities such as eating, transportation, shopping, energy consumption, and etc. in real time. Being able to measure the generated carbon footprint with respect to each of the user’s activities, users will be able to monitor and control it. This monitoring and controlling of one’s carbon footprint can have significant influences in reducing those human factors which result in production of more carbon dioxide gases and consequently more global warming effects.

La produzione globale di cibo provoca impatti sia sull’ ambiente che sulla salute umana. Tra le molteplici sfide che la comunità globale deve affrontare, le risorse di acqua dolce della Terra sono state identificate come pericolosamente soggette a una crescente pressione sia in termini quantitativi che qualitativi. Una profonda comprensione del nesso acqua-cibo è pertanto cruciale per lo sviluppo sostenibile. Nella presente tesi è stato applicato il concetto di Water Footprint (WF) calcolata attraverso differenti metodologie – ovvero attraverso approcci di tipo volumetrico e per la quantificazione dei potenziali impatti – al fine di stimare gli impatti sul consumo di acqua conseguenti produzione e consumo di cibo. Per valutare diverse tecniche di produzione, sono state confrontate le prestazioni ambientali di due vigneti coltivati con metodi di agricoltura convenzionale e biologica. Inoltre, sono stati studiati gli impatti sulle risorse idriche in relazione a diversi scenari di consumo alimentare in Italia e Danimarca, per indagare come le scelte alimentari dei consumatori rappresentino una strategia di riduzione degli impatti sull’ acqua. Nel calcolo degli impatti ambientali, i risultati hanno evidenziato il ruolo chiave dell'origine dei prodotti alimentari consumati, insieme alla tipologia dei prodotti e la riduzione di sprechi alimentari. / Global food production has increasingly affected both the environment and human health in substantial and remarkable ways. Among the many concerns global community has to face, Earth’s freshwater resources have been identified as dangerously subject to increasing pressure in the form of consumptive water use and pollution. A deep understanding of the water-food nexus is crucial to support the exploration of more suitable avenues for a sustainable development. In this work, the concept of water footprint (WF) presented by different methodologies – volumetric and impacts oriented approach – has been applied to link impacts on water consumption to the food production and consumption. With regard to the study of the production side, comparison of environmental performances of two vineyard where conventional and organic viticulture were applied, has been performed. Additionally, impacts on water resources related to different Italian and Danish dietary patterns have been investigated to understand the positive impacts that demand-side solutions can have. The studies highlighted that the origin of consumed foodstuffs played a key role in the calculation of local environmental impacts. Finally, the analysis showed that consumer’s choices could tackle environmental impact on water use by changing their consumption patterns, selecting less water-demanding products and reducing food waste.

Los ladrillos son uno de los materiales de construcción más usados en la ciudad de Lima. Sin embargo, la mayoría de estos ladrillos están hechos en base a arcilla. Los ladrillos elaborados con esta materia prima generan un gran impacto ambiental, ya que para su fabricación se degradan los suelos de donde se extrae la arcilla. Además, para llegar a la resistencia requerida son cocidos en hornos emitiendo gran cantidad de CO2, perjudicando a las familias que viven en los alrededores de estas fábricas. Esta investigación pretende disminuir el impacto ambiental generado por la fabricación de ladrillos mediante la propuesta de un eco-ladrillo con escoria de acero, material de reciclaje PET, cemento y agua. Se realizaron 3 diseños de mezcla; a estos 3 diseños y al ladrillo de arcilla se les calculó la huella de carbono para comparar el impacto ambiental que tuvo cada uno de ellos. Los 3 diseños propuestos en esta investigación disminuyeron en más del 50% el impacto ambiental generado por la fabricación de los ladrillos de arcilla. Además, a los especímenes se les realizaron ensayos mecánicos, demostrándose que el eco-ladrillo propuesto se encuentra dentro de los parámetros de la E.070 para ladrillos de tabiquería. / Bricks are one of the most used construction materials in Lima. However, most of these are made from clay. The bricks made with this raw material generate a great environmental impact, since for their manufacture the soils from which the clay is extracted are degraded. Also, to reach the required resistance they are burning in ovens emitting a large amount of CO2, damaging the families that they live around of these factories. This research aims to reduce the environmental impact generated by the manufacture of bricks by proposing an eco-brick with steel slag, PET recycling material, cement and water. Three mix designs were made. The carbon footprint was calculated for these designs and the clay brick to compare the environmental impact of each of them. The three designs proposed in this research reduced the environmental impact generated by the manufacture of clay bricks by more than 50%. In addition, mechanical tests were carried out on the elaborated specimens, showing that the proposed eco-brick is within the parameters of the E.070 for bricks for partitioning. / Tesis

En los últimos años, el crecimiento poblacional ha representado un reto ingenieril para brindar calidad de vida a las personas mediante la construcción de edificios multifamiliares elaborados a base de concreto armado. Sin embargo, estos producen el 36% del consumo de energía y el 39% de emisiones de CO2 a nivel mundial. En este sentido, en el Perú en el año 2019, se produjo un estimado de 10,6 millones de toneladas de cemento y un consumo de 74.2 millones de toneladas de arena y piedra, siendo perjudicial para el medio ambiente. Por otro lado, las llantas en desuso se han incrementado en los últimos años, proyectándose para el 2020 un estimado de 50 mil toneladas; una vez desechadas, estas generan efectos perjudiciales para el ambiente, ya sea por desintegración natural o por su incineración. Dicho esto, el proyecto de investigación pretende brindar una propuesta para reducir el impacto ambiental implementando caucho, proveniente del reciclaje de llantas, y microsílice como reemplazos parciales de la arena y el cemento respectivamente, con el fin de obtener diseños de mezcla eco amigable y que cumplan con los requerimientos de resistencia y durabilidad para ser empleados en elementos verticales estructurales. En esta investigación, se empleó el caucho reciclado en 0, 5, 10 y 15% y la microsílice en 2% como reemplazo parcial de la arena y el cemento respectivamente. De esta manera, se evaluaron 10 diseños de mezcla de concreto en estado fresco, analizando sus propiedades de revenimiento, temperatura, contenido de aire y peso unitario; y en estado endurecido, lo concerniente a su resistencia a la compresión y tracción. Además, se empleó un modelo matemático para determinar su durabilidad en base al grado de permeabilidad al ion cloruro. Por último, se recopilaron los resultados de resistencia y propiedades en estado fresco, se añadió el análisis del costo por m3 de diseño, la cantidad de emisiones de CO2 y en base a estos criterios se realizó un ranking a fin de obtener tres mezclas óptimas. Los resultados indican que el concreto con caucho y microsílice en estado fresco aumenta el revenimiento en el tiempo y el contenido de aire, y disminuye la densidad. En estado endurecido disminuye la resistencia a la compresión, tracción y la durabilidad. Además, los costos se incrementan con respecto al convencional hasta en S/ 39.50 y se disminuye la huella de carbono hasta en 56.19 kg CO2 por metro cubico cuando se reemplaza 15% de arena por caucho y 2% de cemento por microsílice. / In recent years, population growth has represented an engineering challenge to provide quality of life to people through the construction of multi-family buildings made of reinforced concrete. However, these produce 36% of energy consumption and 39% of CO2 emissions worldwide. In this way, Peru in 2019, there was an estimated 10.6 million tons of cement and a consumption of 74.2 million tons of sand and stone, being harmful to the environment. On the other hand, disused tires have increased in recent years, with an estimated 50 thousand tons projected for 2020; once discarded, they generate harmful effects for the environment, either by natural disintegration or by burning. That said, the research project aims to provide a proposal to reduce the environmental impact by implementing rubber, from the recycling of tires, and microsilica as a partial replacement for sand and cement respectively, in order to obtain eco-friendly mix designs that comply with the requirements of resistance and durability to be used in vertical structural elements. In this research, recycled rubber was used in 0, 5, 10 and 15% and microsilica in 2% as a partial replacement for sand and cement respectively. In this way, 10 concrete mix designs were evaluated in a fresh state, analyzing their slump properties, temperature, air content and unit weight; and in the hardened state, concerning its resistance to compression and traction. In addition, a mathematical model was used to determine its durability based on the degree of permeability to chloride ion. Finally, the results of resistance and properties in fresh state were collected, the analysis of the cost per m3 of design, the amount of CO2 emissions was added and based on these criteria a ranking was carried out in order to obtain three optimal mixtures. The results indicate that concrete with rubber and microsilica in a fresh state increases slump over time and air content and decreases density. In the hardened state, the resistance to compression, traction and durability decrease. In addition, costs with respect to the conventional one by up to S / 39.50 and the carbon footprint is reduced by up to 56.19 kg CO2 per cubic meter when 15% of sand is replaced by rubber and 2% of cement by microsilica. / Tesis

<p>As Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is developed and brought into fruition via electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) vehicles, contingencies associated with this new distributed electric propulsion technology in metropolitan areas must be considered. On the state of knowledge on contingencies for eVTOL vehicles, these can be Epistemological Risks or Ontological Risks. Epistemological Risks include known-knowns (probabilistic risks) and known-unknowns (gaps in knowledge). Ontological Risks include, unknown-knowns (hidden knowledge), unknown-unknowns (fog of ignorance). As UAM operations at large scale do not have as much historical accidents data as General Aviation or Commercial Aviation, it is challenging to estimate its accident failure rate per 100,000 flight hours. While battery thermal runaway, battery energy uncertainty, software issues, and common mode power failures are some failure cases listed in this thesis, it is the undiscovered contingency (i.e., unknown-unknown) or unprepared contingency (i.e., unknown-known), along with other external factors, that can lead to an accident. UAM is expected to operate at 1500 feet AGL and at high frequencies over dense metropolitan areas. In an in-flight emergency at these altitudes, any startle response experienced by on-board or remote pilots can lead to longer response times. This study aims to create a framework for contingency planning and risk mitigation using a Reachable Ground Footprint model for eVTOL aircraft under 100% power failure scenarios in-flight. This framework utilizes all existing, public aerodrome infrastructures in metropolitan areas as potential contingency landing sites. Metrics such as Contingency Landing Assurance Percentage and Cruise Altitude Floor requirement are introduced to quantitatively measuring the safety of any UAM trip and provide recommendations on safe cruising altitudes. A demonstration case in the Chicago Metropolitan Area between DuPage Regional Airport and John H. Stroger Hospital Helipad is shown and discussed. Furthermore, aggregate analysis of 434 UAM trips in Chicago Metropolitan Area between Regional Airports, between Regional and Heliports, and between Heliports is performed, along with sensitivity studies involving wind and turn control restrictions. The results discuss variations in Cruise Altitude Floor, Flight Time, and Energy Consumption of these trips using an eVTOL vehicle.</p>

Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude des législations environnementales et leurs effets sur la chaîne d'approvisionnement. Plus précisément, nous nous intéressons à la législation basée sur le recyclage du produit mais aussi sur les normes de conformité (ROHS). Nous étudions le potentiel de réutilisation ainsi que les aspects environnementaux et économiques de différents systèmes de législation. La solution se présente sous forme d'une combinaison de politiques de récupération qui mène à de meilleurs résultats sur le plan écologique ainsi que sur le plan économique.Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, Nous étudions la performance comparative des régimes à base sur la législation de récupération avec des problématiques d'innovation et de conception de produits. La politique de réutilisation des produits peut aggraver l’environnement si le cadre de la régulation n'est pas bien défini. Dans la dernière partie, une étude est menée sur le choix des produits dans une chaine d’approvisionnement avec des législations basées sur la récupération et sur la conformité des produits. Nous intégrons les effets de l'incertitude associée à la demande du marché et les paramètres de coût de récupération. Une méthode d'optimisation robuste pour la sélection et distribution des produits est présentée. / Climate change and global temperature rise has made environmental legislations a focal point of discussion. This dissertation is devoted to the study of environmental legislations and their effect on supply chain practices. More precisely, our center of interest is the product recovery based legislation along with compliance based regulations. We explore the reuse potential and the environmental and economical aspects of different product recovery based legislation schemes by modeling a stackelberg game between a social welfare maximizing policy maker and a profit maximizing monopolistic firm and find that a combination of existing recovery policies i.e., a recovery target in combination with incentive structure such as taxation/subsidy may lead to better outcomesnot only from environmental perspective but also from economical aspects. In Chapter 2, we extend the discussion comparative performance of the recovery legislation based schemes in presence of innovation and product design issues and show how unintended environmental outcomes may appear if the policy framework is not adequately designed. In Chapter 3, wecapture the effect of recovery legislation and compliance based legislation on product selection when a firm serves a number of markets. We incorporate the effects of uncertainty associated with market demands and recovery cost parameters and present a robust optimization based method for product selection and allocation decisions.

Koldioxidutsläppen är idag ett av de största miljöproblemen som vi står inför. CO2-kalkylatorer används för att informera individer och företag som deras påverkan. Men även om användandet av CO2-kalkylatorer ökar så har dess användare fortfarande svårt att veta vad de behöver göra för att minska sina koldioxidutsläpp. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka hur CO2-kalkylatorer motiverar företag och dess anställda. Den syftar också till att se hur informationen från CO2-kalkylatorerna hjälper dem att bli mer koldioxidlitterära, alltså hur de förstår informationen och hur de implementerar denna kunskap. För att undersöka detta har en kvalitativ intervjustudie utförts med personer som använder sig av en CO2-kalkylator på sitt arbete. Studiens resultat påvisar att CO2-kalkylatorer idag är för komplexa för många användare och ofta skapar förvirring snarare än klarhet. / Carbon emissions is one of biggest environmental problems that we face today. CO2-calculators are used to inform individuals and companies about their impact on the environment. But even though they have become more commonly used, they still have problems in their functionality because the users still don’t know what they need to do to reduce their carbon emissions. The aim of this study is to investigate how CO2-calculators in companies motivate the company and its workers, and how the information helps them become more carbon literate. To explore how the workers use and understand their CO2-calculators at work, a qualitative interview study has been performed. The result of the study show that CO2-calculators today are complex and often confuse the users instead of supporting them.