Inaug.-Diss.--Jena.

No description available.

Thesis (magister)--Åbo akademi, 1753. / At head of title: I.J.N. Reproduction of original from Kress Library of Business and Economics, Harvard University. Goldsmiths'-Kress no. 08780.2-1.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 204-209).

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Waterloo, 1991. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 249-257).

Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio University, June, 2001. / Title from PDF t.p.

Forests extend on about 4 billion hectares on the planet Earth, which makes up approximately one third of the total land area and is probably one of the most important environmental elements on the planet.In the Czech Republic forests cover about 33.7% of its land area.Out of Sweden's total land area, which is 41.3 million hectares, there is 23 million hectares of forest land. That is more than half of its total area. Creation of clear-cut areas, loss of the forests natural evolution information, waste majority of artificial forest, storm or fires are just some of the indicators of unsatisfactory conditions of forests. Therefore there is a strong importance for forest protection by means of legal regulation - International, European and especially national law, to be capable of leaving this heritage in a good condition for future generations. In this work I will focus on the comparison of forestry law in the Czech Republic and Sweden - from formal and also material point of view.

A necessidade de recuperação de áreas ciliares degradadas tem subsídio na legislação, porém, o uso de sistemas agroflorestais para esse fim não é permitido. O objetivo desse trabalho é comparar a capacidade de recuperação de dois sistemas agroflorestais e de um plantio florestal com espécies arbóreas nativas, também avaliando as diferenças de custos de implantação e manejo. A pesquisa foi realizada no Estado de São Paulo, município de Piracicaba, às margens do Rio Corumbataí, na propriedade da Usina Costa Pinto, onde o cultivo de cana-de-açúcar ocupa a maior parte do uso do solo. Os tratamentos foram: (1) testemunha; (2) sistema florestal, com 10 espécies arbóreas nativas; (3) sistema agroflorestal simples, com as mesmas arbóreas nativas, guandu e feijão-de-porco como adubo verde; (4) sistema agroflorestal complexo, com diversas espécies frutíferas, girassol e capim napier, além das mesmas arbóreas nativas e das duas leguminosas. Os fatores mensurados foram: altura e diâmetro à altura do colo das arbóreas nativas, custos, liberação de CO2 do solo, biomassa microbiana e fertilidade do solo. O SAF simples apresentou as maiores alturas médias, com um aumento de 36% em relação ao sistema florestal. O SAF complexo apresentou resultados intermediários, com altura média 10% superior à do sistema florestal. Separando as espécies em pioneiras e não pioneiras, as primeiras não apresentaram diferença entre os tratamentos, tendo as não pioneiras crescido cerca de 35% melhor no SAF simples. Supõe-se que as leguminosas tenham cumprido a função de pioneiras, melhorando o ambiente e propiciando o melhor crescimento das não pioneiras. A média do diâmetro de todas as espécies para cada tratamento apresentou diferença entre o SAF simples (51% maior) e o SAF complexo, sendo ambos semelhantes ao sistema florestal, que foi intermediário. Entre pioneiras e não pioneiras, as diferenças foram semelhantes, sendo o SAF simples 67% superior ao SAF complexo, entre as pioneiras, e 33% superior entre as não pioneiras. As análises de solo, tanto de biomassa microbiana, liberação de CO2 ou de fertilidade, não mostraram diferenças entre os tratamentos. Numa estimativa com base nas modificações sugeridas a partir dos dados do experimento, o SAF simples pode ter um custo 16% inferior ao do sistema florestal, principalmente devido à redução da necessidade de manutenção do sistema. O SAF complexo apresentou o maior custo dos três tratamentos, pois, além da grande demanda de mão-de-obra, o sistema encontra-se fora dos padrões legais para venda de sementes. O estudo da heterogeneidade do ambiente reforça a necessidade do uso de métodos de implantação e de manejos diferentes para cada situação encontrada e permitiu inter-relacionar os blocos quanto à degradação, com base nas médias dos blocos, para todos os parâmetros avaliados. Seguindo critérios semelhantes, as espécies arbóreas nativas também foram ordenadas segundo a sucessão, de acordo com a teoria de Götsch: Sangra d’água, Embaúba, Cordia, Mutambo, Pau Viola, Tamboril, Trema, Canafístula, Aroeira, Canelinha. Em condições de grande fragmentação da matriz florestal e forte domínio de gramíneas, o uso de sistemas agroflorestais na recuperação de matas ciliares pode trazer efeitos positivos ao crescimento das árvores nativas e redução no custo de implantação. / Riparian forest is the vegetation that borders rivers, ponds and lakes, and although it is protected by law, agricultural systems are widely used in these areas. Restoration of deforested riparian zones is requested by law, but agroforestry systems are not accepted for this purpose. The objective of this research was to compare the restoration success and the costs of three kinds of restoration management systems: two agroforestry systems and one forestry system, intending to give basis for changes in public policies. This research was carried out in São Paulo State, Piracicaba County, in the Corumbataí River watershed, in the farm of Usina Costa Pinto, where sugar cane fills most of the lanscape. The treatments were: (1) control; (2) forestry system, with 10 native tree species; (3) agroforestry system 1, where two herbaceous/shrub legume species were included in addition to trees; (4) agroforestry system 2, were 10 edible fruit species, sunflower and napier grass were added. Management was evaluated by measuring height and diameter of the native tree species, soil respiration, microbial biomass and soil fertility. Comparing the mean height of all species, agroforestry system 1 showed the best results, which was 36% better than the forestry system. Agroforestry system 2 showed intermediate results: mean height was 10% higher than the one achieved in forestry system. When the species were grouped according to ecological succession, pioneers didn’t present any difference between treatments, but not-pioneers grew 35% better in agroforestry system 1. Probably, legume plants played the role of pioneers, improving the environment and supporting a better development of the non-pioneers. The mean diameter at ground level of all the species showed differences between agroforestry system 1 (51% better) and agroforestry system 2, but both were not different from the forestry system, which had intermediate results. There were similar differences when the species were grouped in pioneers and non-pioneers. For pioneers, agroforestry system 1 was 67% better than agroforestry system 2 and, for non pioneers, this difference was of 33%. There were no differences among treatments in soil fertility, microbial biomass and soil respiration. Estimating the costs, on the basis of modifications suggested after data analysis, agroforestry systems 1 may cost 16% less than forestry system, due to less necessity of interventions for weeds control. Agroforestry system 2 had the highest cost because it demanded much more work than other treatments and this system, like agroforestry system 1, is out of legal standard for seed production. Studies on the environment heterogeneity allowed to rank blocks, based on the block means of all the measured parameters. Based on the same principles, the native tree species were also ranked according to Götsch succession theory: Croton urucurana, Cecropia pachystachya, Cordia superba, Guazuma ulmifolia, Cytharexyllum myrianthum, Enterolobium contortisiliquum, Trema micrantha, Peltophorum dubium, Schinus terebinthifolius, Nectandra megapotamica. In conditions of high fragmentation of natural forests and high density of weeds, agroforestry systems may cause positive effects in riparian forests restoration, favoring better growing of native trees and lower costs of restoration.

Orientador: Carlos Frederico Wilcken / Banca: Maria de Lourdes Nascimento / Banca: Luiz Alexandre Nogueira de Sá / Resumo: Percevejos do gênero Atopozelus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) são nativos da região Neotropical, com cinco espécies descritas e apenas três com registro no Brasil. Em agosto de 2007, no município de São Simão, estado de São Paulo, folhas de Eucalyptus camaldulensis infestadas por Glycaspis brimblecombei (Moore, 1964) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) foram amostradas e nelas foi encontrado indivíduos de um pequeno percevejo verde, que se alimentava de psilídeos. Os percevejos foram identificados como Atopozelus opsimus (Elkins, 1954). Devido à recém descoberta desse predador e a escassez de informação sobre sua bioecologia, este trabalho objetivou estudar a morfologia e morfometria externa, o ciclo biológico e o comportamento de A. opsimus mantidos com G. brimblecombei em condições de laboratório (26 ± 2 oC, 70 ± 10% UR e fotofase de 13 horas). O estudo morfológico e o morfométrico possibilitaram caracterizar todos os estágios de desenvolvimento. Os parâmetros avaliados na biologia foram: duração e viabilidade do estágio ninfal, longevidade dos adultos, viabilidade e número de ovos por fêmea, número de posturas por fêmea, duração do período de incubação e do ciclo total. O percevejo apresentou cinco instares ninfais com duração total de 40, 3 ± 1,40 dias. Fêmeas apresentaram longevidade de 61,0 ± 8,0 e machos de 39,0 ± 5,1 dias. Ambos apresentaram ciclo médio total de vida longo de, 120,2 ± 8,4 e de 92,5 ± 5,9 dias para fêmeas e machos, respectivamente. Desde o primeiro estádio o percevejo se alimentou tanto de ninfas quanto de adultos do psilídeo-de-concha e também apresentou fitofagia e onivoria. Os adultos demonstraram capacidade de retirar a cobertura que protege os psilídeos. As fêmeas apresentaram cuidado parental e ensinam as crias onde buscar alimento. A. opsimus demonstrou particularidades incomuns aos diversos agentes de controle biológico... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Predatory bugs of genus Atopozelus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) are native from Neotropical region, with five described species and three registered in Brazil. In August, 2007, in São Simão, state of São Paulo, Brazil, leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis infested by red gum lerp psyllid were collected and it was observed the presence of a small green bug, which feed on psyllids. The bug was identified as Atopozelus opsimus (Elkins, 1954). Due to the recent discovery of this predator and to the existence of few information of its bioecology, this study aimed to characterize external morphology and morphometry, life cycle and behavior of A. opsimus maintained in Glycaspis brimblecombei (Moore, 1964) in laboratory conditions (temperature of 26 ± 2 oC, 70 ± 10% RH and photophase of 13 h). The morphological and morphometric studies helped to observe the differences between development stages. Considering biology study, the parameters evaluated were: duration and viability of nymphal stage, adults longevity, number and viability of eggs per female, number of ovipositions per female, duration of incubation period and the total life cycle. The predator had five nymphal instars with total duration of 40.3 ± 1.40 days. Female and male longevity were 61.0 ± 8.0 and 39.0 ± 5.1 days, respectively. Both sexes have total life-cycle with 120.2 ± 8.4 and 92.58 ± 5.9 days for females and males, respectively. Since first stage the bug fed on nymphs and adults of red gum lerp psyllid, presenting phytophagy and omnivorous, too. Adults had ability to remove the lerp that protects psyllid nymphs. Females had maternal care and teaches the offspring where they get food. A. opsimus shows unusual features of the various biological control agents found in the nature, and become a promising agent in biological control programs in Eucalyptus spp. plantations infested by G. brimblecombei. / Mestre

Forest assemblage composition is determined by local ecological (e.g. patch area, species interactions), landscape (e.g. patch connectivity) and regional (e.g. historical change in forest distribution) processes. I investigated the relative effect of these processes on bird and frog assemblage composition in two isolated archipelagos of Afrotemperate forest in the Limpopo Province. The linear relationship between local and regional species diversity suggests that forest bird assemblages in the Limpopo Province are unsaturated. In addition, 66% of bird species and 42% of frog species in southern African forests are generalist species (i.e., forest associated as opposed to forest dependent), suggesting that matrix species have invaded forest assemblages. I thus argue that forest bird and frog assemblage composition is primarily determined by regional (historical) processes and that local ecological processes play a relatively minor role. Forests in the Limpopo Province were eliminated by major climatic changes during the Quaternary with major forest expansion only in the last 6000 years. Limpopo Province forest assemblages have thus established fairly recently. No forest dependent frogs and one forest dependent bird have established in the Limpopo Province forests from the relatively proximate forests in eastern Zimbabwe. This suggests that the Limpopo River catchment has acted as a significant barrier to the dispersal of forest vertebrate faunas. Cluster analyses showed that the forest bird and frog assemblages are essentially Afrotemperate and South African in origin with all forest dependent frogs and 97% of forest dependent birds occurring in the KwaZulu-Natal scarp forests. In addition the most important environmental gradient of change in the southern African forest bird faunas was the geographical distance from northern KwaZulu-Natal. This gradient is congruent with a major northward radiation of faunas from the KwaZulu-Natal scarp into the Limpopo Province. As a result the Limpopo Province forests have low biodiversity values compared to the KwaZulu-Natal scarp because forest frog and bird faunas are largely derived from the latter region. However, the importance of the Limpopo Province forests lies in their protection of threatened vertebrates as well as in providing landscape heterogeneity and ecological services to the surrounding matrix. Soutpansberg forest bird assemblages appear to be more robust and resilient and comprise a significantly greater proportion of forest associated species than those of the Limpopo Province Drakensberg. This is likely to be a consequence of more severe climatic extinction filtering of these faunas caused primarily by the proximity of the Soutpansberg forests to the arid Limpopo valley during the development of these forests. Consequently, regional and historical processes have played a relatively greater role in determining forest bird assemblages in the Soutpansberg than in the Limpopo Province Drakensberg and species richness in the former region was not significantly affected by local ecological processes (including forest area, isolation and habitat heterogeneity). Forest area and habitat heterogeneity did, however, affect forest bird species richness and abundance in the Limpopo Province Drakensberg where the relatively lower importance of regional processes (compared to the Soutpansberg) has combined with anthropogenic disturbance of smaller forests to increase the influence of local ecological processes. However, the role of local processes in determining local species richness is likely to increase in both archipelagos if the current rates of anthropogenic change and disturbance to forests are sustained. Forests greater than 138 ha (minimum critical patch size) are needed to avoid an island effect on bird species richness in the Limpopo Province Drakensberg. However, the long-term conservation of vertebrate assemblages in Limpopo province forests depends upon the successful conservation of evolutionary and landscape processes. This can best be achieved by maximising forest connectivity and landscape heterogeneity through the protection of both riparian corridors and forests of all sizes. The maintenance of historical dispersal routes, in particular connectivity along the escarpment with the scarp forests of KwaZulu-Natal, is important. This would require the protection of forests on the KwaZulu-Natal scarp and along the entire northern Drakensberg escarpment. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2003.