It is too hard to tell vision systems what things look like. It is easier to talk about purpose and what things are for. Consequently, we want vision systems to use functional descriptions to identify things when necessary, and we want them to learn physical descriptions for themselves, when possible. This paper describes a theory that explains how to make such systems work. The theory is a synthesis of two sets of ideas: ideas about learning from precedents and exercises developed at MIT and ideas about physical description developed at Stanford. The strength of the synthesis is illustrated by way of representative experiments. All of these experiments have been performed with an implemented system.

A possibilidade de se medir ou avaliar a criatividade foi apresentada por Joy Guilford, na década de 1950, gerando uma grande quantidade de métodos que permitissem sua avaliação, sob diferentes pontos de vistas. Através da pesquisa, identificou-se uma lacuna referente ao uso de atributos intrínsecos, criatividade e a possível correlação com o sucesso. Desta forma, buscou-se, como objetivo geral, correlacionar a criatividade em atributos de forma e de função com o sucesso dos produtos no contexto de empresas desenvolvedoras de produtos de bem de consumo. A criatividade é analisada por meio de uma pesquisa experimental que avaliou a criatividade em atributos de forma e função em produtos provenientes de três empresas A, B e C situadas no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Esta pesquisa é parte do projeto desenvolvido pelo NDP (Núcleo de Desenvolvimento de Produtos) vinculado ao departamento de Design e Expressão Gráfica da Faculdade de Arquitetura da UFRGS. A abordagem foi feita inicialmente por uma introdução sobre temas como criatividade e principais termos relacionados a este assunto, buscando a elucidação do tema e formação de corpo teórico. A pesquisa bibliográfica abordou temas como fatores de sucesso e insucesso de produtos, formas de se medir a criatividade e por fim atributos de forma e função. Após o estudo sobre medidas de criatividade optou-se pelo teste adaptado de Christiaans (1992) que propõe julgar produtos utilizando um comitê de avaliação composto por 34 juízes, aplicando notas aos produtos selecionados e de acordo com atributos de forma e função. Os resultados obtidos por meio da coleta de dados apresentaram indícios de correlação entre criatividade em atributos de forma e função com o sucesso de faturamento. Também foi apresentada a atuação do marketing e sua influência no sucesso dos produtos. Com a aplicação do teste na empresa A, observaram-se indícios de correlação estatisticamente significante da criatividade em atributos com o sucesso porém não conclusiva. Assim para que fosse possível afirmar que produtos bem sucedidos também são criativos foi necessária uma coleta de dados maior. Com a base de dados completa advinda da aplicação do teste nas empresas B e C, chegou-se a uma correlação estatisticamente significante demonstrando que produtos com a criatividade em atributos de forma são também bem sucedidos. Cabe ressaltar que a amostra da pesquisa não representa a indústria como um todo, sendo caracterizada pelas empresas envolvidas na pesquisa, portanto, não pode ser generalizada. / The ability to measure or evaluate creativity was presented by Joy Guilford, in 1950, generating a lot of methods that allow their evaluation under different viewpoints. Through research, we identified a gap regarding the use of intrinsic attributes, creativity and the possible correlation with success. Thus, we sought as a general goal, to correlate the attributes of creativity in form and function to the success of products in the context of companies that develop products for consumer goods. Creativity is analyzed through an experimental study that evaluated the attributes of creativity in form and function with products from three companies A, B and C located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. This research is part of the project developed by the NDP (Núcleo de desenvolvimento de Produtos) linked to the Expression Graphic Design and the School of Architecture department of UFRGS. The approach was initially made by an introduction on topics such as creativity and key terms related to this subject, seeking to elucidate the subject and body of theory formation. The literature addressed topics such as success factors and failure of products, major ways to measure creativity and ultimately attributes of form and function. After the study on major measures of creativity it was decided to take the test from Christiaans (1992) which proposes that judging product using an evaluation committee composed of 34 judges, applying notes to selected products and according to attributes of form and function. The results obtained through the data collection showed evidence of correlation between creativity attributes of form and function with the success of sales. The role of marketing and its influence on the success of the product was also presented. With the application of the test in the company, there were indications of statistically significant correlation of creativity with attributes but not conclusive success. So to make it possible to assert that successful products are also a creative it was necessary an collection of a bigger data. With a comprehensive database arising from the application of the test in companies B and C, it reached a statistically significant correlation in demonstrating that creative attributes so products are also successful. Importantly, the survey sample does not represent the industry as a whole, is characterized by companies involved in the research, therefore, can not be generalized.

A possibilidade de se medir ou avaliar a criatividade foi apresentada por Joy Guilford, na década de 1950, gerando uma grande quantidade de métodos que permitissem sua avaliação, sob diferentes pontos de vistas. Através da pesquisa, identificou-se uma lacuna referente ao uso de atributos intrínsecos, criatividade e a possível correlação com o sucesso. Desta forma, buscou-se, como objetivo geral, correlacionar a criatividade em atributos de forma e de função com o sucesso dos produtos no contexto de empresas desenvolvedoras de produtos de bem de consumo. A criatividade é analisada por meio de uma pesquisa experimental que avaliou a criatividade em atributos de forma e função em produtos provenientes de três empresas A, B e C situadas no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Esta pesquisa é parte do projeto desenvolvido pelo NDP (Núcleo de Desenvolvimento de Produtos) vinculado ao departamento de Design e Expressão Gráfica da Faculdade de Arquitetura da UFRGS. A abordagem foi feita inicialmente por uma introdução sobre temas como criatividade e principais termos relacionados a este assunto, buscando a elucidação do tema e formação de corpo teórico. A pesquisa bibliográfica abordou temas como fatores de sucesso e insucesso de produtos, formas de se medir a criatividade e por fim atributos de forma e função. Após o estudo sobre medidas de criatividade optou-se pelo teste adaptado de Christiaans (1992) que propõe julgar produtos utilizando um comitê de avaliação composto por 34 juízes, aplicando notas aos produtos selecionados e de acordo com atributos de forma e função. Os resultados obtidos por meio da coleta de dados apresentaram indícios de correlação entre criatividade em atributos de forma e função com o sucesso de faturamento. Também foi apresentada a atuação do marketing e sua influência no sucesso dos produtos. Com a aplicação do teste na empresa A, observaram-se indícios de correlação estatisticamente significante da criatividade em atributos com o sucesso porém não conclusiva. Assim para que fosse possível afirmar que produtos bem sucedidos também são criativos foi necessária uma coleta de dados maior. Com a base de dados completa advinda da aplicação do teste nas empresas B e C, chegou-se a uma correlação estatisticamente significante demonstrando que produtos com a criatividade em atributos de forma são também bem sucedidos. Cabe ressaltar que a amostra da pesquisa não representa a indústria como um todo, sendo caracterizada pelas empresas envolvidas na pesquisa, portanto, não pode ser generalizada. / The ability to measure or evaluate creativity was presented by Joy Guilford, in 1950, generating a lot of methods that allow their evaluation under different viewpoints. Through research, we identified a gap regarding the use of intrinsic attributes, creativity and the possible correlation with success. Thus, we sought as a general goal, to correlate the attributes of creativity in form and function to the success of products in the context of companies that develop products for consumer goods. Creativity is analyzed through an experimental study that evaluated the attributes of creativity in form and function with products from three companies A, B and C located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. This research is part of the project developed by the NDP (Núcleo de desenvolvimento de Produtos) linked to the Expression Graphic Design and the School of Architecture department of UFRGS. The approach was initially made by an introduction on topics such as creativity and key terms related to this subject, seeking to elucidate the subject and body of theory formation. The literature addressed topics such as success factors and failure of products, major ways to measure creativity and ultimately attributes of form and function. After the study on major measures of creativity it was decided to take the test from Christiaans (1992) which proposes that judging product using an evaluation committee composed of 34 judges, applying notes to selected products and according to attributes of form and function. The results obtained through the data collection showed evidence of correlation between creativity attributes of form and function with the success of sales. The role of marketing and its influence on the success of the product was also presented. With the application of the test in the company, there were indications of statistically significant correlation of creativity with attributes but not conclusive success. So to make it possible to assert that successful products are also a creative it was necessary an collection of a bigger data. With a comprehensive database arising from the application of the test in companies B and C, it reached a statistically significant correlation in demonstrating that creative attributes so products are also successful. Importantly, the survey sample does not represent the industry as a whole, is characterized by companies involved in the research, therefore, can not be generalized.

A possibilidade de se medir ou avaliar a criatividade foi apresentada por Joy Guilford, na década de 1950, gerando uma grande quantidade de métodos que permitissem sua avaliação, sob diferentes pontos de vistas. Através da pesquisa, identificou-se uma lacuna referente ao uso de atributos intrínsecos, criatividade e a possível correlação com o sucesso. Desta forma, buscou-se, como objetivo geral, correlacionar a criatividade em atributos de forma e de função com o sucesso dos produtos no contexto de empresas desenvolvedoras de produtos de bem de consumo. A criatividade é analisada por meio de uma pesquisa experimental que avaliou a criatividade em atributos de forma e função em produtos provenientes de três empresas A, B e C situadas no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Esta pesquisa é parte do projeto desenvolvido pelo NDP (Núcleo de Desenvolvimento de Produtos) vinculado ao departamento de Design e Expressão Gráfica da Faculdade de Arquitetura da UFRGS. A abordagem foi feita inicialmente por uma introdução sobre temas como criatividade e principais termos relacionados a este assunto, buscando a elucidação do tema e formação de corpo teórico. A pesquisa bibliográfica abordou temas como fatores de sucesso e insucesso de produtos, formas de se medir a criatividade e por fim atributos de forma e função. Após o estudo sobre medidas de criatividade optou-se pelo teste adaptado de Christiaans (1992) que propõe julgar produtos utilizando um comitê de avaliação composto por 34 juízes, aplicando notas aos produtos selecionados e de acordo com atributos de forma e função. Os resultados obtidos por meio da coleta de dados apresentaram indícios de correlação entre criatividade em atributos de forma e função com o sucesso de faturamento. Também foi apresentada a atuação do marketing e sua influência no sucesso dos produtos. Com a aplicação do teste na empresa A, observaram-se indícios de correlação estatisticamente significante da criatividade em atributos com o sucesso porém não conclusiva. Assim para que fosse possível afirmar que produtos bem sucedidos também são criativos foi necessária uma coleta de dados maior. Com a base de dados completa advinda da aplicação do teste nas empresas B e C, chegou-se a uma correlação estatisticamente significante demonstrando que produtos com a criatividade em atributos de forma são também bem sucedidos. Cabe ressaltar que a amostra da pesquisa não representa a indústria como um todo, sendo caracterizada pelas empresas envolvidas na pesquisa, portanto, não pode ser generalizada. / The ability to measure or evaluate creativity was presented by Joy Guilford, in 1950, generating a lot of methods that allow their evaluation under different viewpoints. Through research, we identified a gap regarding the use of intrinsic attributes, creativity and the possible correlation with success. Thus, we sought as a general goal, to correlate the attributes of creativity in form and function to the success of products in the context of companies that develop products for consumer goods. Creativity is analyzed through an experimental study that evaluated the attributes of creativity in form and function with products from three companies A, B and C located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. This research is part of the project developed by the NDP (Núcleo de desenvolvimento de Produtos) linked to the Expression Graphic Design and the School of Architecture department of UFRGS. The approach was initially made by an introduction on topics such as creativity and key terms related to this subject, seeking to elucidate the subject and body of theory formation. The literature addressed topics such as success factors and failure of products, major ways to measure creativity and ultimately attributes of form and function. After the study on major measures of creativity it was decided to take the test from Christiaans (1992) which proposes that judging product using an evaluation committee composed of 34 judges, applying notes to selected products and according to attributes of form and function. The results obtained through the data collection showed evidence of correlation between creativity attributes of form and function with the success of sales. The role of marketing and its influence on the success of the product was also presented. With the application of the test in the company, there were indications of statistically significant correlation of creativity with attributes but not conclusive success. So to make it possible to assert that successful products are also a creative it was necessary an collection of a bigger data. With a comprehensive database arising from the application of the test in companies B and C, it reached a statistically significant correlation in demonstrating that creative attributes so products are also successful. Importantly, the survey sample does not represent the industry as a whole, is characterized by companies involved in the research, therefore, can not be generalized.

The purpose of this thesis was to reflect on my experiences as an educator in a unique educational community of immense diversity. More specifically, the use of autobiographical narrative helped to focus my reflections on change efforts aimed at nurturing a supportive learning community. The narrative storytelling methodology was used, building on the belief that people are storytellers by nature and narratives stories are an effective way to organize and make sense of life experiences. Through storytelling, I identified experiences that impacted my personal and professional beliefs and practices. I considered two factors contributing to the significance of a story: emotional intensity and impact on learning. The expression of the stories was approached by examining what initiated the change effort, what change was made, and what effect or result occurred. The contribution of this thesis lies in the impact of the stories shared; stories have the power to draw people in and promote an emotional level of empathetic understanding and learning difficult to achieve by other means. The literature served two main purposes in this work: (a) enhanced my reflective analysis in the examination of critical considerations for implementing change, and (b) substantiated the stories. The literature provided the opportunity for further reflection on the change efforts in order to determine how to improve their implementation success, and to be better equipped to approach future change efforts in a more judicious and prudent manner. At the conclusion of the study, future considerations were outlined regarding: (a) upcoming changes, (b) implications for practices, (c) implications for society and (d) recommendations for further research.

The purpose of this thesis was to reflect on my experiences as an educator in a unique educational community of immense diversity. More specifically, the use of autobiographical narrative helped to focus my reflections on change efforts aimed at nurturing a supportive learning community. The narrative storytelling methodology was used, building on the belief that people are storytellers by nature and narratives stories are an effective way to organize and make sense of life experiences. Through storytelling, I identified experiences that impacted my personal and professional beliefs and practices. I considered two factors contributing to the significance of a story: emotional intensity and impact on learning. The expression of the stories was approached by examining what initiated the change effort, what change was made, and what effect or result occurred. The contribution of this thesis lies in the impact of the stories shared; stories have the power to draw people in and promote an emotional level of empathetic understanding and learning difficult to achieve by other means. The literature served two main purposes in this work: (a) enhanced my reflective analysis in the examination of critical considerations for implementing change, and (b) substantiated the stories. The literature provided the opportunity for further reflection on the change efforts in order to determine how to improve their implementation success, and to be better equipped to approach future change efforts in a more judicious and prudent manner. At the conclusion of the study, future considerations were outlined regarding: (a) upcoming changes, (b) implications for practices, (c) implications for society and (d) recommendations for further research.

This study aims to investigate Some English teachers’ beliefs concerning form and function in connection to their teaching. The investigation was carried out through qualitative in-depth interviews and classroom observations focusing on critical incidents. During the study, it became clear that all the participating teachers found that both form and function were important parts in their teaching of English as a second language (L2). Nevertheless it was interesting to notice that they had different ideas about which of the two concepts was the most important one when it comes to language learning. Some of the teachers emphasized the need to put stress on form, arguing that knowledge about form makes it possible for the learner to understand how the language is built, while some believed that too much focus on form might block the communicative competence and thus affect the function.

På Svenska Gymnastikförbundets begäran har detta projekt gjorts som ett koncept för dem att ha som utgångspunkt i diskussioner med såväl föreningar som politiker i frågan om gymnastikens behov av anpassade idrottsanläggningar. En användarstudie av gymnastiken, samt flera discipliner, har gjorts och stått som utgångspunkt för anläggningens utformning. Därtill har även en utvärdering av flertalet befintliga hallar som används för gymnastik gjorts för att motivera beslut gällande anpassningar som lyfter anläggningens utförande i jämförelse. Arbetet kommer ge en skriftlig rapport och en digital modell av anläggningen. Modellen presenteras i form av ritningar och visualiseringar. / This project is based on a request from the Swedish federation of gymnastics to create a concept for a customized training facility that could be used as a reference in discussions with gymnastics associations and politicians. A user study of the gymnastic disciplines has been done and thereafter used to motivate the formation of the facility. An evaluation of existing facilities will set the base of what the new facility should contain and also have to improve. The work has led to a report and a digital model of the facility. The model is presented as architectural drawings and visualizations.

Evolutionary novelty, the origin of new characters such as the turtle shell or the flower, is a fundamental problem for an evolutionary view of life. Accordingly, it is a central research topic in contemporary biology involving input from several biological disciplines and explanations at several levels of organization. As such it raises questions relative to scientific collaboration and multi-level explanations. Novelty is also involved in theoretical debates in evolutionary biology. It has been appropriated by evo-devo, a scientific synthesis linking research on evolution and development. Thanks to its focus on development, evo-devo claims to explain the mechanistic origin of novelties as new forms, while the Modern Synthesis can only provide statistical explanation of evolutionary change. The origin of an evolutionary novelty is a historical emergence of a new character involving form and function. I focus on three neglected dimensions of the problem of novelty, the functional-historical approach to the problem, research on novelty in the Modern Synthesis era and novelty in plants. I compare the evo-devo approach to novelty to a functional-historical approach of novelty. I focus on its origin in Darwin and its presence in the Modern Synthesis. The comparison of the two approaches reveals distance between conceptual frameworks and proximity in explanatory practices. This is partly related to unwarranted conceptual opposition. In particular, I list several ways of distinguishing novelty and adaptation, some of which are not conceptually sound. I then focus on the relation between novelty and adaptation in the Modern Synthesis era, and on the relation of novelty to other fundamental biological problems (speciation, origin of higher taxa, complexity). Pushing this approach further, I challenge the view that the Modern Synthesis excluded development and reached a hardened consensus. Finally, I analyse how Günter Wagner's developmental theory of novelty applies to novelties in plant.

The main aim of this paper was to identify the form and function of questions used by the three female and three male characters in the sitcom Friends, in order to see whether there were any gender differences in the use of questions. Another aim was to see whether gender roles remain static over time in the series, from 1994 to 2004. Four episodes in total were used, two episodes from the first season and two from the last. The results clearly showed that the male characters asked more questions than the female characters which was the opposite of what research suggested. Out of the four main functions of questions (external questions, talk-questions, relational questions and expressive style questions), the male characters used the external and expressive style the most. This reflects what research says about men using questions more to show power and domination in conversations. Talk and relational questions were used more by the female characters, which agrees with previous research which shows that women use questions as a conversational tool more often than men. Over the ten-year period studied, there were no striking differences between the female and male characters when it came to the form of questions used. To sum up, the results turned out to agree to a great extent with previous research and the scripted dialogues seem to reflect authentic conversations surprisingly well. / Syftet med detta arbete var att identifiera olika typer och funktioner av frågor som används av de tre kvinnliga och de tre manliga karaktärerna i den amerikanska TV-serien Friends, för att se om det fanns genusskillnader i användandet av frågor. Det andra syftet var att se om könsrollerna är statiska över tid i serien, från 1994 till 2004. Fyra avsnitt totalt har använts, två avsnitt från den första säsongen och två från den sista. Resultatet från denna studie visade att de manliga karaktärerna ställde fler frågor än de kvinnliga karaktärerna vilket var motsatsen till vad tidigare forskning påvisat. Av de fyra huvudtyperna av frågor (externa frågor, talfrågor, relationella frågor och uttrycksfrågor), så använde sig de manliga karaktärerna mest av de externa frågorna och uttrycksfrågorna. Detta speglar vad forskning säger om att män använder frågor för att visa makt och dominans i konversationer. Talfrågorna och de relationella frågorna, som användes mest av de kvinnliga karaktärerna, speglar också tidigare forskning då kvinnor använder frågor som ett verktyg i konversation mer än män. Över decenniet fanns det inga slående skillnader mellan de manliga och kvinnliga karaktärerna när man tittar på vilken form av frågor som användes. Sammanfattningsvis visade sig resultaten överensstämma i hög grad med tidigare forskning och de nedskrivna dialogerna verkar spegla autentiska konversationer överraskande väl.