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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Vekst av BaSnO med Pulset Laser Deponering / Growth of BaSnO with Pulsed Laser Deposition

Valset, Kjetil January 2007 (has links)
I denne Masteroppgaven ble det dannet filmer av BaSnO på substrat av STO og Nb:STO. Filmene ble grodd i serier der parametrene som ble endret var laserfrekvens, lasereffekt(ved 2Hz og 10Hz)og temperaturen til substratet(ved 2Hz og 10Hz). Tykkelsen til de fleste filmene som ble deponert var mellom 200nm-350nm. For substrattemperaturer mellom 500°C-700°C ble det dannet filmer i hva som sannsynligvis er Ruddlesden Popper serien med en maksimal n kalkulert til å være 169 basert på satellittopper funnet i θ-2θ målinger. For filmer med substrattemperaturer i dette området ble det funnet en lineær sammenheng mellom deponeringsraten i Å per sekund og n i Ruddlesden Popper serien. Det ble funnet at den laveste temperaturen som en krystallinsk film kan bli dannet på minker når laserfrekvensen reduseres. Ved en laserfrekvens på 2Hz ble det dannet krystallinske filmer ned mot substrattemperaturer på 450°C. Ingen filmer ble forsøkt dannet under denne temperaturen og 450°C danner derfor ikke ingen nedre grense for vekst av krystallinske filmer av BaSnO. XPS målinger av filmene i laserfrekvensserien viser et fallende Ba/Sn forhold når høyden på lagene i filmene øker, i samsvar med hva man forventer i Ruddlesden Popper serien. Det ble også foretatt SIMS målinger av 3 filmer i laserfrekvensserien som avslørte at forholdet mellom Ba og Sn er stabilt igjennom hele filmen. SIMS målingene avslørte også Strontium forurensninger i ildematerialet og i filmene. For filmer med substrattemperaturer rundt 780°C ble satellittoppene svakere, muligens på grunn av en overgang fra 2D vekst til 3D vekst. Når laserenergien ved denne temperaturen ble senket ble det dannet filmer av hva som mest sannsynlig er 113 fasen til BaSnO. Det ble foretatt lekkasjestrømmålinger av en film i Ruddlesden Popper serien og lekkasjestrømmer på 1 A/ ble funnet. Det ble også foretatt annealing ved 400°C og 800°C på en av filmene. Dette reduserte intensiteten til satellittoppene i θ-2θ målingene litt da Ruddlesden Popper enhetscellene da går fra å stå ut av planet til å ligge i planet på filmen.
42

Tynnfilmepitaksi ved pulset laserdeponering av SrRuO3 : En vekstparameterstudie / Thinfilm Epitaxy of SrRuO3 by Pulsed Laser Deposition : A study of growth parameters

Grepstad, Jon Olav January 2007 (has links)
Tynnfilmepitaksi ved pulset laserdeponering av SrRuO3 på TiO2-terminert (001)-orientert SrTiO3-substrat, er i dette arbeidet undersøkt over et stort spekter av deponeringssystemets vekstparametere. Veksten er overvåket ved in situ målinger med elektronstrålediffraksjon (RHEED). Det er vist at tilnærmet perfekt epitaksi er mulig i flere begrensede områder i parameterrommet, der reproduserbarhet hovedsakelig er begrenset av parameterne trykk og temperatur. Resultatene antyder at dette har sammenheng med at kravet til nøyaktig reprodusering av ablasjonsforhold vil variere avhengig av hvor, i spekteret av trykk og temperatur, veksten foregår. Arbeidet omfatter også en undersøkelse av instrumentering. Optimalisering av temperaturmålinger med pyrometer, limeprosedyre og innstilling av laserenergitetthet på target er gjort. Resultater fra denne undersøkelsen viser at deponeringstemperaturen er reproduserbar med ±13 °C og at laserenergi-tettheten på target er usikker. En rekke tiltak som kan minimere usikkerheten i laserenergitettheten er gjennomgått.
43

Modelling of multimode and layer structure by transfermatrices

Sveinsson, Helge Mjølhus January 2010 (has links)
Modelling of multimode and layer structure by transfermatrices
44

Tuneable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy with Optical Fiber : Noise Analysis and Noise Reduction

Dang, Dung Do January 2006 (has links)
A prototype of a fiber based absorptionspectroscopy instrument is built. A single mode fiber pigtailDistributed Feedback laser (DFB) is used to scan a known$mbox{NH}_3$ absorption line near $1512nm$ ($6614cm^{-1}$). $2mm$diameter InGaAs PIN photodiodes are used to convert the light signalto electrical signals by use of special designed transimpedanceamplifiers. Laser modulation, coherent detection at twice themodulation frequency (second harmonic detection), other electronics,and digital signal processing are provided by Norsk Elektrooptikk.bigskip The DFB laser from NEL (NLK1S5EAAA) delivers 10mW fiberoutput and has maximum output around 30mW at maximum injectioncurrent of 200mA. This laser was found to be very quiet at dcoperation. However, in wavelength modulation spectroscopy operationit exhibit large modulation noise that was found to stem from thefiber coupling inside the laser module. A detection limit of$6times10^{-5}$ to $1times10^{-4}$ in absorbance unit with 0.712moptical path length and an effective measurement bandwidth of 52Hzwas achieved by this laser. This is significantly above thedetection limit with free air lasers which achieve $3times10^{-6}$relative absorbance (0.15ppm $mbox{NH}_3$ at room temperature andatmospheric pressure). The acquisition time for each concentrationmeasurement takes 3.2s. Hence, the response time is very fast whichis a common property of wavelength modulation spectroscopy.bigskip The modulation noise problem was attacked by an electronicnoise cancellation scheme. The idea was that since the noise sourceis inside the laser module and no external optical component can beused to reduce it. With great linearity and reliability propertiesof fused biconical taper (FBT) couplers the laser beam is split intotwo identical beams with nearly equal amount of the same noise. Onebeam, signal beam, is used to induce second harmonic signals in thegaseous path. The other beam goes directly to an identicalphotodetector and is used as a reference signal. Two specialdesigned noise canceller circuits were built to remove commonsignals. Both the circuits, based on current subtraction (notoptimized) or voltage subtraction, give comparable results. Themodulation noise was reduced by more than 12dB. A detection limit of$5times10^{-6}$ was achieved with this prototype. Even aftertransmitting the laser beam through a 3200 meter single mode fiber asignal to noise ratio (relative to 100ppm signal) of $180times$.Hence, a sensitivity is $1.1times10^{-5}$ in absorbance unit wasachieved with the basic noise canceller (not optimized). Thiscorresponds to a detection limit of 0.55ppm ammonia (12.5ppm withoutcancellation). The optimized noise canceller could reduce this by afactor of 3 or more.bigskipThe basic noise canceller based on current domain subtraction wasinvestigated in detail and optimized. This new circuit suppressedthe intensity modulation signal by more than 70dB. The 2f noise wasreduced to approximately 50ppb or $1.1times10^{-6}$ in absorbanceunit with an effective noise bandwidth of 52.3Hz and 1m optical pathlength. This is a record sensitivity with such simple electronics.The sensitivity of our fiber based prototype is limited by thefluctuating etalon fringing in the signal beam. Under normaloperation the prototype achieves approximately $pm20$ppb zero pointdrift in the concentration with an acquisition time of 48s (3.5Hznoise bandwidth). By our knowledge these results are the bestavailable and are competitive with the much more complex frequencymodulation spectroscopy technique.bigskipThese balanced transimpedance amplifiers also have the ability tomeasure the absorption spectra directly without modulation.Determining the absorption linewidth and its shape is now a straightforward task. By use of dual beam configuration and noisecancellation thermal effects that caused background fluctuationswere greatly suppressed. The laser delivers high intensity light,$sim22mW$. The dominating noise is the photocurrent shot noise andthe etalon fringing from optical components in the signal path.Remote sensing, in-situ, noninvasive measurements can be performedwith this instrument. In some cases it's flexibility, and remotesensing possibility are of great attractiveness for the industry.The sensitivity is also improved by a factor of two with the fiberbased tuneable diode laser absorption spectroscopy instrument.bigskipIn the end of this thesis we demonstrate the ability to measuremultiple absorption lines simultaneously. The number of measurementpaths is limited by the laser output power.
45

Quantum key distribution prototype

Tvedt, Ole Christian January 2010 (has links)
This thesis covers the basics of cryptography, both classical and the newer quantum-basedapproches. Further, it details an implementation of a BB84-based quantum key distributionsystem currently under construction, focusing on the controlling hardware and FPGA-basedsoftware. The overarching goal is to create a system impervious to currently known attackson such systems. The system is currently running at 100 Mbit/s, though the goal is to double this asthe design nears its completion. The system currently chooses encoding base, bit value andwhether a state is a socalled decoy state. However, the modulator for bit encoding is notyet operational. Output for decoy state generation, however, is fully functional. Finally, the thesis describes what steps are necessary to reach a complete BB84-basedquantum key distribution system implementing decoy states.

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