This research will discuss the effects of framing promotion messages to different price level products. Consumers will perceive the difference of significance of savings, and the different perceptions of retailer¡¦s tactics in price promotion: inflating the regular price before a promotion and a permanent price reduction. If it has differences on promote effects and purchase intentions when using the different promotion type. Finally, this research uses price consciousness to make deep investigation. To understand if consumers with different price consciousness have different perceptions on the subject of the effects of framing price promotion messages. In this research, we find that for the high-price product, consumers perceive a price reduction framed in dollar terms as more significant of savings than in percentage terms. For the low-price product, consumers perceive a price reduction framed in percentage terms as more significant of savings than in dollar terms. But the effects of framing price promotion messages have no significant effect on consumer¡¦s perception of whether retailers use tactics or not. It is no significant effects of promotion type ( coupon v.s discount ) on the perceived significance of the savings. Consumers consider that the lower likelihood of retailer¡¦s tactics using in coupon promotions. In purchase intentions, consumers are more likely to purchase in coupon promotions than in discount promotions. It is no significant difference on different price consciousness consumer to the subject of the effects of framing price promotion messages. We can¡¦t find that whether it has relationship between price consciousness and the effects of framing price promotion messages.

Internet has become a new form of mass media since its commercialization in early 1990¡¦s. While the transaction platform moves from bricks-and-motar to Internet, potential factors that influence consumers¡¦ purchase decisions changed. Because they cannot touch the product and interact with sales person, Internet buyers can only make decisions based on information presented on web pages. Under this circumstance, how the presentation of information such as advertisement and product description influence consumers¡¦ buying decision is an important issue. When the information is presented in different ways, people might make biased decisions. This study conducts four laboratory experiments which aim to investigate two decision biases in e-commerce context: framing effect and ancoring effect. The first two experiments focus on the framing effect and the last two experiments focus on the anchoring effect. Framing effect refers to the situation in which people¡¦s buying intention is influenced by different framing messages. Anchoring effect center on the situation in which people¡¦s price estimates are influenced by different anchor points presented in web pages. Three different kinds of framing messages which are formed by combining the attribute framing, goal framing and risky choice framing message and positive and negative presentation are considered in the first two experiments. Moreover, the subjects were assigned into two groups in different level of intrinsic self-relevence to understand whether it plays the moderating role in framing effect. In anchoring effect, in addition to the influence of high and low anchor points on subjects¡¦ price estimates, we also consider the moderating role of the operation of anchor points (one-way/two way), the reinforcement of anchor points (normal/intensified), and the relevancy between anchor and target (relevant/unrelevant). The results indicated that attribute framing effect is stable and is not influenced by subjects¡¦ level of intrinsic self-relevance, whereas the occurrence of goal framing effect and risky choice framing effect depends on the participants¡¦ level of intrinsic self-relevance. For subjects low in intrinsic self-relevance are more influenced by framing message and thus results in different buying intention or choices than those high in intrinsic self-relevance. This study also test and verify the robustness of anchoring effect. Estimaes made by participants in high and low anchor conditions is significantly different no matter the anchor is manipulated in one-way or two-way. In addition, the result of anchoring experiment supports the argument that the relevancy between anchor and target is important for the occurrence of anchoring effect. The moderating effect of anchor reinceforcement depends on the anchor was operated in one-way or two way condition. Anchoring effect is stable despite that the anchor is manipulated in normal or intensified condition when the anchor is manipulated in two-way. On the other hand, when the anchoring effect is manipulated in one-way condition, the anchor reinceforcement plays the role the moderator. Anchoring effect can be observed only when the anchor point is reinforced by appearing for three times. This study serves as a foundation for future study in e-commerce area. The procedures and experimental designs in this study can be either replicated or modified with a different sample to gather further evidence for the results discovered. Further, it can benefit practitioners in improving the design of e-commerce interfaces in real world applications.

Social research specifically aimed at evaluating the efficacy of coastal zone management programs at the parish (county) level in building local capacities has been meager in academic literatures and absent from Louisiana Department of Natural Resources evaluative reports. This study addresses this deficiency by examining the effectiveness of Louisiana's Local Coastal Program (LCP) in building local coastal zone management capacity. Using levels of LCP development as a proxy for capacity-building, the study examines the influence of: 1) aggregate level social and demographic characteristics, 2) structural differences, and 3) different types of issue framing (i.e. "regulator" framing versus "regulated" framing). A multiple case design, using survey, interview, observation, and archival methods of data collection, produces two multi-layered data sets - one at the parish level (nineteen Coastal Zone parishes) and the other at the individual level (a target population of parish officials, CZM administrators and advisory panel members). Patterns in findings from quantitative and qualitative analysis are matched to rival theories, namely, resource mobilization theory and social construction theory. The analyses show that parishes with LCPs have a much stronger presence of "regulator" framing than do parishes without LCPs. The "regulator" frame is particularly strong among LCP/CZM advisory panel members, while agreement with regulator frames is lowest among parish council or police jury members. Coastal hazards vulnerability is highly salient to parishes both with and without LCPs, but the translation of hazard impacts to economic vulnerabilities, such as infrastructure damage, property loss and business interruption, is far weaker for non-LCP parishes. Themes prevalent in the data include contentions over wetland mitigation issues, disjunctions between the restorative and regulatory arm of LADNR, and disparate perceptions between non-LCP parishes and LCP parishes concerning the benefits of a parish LCP over developmental and maintenance costs. Overall findings indicate that while resource mobilization is necessary to programmatic participation and the building of capacity, social construction theory can explain the differences between respondent agreement with the regulator frame, and thus the presence of institutional capacity.

The debate about how to frame health messages to maximize their effectiveness is ongoing. Research supports the use of both positive and negative frames under different conditions. This project was developed to further clarify the circumstances under which a negative frame may be harmful, or even backfire. In Study 1 it was proposed that past drinking behavior would moderate the relationship between message frame and behavioral intention to drink alcohol in the future such that people with a heavy drinking past would react to a negatively framed message by increasing their intention to consume alcohol. A total of 212 students participated in the study where they completed a questionnaire to provide information on some of the key variables, such as drinking history, and then were asked to read mock health materials with either a positive or negative frame. They concluded the study by responding to a final questionnaire where they provided feedback on the health materials and indicated their intentions to drink in the future. Results of this study supported the hypothesis. The goals of Study 2 were to replicate the findings of Study 1 and to test the hypothesis that self-esteem would be a second-order moderator of this effect such that people with a heavy drinking past and high self-esteem would be most likely to respond to a negatively framed message by increasing their intention to drink alcohol in the future. A total of 490 students participated in the study, which followed the same procedure as the first study. Results of Study 2 failed to replicate the findings from Study 1, and indicated that self-esteem did influence the relationship between past behavior, message frame and behavioral intention but not in the proposed direction. The marginally-significant effect found in Study 2 suggested that heavy drinkers with high self-esteem were actually more likely to decrease their intentions to drink alcohol after reading a negatively framed message. Because of the inconsistency in the results of the two studies presented, proposed directions for future research are discussed.

The present study aimed to apply the framing effects in prospect theory to examine college students¡¦ risk tendencies under the context of educational marketing. Prospect theory proposes that framing effects result in a preference for risk-averse choices in gain situations and risk-seeking choices in loss situations. Frame in this research was treated as a between-subjects factor. Participants were randomly assigned to either the gain or loss condition with the counter-balanced method. The decision tasks consisted of four domains of marketing mix, i.e., product, price, place, and promotion. The results showed that participants¡¦ risk tendencies were in accordance with the predictions from the perspective of framing effects. Reference points were employed by participants to determine gain or loss framing. Specifically, risk-averse tendencies were more prominent in gain situations than those in loss situations, whereas risk-seeking tendencies were more pronounced in loss situations than those in gain situations. Hence, in order to produce desirable outcomes of marketing mix in educational marketing, marketers in higher education should take the influences of reference point and framing effects on decision-making into consideration.

<p>Abstract</p><p>The opinions about the European Union vary considerably between the member states. There are likely several reasons of this, the following study examines one that ought to play a major role. This study examines the idea that media affects the public opinion. According to the theory of Framing media can not only tell us what to think about, media also has the power to influence how we think about the matter. “Framing: Toward Clarification of a fractured paradigm” by Robert M. Entman works as a main influence of this study. Entman suggests that frames promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation for the item described.</p><p>The aim of the study is to analyse how the European Union is depicted in German and Austrian newspapers. To find underlying frames in the chosen 114 articles, a comparative qualitative textanalysis has been used. The four, by Entman suggested, items that compose frames were searched, analysed and compared. The result concludes that different frames occur in German and Austrian newspapers. The various EU-opinions in the two countries could with other words partly be due to different kinds of media reports.</p><p>Nyckelord: Framing, EU, media, allmänna opinionen, medias effekt</p>

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Lehigh University, 2003. / Includes vita. In two parts. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 598-603).

Denna studie syftar till att undersöka hur gestaltningen kring nätaktivistgruppen Anonymous rapporterades kring i Dagens Nyheter, The New York Times, och The Guardian mellan 2008-01-16 och 2015-03-30. Studien bygger främst på en kvantitativ innehållsanalys men har även en mindre kvalitativ del där en exempeltext från varje tidning har analyserats. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur medier rapporterar kring, och gestaltar grupper som saknar traditionell hierarki. De frågeställningar som besvaras är följande: Hur tenderar artiklarna att gestaltas i form av språk och valens, och skiljer det sig mellan tidningarna? Vilka källor och aktörer tas med i artiklarna? Är artiklarna skrivna av egna reportrar eller externa nyhetsbyråer och skiljer det sig något mellan tidningarna? Studien utgår från den sociala konstruktionsteorin som Stuart Hall definierade den. Samt framingteorin med definitioner av Erving Goffman och Robert Entman. Den senare i samband med förklaringarna av Jostein Gripsrud, Stuart Hall, Martin Conboy, och Adam Shehata. I motsats till författarnas förförståelse visade studien att artiklarna var neutralt gestaltade. Språkbruket var likväl neutralt. Anonymous i koppling med andra var vanligast både som källa och aktör. Både The Guardian och Dagens Nyheter var neutrala i sina val av frames, men The New York Times var negativ i majoriteten av artiklarna. Nästan samtliga artiklar var helt eller delvis skrivna av en namngiven skribent, vilket tolkades som att de var skrivna av tidningarnas egna reportrar. Tidigare forskning pekar på att Anonymous aktiviteter går att klassa som civil olydnad, men studien visar att de tre utvalda tidningarna inte nödvändigtvis gestaltar dem på det sättet.

This thesis asks the question: how do organisational activities become valuable? This is one of the most central questions in organisational life. Members and students of organisations devote a great deal of time pondering what activities and strategies organisations should pursue. They tackle practical questions such as what performance measures and standards to use in the evaluation of people and activities, which products to bring to market, and how to define a valuable balance sheet. The thesis investigates how organisations deal with such questions, and how organisational activities become valuable in practice. The question of how organisational activities become valuable is addressed using a three-part longitudinal case study in a listed multinational manufacturing company. In particular, the study traces the multiple and changing valuations of three central organisational activities: corporate strategy, product development and production. Drawing on recent work within the technological turn in economic sociology, the analysis uses the concept of framing to explain how calculative agencies emerge and valuations change. It is argued that this conceptualisation of how organisational activities become valuable has implications for established theoretical understandings of the relationship between accounting, control and value in the social studies of accounting. The thesis argues for an alternative understanding of how economic calculations are performed and control is exercised in practice. In particular, it proposes an approach for how to make questions of value the focus of analysis in accounting research, without taking the vantage point of any implied centre. / <p>Diss. Stockholm :  Stockholm School of Economics, 2015</p>

Individuals often get asked: So what do you do? This question can be challenging for those in less traditional work settings, such as stay-at-home-moms and the self-employed. To help women better understand the range of possible responses, this study explores how women in Public Relations respond to identity questions that involve both their work and personal lives. I begin by situating the study within relevant literature on entrepreneurship, female business owners, the history of women in the workplace, work/life issues, Public Relations, the use of language to construct work identity, and structuration theory. I conducted one-on-one qualitative interviews as my methodology. Next, I discuss how my research questions led to a variety of often paradoxical findings including: (a) business owners who perceive mothering as their primary role; (b) the development of the "unplanned organization;" (c) business ownership as a phenomenon that seemingly offers more opportunities, but also constrains people in unexpected ways; (d) the emergence of nontraditional work arrangements, which continue to experience some resistance; (e) the idea that advisers can be peers or colleagues; (f) new labels, such as virtual work and virtual agency, that describe individuals' roles but raise lingering questions about societal perceptions of work; (g) how framing and sensemaking can offer women tools to account for the discontinuities in their narratives.