Master of Science / Department of Journalism and Mass Communications / Angela Powers / The country of Myanmar started political reforms in 2010. Along with the process of becoming more democratic, peace and reconciliation have become very important due to the decades-long civil wars that continue to rage between ethnic minority groups and Myanmar Army. The Myanmar media have the potential to play a huge role in national reconciliation. One conflict between the Muslim and the Buddhist of Rakhine State of Myanmar has gained international attention. Research shows that media play a destructive or constructive role in conflict resolution depending on which news frames they adopt in reporting. This uses the theoretic peace journalism perspective, in which media take a careful, consistent and conscientious approach to report stories that create opportunities for society at large and emphasizes non-violent responses to conflict (Lynch, 2008). Using mass media framing theory and existing peace journalism literature, this study investigates the prominence of war and peace journalism framing in the media coverage of an ongoing conflict in the Northern Rakhine State of Myanmar between a group of Muslims and Buddhists who inhabit the region. This study employed a comparative analysis to examine war and peace journalism frames from stories published in four newspapers; two from Myanmar, one from Bangladesh, and one from the U.S. The analysis was guided by Galtung’s (1986) classifications of peace and war journalism and operational definitions derived by Lee and Maslog (2005). Findings suggest that war journalism frames are dominant in the coverage of the Rakhine conflict regardless of media origin. Even though not statistically significant, the government-run newspaper from Myanmar was revealed to produce more peace journalism stories than the other three newspapers. There was a slight difference in coverage of the conflict between English-language and Burmese-language newspapers in terms of peace/war journalism framing. English news stories were more likely to be framed as war journalism than peace journalism. In addition, news stories produced by U.S. journalists and foreign news wire services such as the Associated Press and Reuters were more war-dominant than stories produced by local/regional journalists of Myanmar and Bangladesh. This study calls for international and local journalists to reevaluate their current conflict reporting practices to promote their positive roles in peace processes.

Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur diskursen kring Donald Trumps uttalande om Sverige ser ut i svenska tidningar. Frågeställningar: Hur ser diskursen kring Donald Trumps uttalande om Sverige ut i svenska tidningar? Hur används språket för att skapa mening i rapporteringen kring uttalandet? På vilket sätt skildras de teman som framkommer i rapporteringen kring uttalandet? Hur framställs de personer som kommer till tals i rapporteringen kring uttalandet? Metod och material: Metoden som används i denna studie är kritisk diskursanalys. Materialet består av tio tidningsartiklar. Resultat: Studien visar att diskursen kring Donald Trumps Sverigeuttalande innefattar fyra olika teman eller ramar. Studien visar också att språket spelar en avgörande roll i utformningen av ett ämne och hur det förmedlas till läsarna, och att personer som förekommer i rapporteringen både formar och formas av diskursen

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This study is concerned with understanding the impact of message framing in influencing choice within the sustainable consumption domain. Over-consumption has been proven to be a main cause of environmental degradation, and a shift to sustainable consumption practices is needed. Yet research has found that despite knowledge of environmental issues, and a supportive attitude, pro-environmental behaviour amongst consumers is lacking, with a key influence being the lack of personal utility found in the pro-environmental choice. This study attempts to contribute to narrowing the knowledge attitude practice gap in this domain, by using message framing to isolate the personal utility available in a sustainable choice, thereby influencing a pro-environmental outcome.A study was conducted to determine the main and interaction effects of various salient message frames (reference dependence, loss aversion and time sensitivity) on behavioural intention within sustainable consumption context. Environmental attitude was also tested to ascertain the interaction effect of this variable with the other independent variables and the resultant impact on the choice made. Variables were manipulated in a 2x2x2 factorial design. Results yielded the hypothesised significance of main effects for time sensitivity, but not for reference dependence or loss aversion. In addition no three way interaction for reference dependence by loss aversion by time sensitivity was found. No interaction was found between message frame and environmental attitude. Implications for social marketers engaged in the promotion of pro-environmental behaviours are discussed. Copyright / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

A frame can be understood to act as something both complementary and even intrinsic to the work it houses. But the frame also acts as more than just a physical object. It serves as a guiding principle, perhaps even a controlling device, in the sense that it provides a context for the work as well as informing the way in which a work is read. Acting with the image it surrounds, it links the artwork to the surrounding space as well as the viewer. In this study, I explore these various functions and effects by providing an overview of framing devices that have been used by artists in the West as well as referring to guiding principles that some museums in South Africa have used when making choices about the ways in which they frame works in their collections. This examination provides a context for my paintings. Based on photographs of the walls of various small galleries in the Eastern Cape, my works take as their subject the notion of the ‘frame’ as both a physical object and the marker of a historically contextualized viewpoint.

This essay is about the issues between minorities and the media in the present day, with a focus on the conflicts in northern Sweden involving the Sami-people. This essay uses quantitative content analysis to examine news articles published between 2002 and 2016 to investigate changes in how the Sami minority is depicted in local media. This topic is influenced due to the Culture Capital event of 2014 that took place in the city of Umeå, located in northern Sweden. The event involved a lot of Sami culture, tradition and performances which might have had an effect on the type of news that local newspapers published. The results show that articles that involve news about conflicts, discrimination and other negative attributes have lowered throughout the years since 2002. The biggest change can however be seen in the period after 2009 where the negative articles lowered to a much higher degree than the years before. This essay has found a possible correlation between the event and media portrayal in local newspapers.

Mainstream media use “the protest paradigm” in framing social movements. The protest paradigm frames protests negatively by marginalizing protesters, trivializing their demands, focusing more on violent and dramatic issues instead of trying to establish a rational discussion around the reasons behind the protests and by neglecting the existence of their presence by simply not covering the protests at all. . The main function of a social movement is to challenge the status quo, while a main function of the mainstream media is arguably to contribute to the governance of society and the maintenance of public order; in a sense, to maintain the status quo. Thus, a main reason behind the consistent usage of the protest paradigm in covering protests is the conflict between social movements and mainstream media in society. But is it easier for mainstream Canadian media to challenge the status quo abroad than at home? Are Canadian media more reliant on the protest paradigm for covering global protest than local ones? Grounded in the theory of Media Framing, particularly the works of Entman (1993) this thesis compares the framing strategy that various Canadian media outlets applied while covering the 2011 Egyptian Uprising and the Occupy Toronto Movement. Empirical data collected by conducting deductive content analysis is applied to the coverage of the Toronto Edition of the Toronto Star, The Global and Mail and The Toronto Sun during the 18 days of the Egyptian uprising in January and February 2011 and the 42 days of Occupy Toronto from October 14th till November 24th, 2011 . The main argument of this thesis is that the Canadian media did not follow consist framing strategy in covering the two protests’ activities. The literature of the protest and media only focus on the notion of challenging the status quo without taking into consideration the factor of the location of the protests. Consequently, this paper is trying to add the location factor to the literature by trying to discover if the Canadian media is taking the same position from social movements that challenge the status quo regardless of where it is taking place or not.

The aim with this essay is to examine how two Swedish newspapers, Aftonbladet and Dagens Nyheter, have framed Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton during the US presidential election in 2016. The goal with this essay is to contribute to research on how politicians are described in the news media and how politicians’ gender affect this description. The research questions are as follows:  1. How did the Swedish newspapers Aftonbladet and Dagens Nyheter frame Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton during US presidential election in 2016? 2. What similarities and differences can be seen between the two candidates, in how they were framed? 3. Were there any similarities and differences between the two newspapers, in how they framed the candidates?    In order to answer the research questions, we conducted a quantitative content analysis, in which we analyzed 160 news articles. The articles were published between February first and November eighth in 2016. Through, first, a strategic, and then, a systematic selection 80 articles for each candidate were selected. For the survey three theoretical fields were chosen; framing theory, media logic (focusing on personalization) and gender theory. The quantitative content analysis coding scheme is based on these theories.   The results show that game and strategy framing was the most prevalent form of framing in both newspapers, about half of all the articles were framed as game and strategy. The most common topic of the articles was “the election, opinion polls and media”. The result also showed that Trump often was termed as evil, as a loser, and the articles were often negatively angled towards him. Clinton was more often termed as good, as a winner and the articles were more positive towards her. However, Trump got the most attention in both papers. The survey also shows a higher degree of personalization against Clinton and she weren’t quoted in the articles as much as Trump. No major differences were seen between the newspapers in their use of frames and the degree of personalization.

This thesis describes how parties at different levels of commitment frame climate change. The aim of the study is to describe framings of climate change on an international level, with the purpose of furthering our understanding of whether and how framings of climate change differ between parties at different levels of commitment to the international climate change regime. A framing analysis is conducted, examining how climate change is framed by 84 parties at the high-level segment of COP 23. It is concluded that a clear majority of the analysed parties frame climate change in terms of technology and justice. Only parties with medium or higher level of commitment frame climate change solely in terms of technology. The portrayal of actors varied between the parties. Historical emissions and the responsibility of developed countries were emphasized to a greater extent by developing country parties with a medium or lower level of commitment. In contrast to what could be expected based on realist theories, not all developed country parties solely emphasized current emissions. A majority of the analysed statements from developed country parties included a framing of climate change in terms of climate justice and thus historical emissions as well. The results imply a coherent underlying understanding and acceptance climate change as a technical issue. However, there is no coherent perception of fairness, allowing all parties to be able to claim that they are doing their part to contribute to the international mitigation efforts in spite of differing levels of commitment.

This study examined how Trump frames various countries and their leaders and whether the framing changes from different factors. It also observed whether foreign leaders were following the same path as Trump in their diplomatic communication and interaction on Twitter. This was to contribute more knowledge that connects global politics with social media to see if changes of frames through Twitter caused any global political consequences. Theories including realist constructivism and framing theory, along with concepts of social norms, political context, events, and enemy images, were applied to the study. Using directed content analysis, together with longitudinal and comparative elements, the findings showed a separation between Trump’s and the other leaders’ tweets. Almost all tweets were connected to the concepts, and various techniques of framing were identified in tweets from most leaders. However, Trump’s informal,disdain, and dramatics in his tweets have distanced himself from the rest of the leaders’ posts. Although a couple of leaders’ attempt to be hostile towards Trump and the U.S. in their tweets, they were still formal. It shows that not only is Trump’s Twiplomacy a reflection of American superpower forcefulness, but also a unique form that the rest choose to ignore.