Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Bonn.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Greifswald.

Thesis (doctoral)--Philipp-Universität zu Marburg.

Agritourism is increasingly prevalent in Canadian society and affords individuals the opportunity to experience and learn about agriculture. Social networking sites can allow agritourism providers and consumers to engage outside of the agritourism context. This research used qualitative and quantitative content analysis and semi-structured interviews to understand how agritourism providers and consumers interact on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram; why agritourism providers are using social networking sites in general; and if social networking sites can be used to facilitate free-choice learning. Customer Relationship Management and the Contextual Model of Learning were used as frameworks to better understand these interactions. The results and findings are discussed and confirm that agritourism providers believe educational opportunities can be fostered on social networking sites, but are primarily using Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram to promote connections between consumers and agritourism organizations. / October 2016

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of free-choice intake of sodium bentonite and sodium bicarbonate on physiological and production parameters. Eight Jerseys and seventeen Holsteins (four fistulated) were randomly assigned to two groups to equalize stage of lactation, age and production history. Two diets were fed: diet 1 without added sodium bicarbonate and diet 2 with sodium bicarbonate added at 1.2% of dry matter. Each group followed a different diet regime: 1) diet 1 with no free-choice (D1-NFC), 2) diet 2 with no free-choice (D2-NFC), 3) diet 1 with free-choice (D1-WFC), and 4) diet 2 with free-choice (D2-WFC). Free-choice options of sodium bentonite and sodium bicarbonate were offered side by side in a covered feeder to breed groups. Diets were changed every 10 d to provide 8 periods with a repetition of each diet regime. All diets were adjusted to 17% ADF and 17% CP. There were no differences with either breed among diets for blood and fecal observations or milk protein. Urine specific gravity was lower in both breeds when sodium bicarbonate was force-fed. Holsteins force-fed sodium bicarbonate had greater intake and milk production than Holsteins not force-fed. In Jerseys, milk urea nitrogen (MUN) decreased when sodium bicarbonate was added to the TMR. During periods in which cows were allowed free-choice access to sodium bentonite and sodium bicarbonate, Jerseys had higher urine pH, fat-corrected milk, MUN, and dry matter intake (DMI), and Holsteins had higher milk fat percentages and fecal pH. / Master of Science

No description available.

LL.M. / Constitutions seldom protect the right to occupational freedom by name. When they do, the right is cast in a choice / practise mould or is protected with reference to a right to a livelihood. There is a lot of overlapping between this right and the other rights protected in the South African Constitution. For this reason it is sometimes asked if it is at all necessary to protect the right to occupational freedom by name in the Constitution. There are two considerations in favour of inclusion of the right in the Constitution. The first one is historic — in view of the previous serious human rights violations, it is important to also include this right in the Constitution. The second consideration centres around the importance of the right, where it relates to an activity that occupies an enormous amount of time and very often provides the main, if not the only, source of sustenance to the individual and his or her family. In terms of section 22 of the Constitution, only citizens can be bearers of the right. Whether juristic persons can also be regarded as citizens for purposes of this article, is a difficult question. It is suggested that a wider interpretation of the definition of a citizen is possible that would include juristic persons. This definition is derived from the Constitution itself, rather that from the terms of the Citizenship Act. If the Court finds that a juristic person cannot be regarded as a citizen, the juristic person should be able to turn to other rights in the Constitution that it can be a bearer of, for the protection of its right to occupational freedom. The right to occupational freedom encompasses a wide palette of activities that can all be embraced by the term "occupation". An occupation has two main characteristics: it is practised for a fixed period and provides income to an individual. The economic or social value of the occupation, or its lawfulness or harmfulness to society cannot be used as criteria to exclude a particular activity from the right's field of protection. It is submitted that section 22, despite decisions to the contrary, protects both the choice and the practice of an occupation. A different interpretation would render the right meaningless: it does not make sense to protect the right to choose an occupation, without also protecting the act with which the activity is made externally distinguishable. The fact that the section expressly provides for the regulation of the practice of an occupation would imply that this aspect of the right is also protected. Because the state is bound by the provisions of the Bill of Rights, it has the duty to protect, promote and fulfil the rights. There is however no positive duty on the state to provide work. The right to occupational freedom can also feature in private relationships. The justification of a limitation on the right presents a number of problems. It should firstly be emphasised that the second sentence in section 22 does not constitute a socalled "claw-back clause". Such an interpretation would not be in accordance with the supremacy and the justiciability of the Constitution. The second problem relates to the finding of a proper yardstick to evaluate the justification of limitations on the right. It is suggested that a rational connection test, as is applied in the United States in the case of economic regulation, is too narrow to provide for the wide array of scenario's and activities that is encompassed by the right to occupational freedom. This right provides a battlefield on which difficult choices must be made regarding the weighing of the (sometimes) very important interests of the individual against the, equally important, function of the state in regulating the economy. The situation is even more complicated when two private actors enter the scene, where both may claim protection under the right at the same time. For this reason, it is submitted, that a differential approach must be followed. The general limitation clause with its list of factors provides a very useful tool in this regard. The German Stufenlehre provides an example of how the requirements for a valid limitation can be adjusted to cater for varying degrees of intensity in the factual limitation of the right. The Stufenlehre classification of objective and subjective limitations on the choice of an occupation and measures relating to the practice of an occupation, may also be useful. This classification reflects the formal structure of section 22 and takes the distinction between the choice and practice of an occupation into account. The fact that only the latter incorporates a specific limitation may reflect the intention of the legislature to ease the requirements for the justification of an infringement on this aspect of the right to occupational freedom. The intensity of the infringement and the subsequent level of justification required must be determined separately in the case of each set of facts, while always applying section 36 of the Constitution.

No description available.

This study of P.T. Barnum’s American Museum challenges readers to examine Barnum in a new light. An argument is made that P.T. Barnum was a successful museum educator whose philosophies and actions align with three modern museum education discourses: free-choice learning, constructivism, and edutainment. These findings challenge the commonly-held belief that Barnum was simply a showman, best known for his work in the circus and for a quote that has been mis-attributed to him that, “there’s a sucker born every minute.” The research undertaken for this investigation focuses on museums and education in the nineteenth century. This study presents a brief history of the emergence of museums in America, spanning the years 1782–1841. Six museum proprietors are discussed in accordance with their beliefs in three educational philosophies: popular education, useful education and didactic education. A focus is then made towards P.T. Barnum and his American Museum. A brief biography of Barnum prior to his career as a museum proprietor is included. The holdings and organization of the American Museum is described, revealing some of the influence it had on nineteenth-century culture. The thesis concludes by illustrating how Barnum’s American Museum exemplified three forms of education: free-choice learning, constructivism, and edutainment. In it I argue that Barnum was an effective museum educator and his legacy should reflect this important feature of his character. / text

This qualitative study is an exploratory look at family experiences at night time telescope observing events, often called star parties. Four families participated in this study which looked at their expectations, experiences and agendas as well as the roles that identity and family culture played in the negotiation of meaning. Two families who had prior experience with attending star parties were recruited ahead of time and two other families who were first time visitors were recruited on-site at the observing event. Data were collected at two star parties. At each event, one experienced family was paired with an on-site family for the purposes of facilitating conversations about expectations and prior experiences.The results of this study showed that learning is constantly occurring among families, and that star parties and family culture were mediational means for making meaning. Expectations and agendas were found to affect the families' star party experiences and differences were observed between the expectations and experiences of families based on their prior experiences with star parties. These data also showed that family members are actively negotiating their individual and family identities. These families use their cultural history together to make sense of their star party experiences; however, the meaning that families were negotiating was often focused more on developing family and individual identity rather than science content. The families in this study used the star party context as a way to connect with each other, to make sense of their prior experiences, and as raw material for making sense of future experiences.