Frozen-thawed ram semen crosses the cervix poorly, necessitating laparoscopic insemination. Acceptable fertility can be achieved with frozenthawed ram semen deposited at the external cervical opening if ram seminal plasma is added. Homologous seminal plasma improves the fertility of frozen-thawed sperm of boars and dogs. Heterologous seminal plasma may have effects as well; the addition of bovine seminal plasma increases the ability of buffalo sperm (Syncerus caffer) to fertilize bovine oocytes in vitro. The aim of the current study was to compare the effects of seminal plasma of rams and bulls, dog prostatic fluid, protein-free TALP, TrilEq (Triladyl with 0.5 ml of Equex STM paste added to each 100 ml) and skim milk upon longevity and percentages of progressively and aberrantly motile frozenthawed ram sperm. Three ejaculates from each of 6 rams (2 Dorpers, 2 Döhne merinos, and 2 merinos), aged 2 to 4 years, were extended in TrilEq, pooled and frozen as a single batch per ram at 200 × 106/ml in 0.25 ml straws. Seminal plasma of rams was obtained from the same rams, while seminal plasma of five bulls were obtained by centrifugation of their ejaculates and dog prostatic fluid consisted of the post-sperm fractions of the ejaculates of 5 dogs. Within a 10 species, the seminal plasma or prostatic fluid from different donors was pooled and frozen in aliquots at −18 °C. The 108 straws (6 rams, 6 diluents, 3 replicates) were thawed in random order. Once thawed, a straw was emptied into a tube with 0.85 ml of the appropriate medium at 37 °C and kept at that temperature for 6 h. The percentage of progressively motile sperm was estimated at ×200 magnification immediately (time zero) and 2, 4 and 6 h after thawing. One person thawed the semen and prepared motility specimens, while another performed all motility evaluations. Data were evaluated by means of repeated-measures ANOVA, with rams as subjects and time and medium as fixed effects. Non-significant interactions were removed from the model. Pairwise comparison of means was done by means of Bonferroni's test (P < 0.05). The model included Ram, Time, Medium, and Ram × Medium, and Time × Medium interactions, which were all significant (P < 0.01). Mean progressive motility decreased from each time to the next and were 39.0% (0 h), 26.0% (2 h), 19.6% (4 h) and 12.6% (6 h); SEM 1.38%, n = 108. Mean motility was higher for skim milk (39.9%) than for all other media except TrilEq (27.7%), which was better than bull seminal plasma (13.0%), whereas TALP (20.5%) and ram seminal plasma (21.9%) were similar to TrilEq and bull seminal plasma (SEM 2.85%, n = 72). The interactions (Ram × Medium or Time × Medium) were mainly due to dog prostatic fluid, ram seminal plasma, TrilEq, and TALP, while milk resulted in the best and bull seminal plasma in the lowest motility. This study shows that heat-treated skim milk maintains progressive motility of frozen-thawed ram sperm better than dog prostatic fluid and seminal plasma of bulls and rams, TrilEq and protein-free TALP. In contrast to ram seminal plasma, skim milk is known to result in poor fertility of frozenthawed ram semen after cervical insemination. It would thus appear that maintenance of progressive motility in vitro may be a poor indicator of fertility after cervical insemination. / Dissertation (MSc (Veterinary Science))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Production Animal Studies / MSc / unrestricted

Bakgrund: Frusen skuldra (FS) är ett smärttillstånd som drabbar 2-5% av befolkningen och som påverkar skulderfunktionen. I dagsläget finns det ingen konsensus kring den bästa behandlingsformen vid FS, dock anses proprioceptiv neuromuskulär facilitering (PNF) ge minskad smärta och ökad rörlighet (ROM) samt skulderfunktion.   Syfte: Att kartlägga evidensen av PNF som behandling vid FS. Det var även att granska kvaliteten i inkluderade studier och att studera effekten av PNF på skulderfunktion och ROM. Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie. Sökningen utfördes i databaserna PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science samt Google scholar. Artiklarna kvalitetsgranskades med PEDro scale och tillförlitligheten graderades med GRADEstud.  Resultatsammanfattning: Åtta artiklar inkluderades i studien med totalt 360 deltagare. Enligt PEDro scale varierade kvaliteten i studierna mellan tre till åtta poäng. Evidensgraderingen enligt GRADEstud visade mycket låg (+) evidens gällande skulderfunktion och låg (++) evidens gällande ROM. Graderingen baserades på fyra studier av hög kvalitet vid skulderfunktion respektive ROM. Studiernas resultat var motstridiga gällande huruvida PNF ger en signifikant positiv effekt på skulderfunktion och ROM vid FS. Konklusion: Det finns mycket låg (+) evidens för att PNF skulle ha en effekt på skulderfunktionen och en låg (++) evidens för att PNF har en effekt på ROM. För att förtydliga evidensen och användningen av PNF behövs fler studier av hög kvalitet och med liknande tillvägagångssätt. / Background: Frozen shoulder (FS) is a painful condition affecting 2-5% of the population and it affects the shoulder function. Currently there’s no consensus to which treatment is most effective in FS. However, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) is assumed to bring pain relief and increase range of motion (ROM) and shoulder function.  Objective: To review the evidence regarding the effect of PNF as treatment in patients with FS. It’s also to examine the quality of included studies and to study the effect of PNF on shoulder function and ROM.  Method: A systematic review. The search was conducted in the databases of PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science and Google scholar. The quality was assessed according to PEDro scale and the reliability with GRADEstud.  Results: Eight studies were included with a total of 360 participants. The quality of the studies ranged between three to eight points according to PEDro scale. According to GRADEstud PNF received very low (+) evidence for shoulder function and low (++) evidence for ROM. The grading was based on four, high quality studies for both shoulder function and ROM. The included studies were conflicting regarding whether PNF had a significant, positive effect on shoulder function and ROM in FS.   Conclusion: There’s very low (+) evidence that PNF would have an effect on shoulder function and low (++) evidence that PNF has an effect on ROM. In order to clarify the evidence there’s a need for future well-conducted studies with a similar approach.

A procedure was developed for the extraction of rennet from fresh frozen vells. Frozen vells were minced in a Model VCM-25 Hobart Vertical Cutter/Mixer. Dry sodium chloride was added until the salt concentration in the moisture of the tissue was 10%. Salted tissue was placed in galvanized steel cells and heated in a water bath to 49, 54, 57 and 60 C for 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes. The heated tissue was dried to about 4% moisture at ambient temperature with the aid of an electric fan. The dried salted tissue was extracted with a sodium chloride solution adjusted to give a salt concentration of 10% in the extraction solution. Salted vell tissue heated to 49 C for 60 minutes and to 54 C for 30 minutes prior to drying produced 82 and 55%, respectively, more recoverable enzyme activity than unheated salted tissue. However, tissue which was salted, heated and not dried prior to extraction produced less recoverable activity than unheated samples. Unsalted vell tissue which was heated to 49, 54, 57 and 60 C for 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes and extracted without being dried yielded lower recoverable activity than unheated samples. Heating unsalted vell tissue to 54, 57 and 60 C for 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes prior to drying did not increase recoverable enzyme activity over unheated samples. Unsalted tissue heated to 49 C produced a slightly higher recovery than unheated samples.

Since 1905 when Professor Henry C. Taylor opened the area of economies of scale for discussion with his observations on the variables affecting farm size, agricultural economists have been concerned with scale of plant in agriculture. Considerable study and discussion have not resolved many of the questions raised in this area, but a basic framework has been constructed which can be used as a planning tool in the efficient organization and operation of plants of various sizes under given conditions.

In many parts of the world where milk production is limited, there is an opportunity to process dairy foods from imported concentrated milk products. Dry ingredients can be shipped conveniently and some can be stored several months generally without deterioration. In these milk deficient areas, dried ingredients of good quality and with proper processing should increase the use and consumption of dairy products. A large supply of high quality milk by-products which are fit for human consumption are available in the world today. Many investigators and manufacturers have used dried milk by-products as a source of milk solids in frozen desserts with favorable results. It is possible to process ice cream mix using dry ingredients only. Such ingredients include nonfat dry milk, dried buttermilk, dried whey or dried whole milk. Butter oil or vegetable oils may be used as the source of fat. Dried dairy ingredients can be used to make a good quality ice cream which has a relatively low cost and is convenient to process. In countries where fluid milk is scarce the use of dried products in frozen desserts allows more fresh milk to be marketed as such. In this study it is planned to investigate the sources, uses in processing, and quality results of dry ingredients in ice cream.

Thesis. 1976. Sc.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Engineering. / Vita. / Includes bibliographical references. / Sc.D.

No description available.

Large Liquid Hydrogen (LH2) storage tanks are vital infrastructure for NASA. Eventually, air may leak into the evacuated and perlite filled annular region of these tanks. Although the vacuum level is monitored in this region, the extremely cold temperature causes all but the helium and neon constituents of air to freeze. A small, often unnoticeable pressure rise is the result. As the leak persists, the quantity of frozen air increases, as does the thermal conductivity of the insulation system. Consequently, a notable increase in commodity boiloff is often the first indicator of an air leak. Severe damage can then result from normal draining of the tank. The warming air will sublimate which will cause a pressure rise in the annulus. When the pressure increases above the triple point, the frozen air will begin to melt and migrate downward. Collection of liquid air on the carbon steel outer shell may chill it below its ductility range, resulting in fracture. In order to avoid a structural failure, as described above, a method for the safe removal of frozen air is needed. Two potential methods for air removal are evaluated here. The first method discussed is the connection of a vacuum pump to the annulus which provides pumping in parallel with drainage of LH2. The goal is to keep the annular pressure below the triple point so that the air continues to sublimate, thus eliminating the threat that liquefaction poses. The second method discussed is the application of heat to the bottom of the outer tank during tank drain. Though liquefaction in the annular space will occur, the goal of the heater design is to keep the outer shell above the embrittlement temperature, so that cracking will not occur. In order to evaluate these methods, it is first necessary to characterize some the physical properties and changes that take place in the system. A thermal model of the storage tank was created in SINDA/FLUINT (C&R Technologies, 2014) to identify locations where air can freeze. This model shows the volume that is capable of freezing air under varying conditions. It is also necessary to characterize the changes in thermal conductivity of perlite which has nitrogen frozen into its interstitial spaces. The details and results of an experiment designed for that purpose is outlined. All data, including operational data from existing LH2 tanks, is compiled and a physics-based evaluation of the two proposed air removal techniques is performed. Due to small pumping capacities at low pressure and the large quantity of air inside the annulus, the pumping option is not deemed feasible. It would take many years to remove a significant amount of air by pumping while maintaining the annular pressure below the necessary triple point. Application of heating devices is a feasible option. For a specific case, it is shown that approximately 105 kilowatts of power would be required to vaporize the air in the annulus and keep the temperature of the outer tank wall above the freezing point of water. Several engineering solutions to accomplish this are also discussed. There are many unknowns and complexities in addressing the problem of safely removing frozen air from the annulus of an LH2 storage sphere. The work that follows utilized: research, modeling, experimentation, analysis, and data from existing tanks to arrive at possible solutions to the problem. Heating solutions may be implemented immediately and could result in significant savings to the user.

One of two project reports. Part B can be found at: http://hdl.handle.net/11375/18523 / Recent measurements of the sputtering of frozen gases by MeV ions gave yields several orders of magnitude greater than predicted by collision cascade theory. Only a "thermal spike" model, invoking a coupling of electronic excitation to nuclear motion, agrees qualitatively with experimental results. Yields of 300 keV to 2 MeV ions ranging in mass from 4 a.m.u. to 40 a.m.u. were investigated for ice, Kr and Xe films in the temperature range of 15°K to 120°K. / Thesis / Master of Engineering (ME)

No description available.