Satirical news programs are a very popular concept where people tune in to them for a laugh and might leave with a bit more knowledge on the subjects reported. With the popularity of such shows growing the media’s covering of them grows as well. The question is then how the media portrays these satirical news shows. In this study a framing analysis is used to analyse articles by four American news outlets – two traditional and two modern – to assess how the media is portraying the newer satirical news program Last Week Tonight with John Oliver. There has been a lot of research done on how satirical programs affect the world around them but this study instead looks at how the media chooses to portray such a show. The focus is on whether the media treats the program as entertainment or more like another news outlet and what kind of effect that could have on the two genres satire and news. This study shows that the media presents the program as not just a comedy show that makes fun of news but also as a credible source of information. It is portrayed as a bit of both and one is not shown to contradict the other. This indicates that the distinction between genres such as satire and news is blurring which in turn can make it harder for the audience to separate the two and thereby make it more difficult to know what is news and what is not.

El agua cántara es una historiografía apócrifa de la literatura. Esta compilación incluye versiones paródicas del realismo, el romanticismo, el costumbrismo y el posthumanismo, entre otros discursos, géneros y movimientos (los cuales, desde la óptica del absurdo, bien pueden ser una misma cosa). Además de realizar un recorrido por algunas de las principales formas textuales de Occidente, esta antología elabora y rastrea su propio mito de origen de la literatura: el sonido como máximo valor estético.

Language is power. Especially among preschool children, where one of the most coveted identities sought during social interactions is that of the leader. Leadership is not taken; it is given when individuals accept instructions from someone else and let them lead. These individuals then become followers. I decided, after reading various literature and scientific research about children’s peer talk and linguistic interactions, to study how preschool children use linguistic interactions and strategies to form the identities of leaders and followers during free play; scheduled points during the day where activities are based on the children’s interests and not led by preschool teachers, which aids in trying to see things from the children’s perspective. I did a video-enabled microethnographic study over the course of a week as a complete observer to capture the strategies used by five children (ages 5 to 6) to form the identities of leaders and followers during their peer talk and peer group interactions. After transcribing the recorded material where these social interactions were most apparent, I then analyzed at which points the children were given these identities and what strategies were used as resources from a sociolinguistic perspective. Three primary strategies were identified; speech genres, code-switching and language play. I also discovered that the children were inspired by their surroundings and the available materials in choosing what to play and base their linguistic interactions on. I concluded that leadership is closely related to expertise about various subjects and that followers allow individuals with more expertise than them to lead. This is how our society typically works. The children used their various levels of expertise regarding the subject matter and strategies like speech genres, code-switching and language play as resources to raise their own status and attempt to lower the status of others, forming the identities of leaders and followers.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

La présence du dialogue romanesque ne peut en aucun cas se résumer dans un souci d’effet-de-réel dans la littérature du XXè siècle, de manière générale, et dans l’œuvre gracquienne de manière particulière. Il s’ensuit que l’un des objectifs de notre investigation revient à questionner le(s) rôle(s) joué(s) par le dialogue romanesque gracquien dans la représentation littéraire dans l’ensemble de son œuvre de fiction, mais également dans chacun des récits gracquiens étudiés pour voir s’il y a un changement et, par là, une spécificité au niveau du statut de cette forme d’écriture relative à chacun de ces récits ou au genre auquel il appartient. Notre principal souci consiste, donc, à montrer que le dialogue romanesque gracquien joue un rôle fondamental dans la construction du texte narratif. D’ailleurs, nous verrons que l’analyse de cet espace discursif précis permettra de relever un certain nombre de problèmes relatifs à l’interprétation et à la signification au sein du texte littéraire. / In the literature of the twentieth century, in a general way, and in the fictions of Julien Gracq, in a particular way, the presence of the dialogue cannot limit itself in the objective to represent the reality. It follows that one of the objectives of our investigation means questioning the roles played by the written dialogue in the representation within the novels of Julien Gracq but, at the same time, the diverse functions played by the written dialogue within the same novel. These operations are made to see if there’s a change and, consequently, a specificity in the status of the dialogue relative of gender of text from which the dialogue is extracted. Our main concern consists, thus, in showing that the written dialogue plays a fundamental role in the construction of the narrative text. Moreover, we shall see that the analysis of this discursive space will allow enumerating some problems relative to the interpretation and to the meaning within Julien Gracq’s text.

Entre 1999 et 2003 les Argentins ont vécu une crise économique, politique et sociale, qui a atteint son point culminant durant le Corralito en 2001. Durant cette période, le taux de chômage s’éleva à 25% et 57,5% de la population tomba en dessous du seuil de pauvreté. La fragmentation de l’Argentine comme « communauté imaginée » a entrainé indignation, déception, frustration et incertitude ; sentiments face auxquels certains Argentins ont choisi de répondre par des actions collectives alors que d’autres ont choisi d'émigrer, principalement vers les États-Unis et l’Espagne. Cette recherche analyse les sentiments d’appartenance du genre et à la nation des immigrants Argentins à Miami et à Barcelone (1999-2003). Le phénomène migratoire est envisagé comme une « expérience émotionnelle », qui entraine des négociations, des changements d’identifications pour les individus qui peuvent être éprouvés et exprimés émotionnellement. Prendre en compte l’expression des émotions selon le genre des individus afin d’analyser le phénomène migratoire n’est pas seulement une nouvelle perspective, elle permet d’avoir une meilleur compréhension de la migration. Le choix des enquêtés a été dépendent de leur position sociale familiale, c’est-à-dire s’ils émigraient seuls ou en couple. La comparaison des deux terrains, Miami et Barcelone, à deux moments distants de trois ans dans le temps, m’a permis de tendre vers une objectivation des émotions et d’avoir une compréhension globale de leur fonctionnement au cours du processus migratoire. Cette recherche montre que l’expression des émotions par les enquêtées (espoir, culpabilité, tristesse, peur, colère, honte, amour, nostalgie), les représentations et les actions qui leurs sont liées, dépendent de la construction de la subjectivité du genre, de la temporalité et du lieu de migration. / Between 1999 and 2003, Argentina experienced an economic, political and social crisis, which reached its peak during the Corralito in 2001. During this period, the unemployment rate rose to 25% and 57.5% of the population fell below the poverty line. Fragmentation of Argentina as "imagined community" has led indignation, disappointment, frustration and uncertainty feelings about which some Argentines chose to respond through collective actions while others have chosen to emigrate, mainly to the United States and Spain. This research analyzes the feelings of the kind belonging to the nation and Argentine immigrants in Miami and Barcelona (1999-2003). Migration is seen as an "emotional experience", which entails negotiations, changes in identification of individuals who may be experienced and expressed emotionally. Taking into account the expression of emotions depending on the type of individuals to analyze the migration phenomenon is not only a new perspective, it provides a better understanding of migration. Selection of respondents was dependent on their family social position, that is to say, if they emigrated alone or in pairs. Comparison of the two fields, Miami and Barcelona, ​​two years apart three moments in time, allowed me to move towards an objectification of emotions and have a comprehensive understanding of their operation during the migration process. This research shows that the expression of emotions by respondents (hope, guilt, sadness, fear, anger, shame, love, nostalgia), the representations and actions related to them, depend on the construction of the subjectivity of the genre, temporality and place of migration. / Entre 1999 y 2003, los argentinos vivieron una crisis económica, política y social que alcanzó su punto culminante durante el Corralito en 2001. Durante ese periodo, la tasa de desempleo llegó al 25% mientras el 57.5% de la población cayó por debajo del umbral de pobreza. La fragmentación argentina como “comunidad imaginada” conllevó indignación, decepción, frustración e incertidumbre, sentimientos frente a los que algunos argentinos respondieron mediante acciones colectivas, mientras otros eligieron emigrar, principalmente hacia Estados Unidos y España. La presente investigación analiza los sentimientos de pertenencia al género y a la nación de inmigrantes argentinos en Miami y Barcelona (1999 - 2003). El fenómeno migratorio se plantea como una “experiencia emocional” que implica negociaciones, cambios de identificaciones que pueden sentirse y expresarse emocionalmente. Tener en cuenta la expresión de las emociones según el género con el fin de analizar el fenómeno migratorio no sólo es una nueva perspectiva, también permite adquirir una mejor comprensión de la migración. La elección de las entrevistas se realizó en función de la estatus social familiar de los individuos, es decir si emigraron solos o en pareja. La comparación de dos terrenos, Miami y Barcelona, en dos momentos separados, me ha permitido tender hacia una objetivación de las emociones y obtener una comprensión global de su funcionamiento del proceso migratorio. La presente investigación muestra que la expresión de las emociones por parte de los entrevistados (esperanza, culpabilidad, tristeza, miedo, cólera, vergüenza, amor y nostalgia), y las representaciones y acciones que se asocian con ellas, dependen de la construcción de la subjetividad de género, de la temporalidad y del lugar de migración.

Cette thèse de doctorat contribue à la littérature sur l'économie des ménages, sur la mesure de la pauvreté et sur l'avortement sélectif. Lorsque les normes sociales et les préférences favorisent les hommes par rapport aux femmes, les inégalités entre les sexes peuvent se retrouver dans différentes dimensions. Dans le premier chapitre j'étudie la norme de patrilocalité et je me demande comment la structure du ménage affecte les prises de décision de la belle-fille et son autonomie. En utilisant des données de panel au niveau des ménages en Inde, j'estime un modèle de différences en différences qui compare entre 2005 et 2012 les groupes qui subissent un décès du beau-père ou de la belle-mère et ceux qui n’ont pas de décès. Je trouve que le statut de la belle-fille s'améliore après le décès du fait de la redistribution du pouvoir entre les membres du ménage. Cependant, les résultats ne sont pas compatibles avec le fait que le canal conventionnel de la belle-mère soit la seule autorité sur la belle-fille. Le deuxième chapitre étudie la mesure de l'avortement sélectif des femmes et demande s'il y a des avortements répétés entre deux naissances consécutives. Cette question ne pouvant être résolue en utilisant des méthodes existantes, l'article propose de nouveaux tests et une méthodologie pour estimer les fractions de la population subissant des avortements sélectifs. En appliquant cette méthodologie à des données indiennes, nous trouvons que les avortements sont pratiqués de manière répétée. Le troisième chapitre propose une nouvelle approche de la mesure de la pauvreté absolue. Cela se fait de deux manières, d'abord en suggérant une manière d’individualiser les prix de référence, et deuxièmement en définissant des lignes de pauvreté propres à chaque groupe/région. En comparant notre approche les uns aux autres, pour l'Inde, nous constatons que les différentes approches conduisent à différentes conclusions sur la pauvreté. Ne pas prendre en compte les préférences des individus surestime la part des personnes rurales (jeunes et âgées) dans la population pauvre. / This PhD dissertation contributes to the literature on household economics and the measurement of poverty & sex-selective abortion. When social norms and preferences favour males over females, outcomes can reflect gender inequalities across various dimensions. I study the norm of patrilocality in the first chapter and ask how the household structure of four adult members affects the daughter-in-law's decision-making-say and autonomy outcomes. Using household level panel data from India, I estimate a difference-in-difference model comparing groups between 2005 and 2012 that experience a death of the father-in-law or mother-in-law and those that do not. I find that the status of the daughter-in-law improves after death as power is redistributed among the members. However, the findings are not consistent with the conventional channel of the mother-in-law being the sole and strongest authority over the daughter-in-law. The second chapter studies the measurement of female sex-selective abortion and asks if there are repeated abortions between two consecutive births. As this question cannot be answered using existing methods, the paper proposes novel tests and methodology to estimate the fractions of the populations undergoing sex-selective abortions. Applying our methods to Indian data we find first quantitative evidence of repeated abortions. The third chapter proposes a new approach of absolute income poverty measurement that takes preference into account when agents differ in preferences and face different prices. This is done in two ways, first by suggesting a way to use individualised reference prices, and second by defining group/region specific poverty lines.Comparing our approach with conventional ones, for India, we find that the different approaches lead to different poverty conclusions. Not taking preferences into account overestimates the share of Old-Rural and Young-Rural in the poor population.

This thesis finds that Dr SM Molema made a considerable contribution to the construction of the history of black people in South Africa, and was the first African historian to do so. Yet, he and other African writers were marginalised from the mainstream twentieth-century canons of South African history. Therefore, the thesis investigates the reasons for which Dr Molema (a medical doctor) became an historian and an ethnographer in 1920, and explores the nature of his critical engagement with the ways in which these disciplines represented black people. To understand the controversial treatment of black historical writers, this study appraises South African historiography and its tendency to construct debates about black people, while rendering black writers marginal to such debates. Further, the thesis explores the generic complexity of Molema’s work and finds he wrote in a hybrid genre, autoethnography. This complexity may have contributed to the many misreadings of his work. This study outlines the generic specificity and implications of autoethnography and finds that, like autobiography, autoethnography has been one of the genres of the Self (of personal testimony) that, under colonialism and apartheid, many black writers employed in providing corrective versions of mainstream versions of South African history. Autoethnography enabled Molema to represent his own life, but — more importantly — that of his community (the Rolong boo RaTshidi of Mafikeng) as a form of cultural translation for readers at home and abroad. Methodologically, the thesis understands that Molema’s own family history played a large part in motivating him to write history. In order to explore this relationship between the experience of history and its representation, the thesis has a dual structure: the first four chapters present biographical studies of three generations of the Molema family: Chief Molema, the founder of Mafikeng, his son Chief Silas Thelesho Molema, and Silas’ son, Modiri Molema, the historian and ethnographer. Chapters Five and Six present an exposition and critique of his first work, The Bantu Past and Present. Dr Molema’s biographies of Chiefs Moroka and Montshiwa are used as ancillary texts.