Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:59:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2717397 bytes, checksum: 9b595c87b494e8dd776ae15a3beac7f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Anxiety is an adaptive response of organism to situations that life presents, and driving performance with personal and psychological as well as physiological components. It is considered pathological when it causes suffering to the individual, bringing him damage in terms of injury avoidance behaviors and avoidance important situations in his academic, social and professional life. The pathological manifestations of anxiety are grouped as Anxiety Disorders. Several pharmacological classes are used to treat this group of disorders, especially benzodiazepines and antidepressants. However, the pattern of adverse reactions, the possibility of tolerance and dependence as well as abuse potential of benzodiazepines, added to slow response of antidepressant treatment, justify the search for new therapeutic possibilities. Preclinical studies have attested the anxiety-relieving activity of the roots extract of Panax ginseng C. A Meyer. Its ethnopharmacological use for anxiety is evident worldwide. The aim of this study was to test the therapeutic efficacy of the extract of the roots of P. ginseng in the acute treatment of experimentally induced anxiety in healthy volunteers and identify adverse effects caused by its use. The study population consisted of university students, aged between 18 and 30 years. We selected 60 healthy volunteers who met the study inclusion criteria. We developed a clinical double-blind, randomized, controlled, acute essay. The substances used were: P. ginseng (200 mg), diazepam (10 mg) and placebo. Anxiety was experimentally elicited through Simulation Test of Public Speaking, and evaluated through the use of physiological measures (blood pressure, heart pulse rate, ends temperature and skin electrical conductance) and psychometric scales (trait-state anxiety inventory and analog mood scale). The results were analyzed using several statistical, parametric and nonparametric methods. They showed that the extract of the roots of P. ginseng intensifies anxiety, especially during performance test and has a minor ability to reduce it in the final phase, with greater significance demonstrated through psychological measures. Although well tolerated, P. ginseng has not demonstrated effectiveness in controlling anxiety and subjective signs and symptoms associated with it. / A ansiedade é uma resposta adaptativa do organismo às situações que a vida apresenta, sendo propulsora do desempenho pessoal e com componentes psicológicos e fisiológicos. É considerada patológica quando provoca sofrimento ao indivíduo, trazendo-lhe prejuízo em função dos comportamentos de fuga e esquiva de situações importantes da vida acadêmica, social e profissional. As manifestações da ansiedade patológica são agrupadas nos transtornos de Ansiedade. Várias classes farmacológicas são utilizadas no tratamento deste grupo de transtorno, destacando-se os benzodiazepínicos e antidepressivos. Entretanto, o padrão de reações adversas, a possibilidade de dependência e tolerância e o potencial de abuso dos benzodiazepínicos, adicionado a lenta resposta terapêutica dos antidepressivos, justificam a busca de novas possibilidades terapêuticas. Estudos pré-clínicos atestaram a atividade ansiolítica do extrato das raízes do Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Seu uso etnofarmacológico para ansiedade é evidenciado em todo mundo. O objetivo deste estudo foi testar a eficácia terapêutica do extrato das raízes do P. ginseng no tratamento agudo da ansiedade induzida de maneira experimental em voluntários saudáveis e identificar os efeitos adversos provocados pelo seu uso. A população do estudo foi constituída por estudantes universitários, com idade entre 18 e 30 anos. Foram selecionados 60 voluntários saudáveis, que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão do estudo. Foi desenvolvido um ensaio clínico duplo-cego, randômico, controlado e agudo. As substâncias utilizadas foram: P. ginseng (200 mg), Diazepam (10 mg) e Placebo. A ansiedade foi produzida de modo experimental, através do Teste de Simulação de Falar em Público e avaliada mediante o uso de medidas fisiológicas (pressão arterial, frequência cardíaca, temperatura de extremidades e condutância elétrica da pele) e escalas psicométricas (Inventário de ansiedade traço-estado e escala analógica do humor). Os resultados foram analisados utilizando vários métodos estatísticos paramétricos e não-paramétricos. Eles demonstraram que o extrato das raízes de P. ginseng intensifica a ansiedade, principalmente na fase de performance do Teste e apresenta menor capacidade de reduzi-lá na fase final, demonstrado com maior significância através das medidas psicológicas. Embora bem tolerado, P. ginseng não demonstrou eficácia no controle subjetivo da ansiedade e de alguns sinais e sintomas a ela associados.

Orientador: Maria Angela de Almeida Meireles / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T04:15:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Debien_IsabelCristinadoNascimento_D.pdf: 14354516 bytes, checksum: 30a73e64c77ed62ec9c96b7c5a8067b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O presente projeto de doutorado foi desenvolvido em duas etapas: (1) Estudo da extração com fluido supercrítico e com líquido pressurizado dos ecdisteróides do Ginseng brasileiro (Pfaffia glomerata) e (2) Estudo do equilíbrio de fases de sistemas complexos. Etapa 1: Espécies do gênero Pfaffia são popularmente conhecidas como substituto do gênero Panax devido a sua morfologia e propriedades bioativas semelhantes. Dentre as espécies do gênero Pfaffia, a Pfaffia glomerata, popularmente conhecida como Ginseng brasileiro, se destaca devido à presença de ecdisteróides. Comercialmente, esse composto é obtido através de métodos convencionais de extração sólido-líquido, onde uma grande quantidade de solvente é utilizada. Atualmente, há um crescente interesse por métodos de extração que agridam menos o meio ambiente, como é o caso da extração com fluido supercrítico (SFE) e com líquido pressurizado (PLE) que possibilitam a extração de compostos bioativos utilizando altas temperaturas e pressões com menor consumo de solvente. Nessa etapa do trabalho os objetivos foram: (a) realizar um estudo preliminar da extração com fluido supercrítico da beta-ecdisona das raízes de Ginseng brasileiro (Pfaffia glomerata). Foram avaliados os efeitos da pressão (20 e 30 MPa) e quantidade de cossolvente utilizada (15, 75 e 90 % de etanol) no comportamento da curva global de extração (OEC) e no teor de beta-ecdisona no extrato. Usando dióxido de carbono (CO2): etanol (EtOH) (85:15, v/v) como solvente a 20 MPa, maiores quantidade de beta-ecdisona foram obtidas em um menor tempo de processo. O aumento da proporção de etanol na mistura (cossolvente) resultou no aumento do rendimento da extração e do teor de beta-ecdisona em relação a quantidade de matéria-prima; (b) realizar um estudo da extração com líquido pressurizado da beta-ecdisona das raízes de Ginseng brasileiro. Foram avaliados os efeitos da temperatura (333 ¿ 393 K), pressão (8 ¿ 30 MPa) e do solvente (EtOH e EtOH : H2O (80:20 v/v)) no rendimento global, atividade antioxidante e teor de beta-ecdisona dos extratos. O aumento da temperatura ocasionou o aumento do rendimento global, chegando a 25 % (base seca). Assim, pode-se concluir que aumentando a temperatura a seletividade do solvente diminui, uma vez que ocorre a coextração de outros compostos além dos ecdisteróides. Extratos com maior atividade antioxidante foram obtidos quando o solvente de extração é a mistura EtOH: H2O (80:20, v/v). Quando o EtOH puro foi usado como solvente uma maior recuperação de beta-ecdisona foi obtida. Cerca de 5 % de beta-ecdisona nos extratos foi obtida usando etanol a 393 K, enquanto a pressão não afetou significativamente. Assim a melhor condição de extração em termos do teor de beta-ecdisona (393 K, 8 MPa e etanol como solvente) foi selecionada para a realização do estudo cinético. Na OEC foi possível observar que na primeira hora de extração aproximadamente 70 % do total do rendimento e 74 % do total de massa de beta-ecdisona foi obtido. O custo de manufatura foi avaliado na condição da cinética, onde foram obtidos maiores teores de beta-ecdisona quanto maior a capacidade do extrator. Os custos de manufatura, tanto em relação a quantidade de extrato quanto em relação a quantidade de beta-ecdisona recuperada no processo de PLE, foram 14 e 8 vezes maiores do que os obtidos no processo de SFE, respectivamente. Etapa 2: Polímeros biodegradáveis tem recebido maior atenção devido ao seu potencial para aplicações na área médica e na indústria de alimentos, dentre eles o poli (L-lactídeo) (PLA) principalmente por causa da sua biocompatibilidade e características sustentáveis. Ao longo dos últimos anos, a síntese de tais biopolímeros pela reação de polimerização utilizando a técnica de abertura do anel aromático catalisada enzimaticamente em fluidos comprimidos tem se mostrado bastante promissora. O objetivo nessa etapa do trabalho foi medir os dados de equilíbrio de fases dos sitemas L-ácido láctico + (propano + etanol) e L-ácido láctico + (CO2 + etanol). Os experimentos foram realizados numa célula de equilíbrio de fases com visualização utilizando o método estático sintético, em temperaturas de 323,15 a 353,15 K e pressões até 25 MPa, mantendo constante a fração mássica de etanol:CO2 (ou propano) de 1:9. Para o sistema L-ácido láctico + (propano + etanol) foram observadas as transições líquido-vapor, líquido-líquido e líquido-líquido-vapor, enquanto que para o sistema L-ácido láctico + (CO2 + etanol) foram observadas somente as transições líquido-líquido. Os resultados mostraram que o sistema L-ácido láctico + (propano + etanol) apresenta transições do tipo UCST (Upper Critical Solution Temperature) e um UCEP (Upper Critical End Point), enquanto o sistema L-ácido láctico + (CO2 + etanol) apresenta um comportamento do tipo LCST (Lower Critical Solution Temperature). Foi realizada a modelagem termodinâmica dos dados experimentais obtidos utilizando a equação de estado de Peng-Robinson com regra de mistura quadrática de van der Waals (PR-vdW2) e com regra de mistura de Wong-Sandler (PR-WS). Os resultados mostraram que os modelos PR-vdW2 e PR-WS foram capazes de representar satisfatoriamente o comportamento de fases do sistema L-ácido láctico + (dióxido de carbono + etanol). Entretanto, para o sistema L-ácido láctico + (propano + etanol), o modelo PR-vdW2 não foi capaz de descrever apropriadamente o seu comportamento / Abstract: The doctoral project is being developed in two steps: (1) Supercritical fluid and pressurized liquid extraction study of Brazilian ginseng (Pfaffia glomerata) ecdysteroids and (2) Phase equilibrium data of complex systems. Step 1: Species of the genus Pfaffia are popularly known as substitute for Panax due their similar morphology and bioactive properties. Among them, Pfaffia glomerata has received special attention due the presence of ecdysteroids. Commercially, this compound is obtained by conventional solid-liquid extraction methods, that is, using large quantities of solvents. Nowadays, more environmentally friend methods are preferred, like supercritical fluid (SFE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) that enables extraction of bioactive compounds under high temperatures and pressures. The aim of this step of work is: (a) preliminary study the supercritical fluid extraction of Brazilian ginseng (Pfaffia glomerata) ecdysteroids. The effects of pressure (20 and 30 MPa) and cosolvent amount (10, 15, 75 and 90 % of Ethanol) on the behavior of overall extraction curve (OEC) and content of beta-ecdysone were studied. The larger amounts of beta-ecdysone were obtained in shorter processing time using CO2: EtOH (85:15, v/v) as extracting solvent at 20 MPa. The higher proportion of EtOH in the mixture leads an increase an extraction yield and an increase a beta-ecdysone content relative a raw material amount. (b) study the pressurized liquid extraction of Brazilian ginseng (Pfaffia glomerata) ecdysteroids. The effects of temperature (333 ¿ 393 K), pressure (8 ¿ 30 MPa) and solvent [ethanol and ethanol:water (80:20 v/v)] on the global yield extraction, antioxidant activity and beta-ecdysone content of the extracts from Brazilian ginseng (Pfaffia glomerata) roots were studied. The extraction global yield increased with the increase in temperature (333 ¿ 393 K) reaching up to 25 % (dry basis). As the temperature increased the selectivity of the extracting solvent decreased promoting the co-extraction of other compounds besides the ecdysteroids. The use of EtOH:H2O (80:20 v/v) as extracting solvent produced extracts with the highest antioxidant activity. The recovery of beta-ecdysone was maximized when EtOH was used, besides fractions containing up to 5 % of beta-ecdysone were obtained using this solvent at 393 K, while pressure did not affect it. Thus the better extraction condition in terms of beta-ecdysone was selected (393 K, 8 MPa and ethanol as extracting solvent) and the kinetic extraction study was realized. From the overall extraction curve obtained it was possible to verify that in the first hour of extraction approximately 70 % of the total yield and 74 % of the total beta-ecdysone mass are obtained. The cost of manufacturing (COM) was evaluated in the kinetic condition in which was obtained the highest beta-ecdysone content; the increase of the extractor capacity significantly decreased the COM. The COMs for the crude extract and beta-ecdysone obtained by this novel process were 14-fold and 8-fold lower than that for the SFE process, respectively. Step 2: Biodegradable polymers has received increased attention due to their potential applications in medicine and food industry, with highlights to poly (L-lactic acid) (PLA) mainly because of its biocompatibility and resorbable features. Over the last years, synthesis of such biopolymer by enzyme-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization of L-lactic acid in compressed fluids has been considered a promising route over. The aim of this step of work is to report phase equilibrium data (cloud points) of L-lactic acid + (propane + ethanol) and L-lactic acid + (carbon dioxide + ethanol). Phase equilibrium experiments were conducted in a variable-volume view cell employing the static synthetic method, from 323.15 K to 353.15 K and pressures up to 25 MPa, keeping constant the mass ratio of ethanol to CO2 or propane at 1:9. For the (propane + ethanol) + L-lactic acid it was observed vapor-liquid, liquid-liquid and vapor-liquid-liquid, while for (carbon dioxide + ethanol) + L-lactic acid only liquid-liquid type transitions were recorded. Results show that the system (propane + ethanol) + L-lactic acid present UCST (Upper Critical Solution Temperature) transition type and an UCEP (Upper Critical End Point), whereas the system (carbon dioxide + ethanol) + L-lactic acid exhibit LCST (Lower Critical Solution Temperature) behavior. The experimental data were modeled using the Peng-Robinson equation of state with the classical van der Waals quadratic mixing rule (PR-vdW2) and with the Wong-Sandler mixing rule (PR-WS). It is shown that the PR-vdW2 and PR-WS models were both able to satisfactorily represent the phase behavior of the system L-lactic acid + (carbon dioxide + ethanol). However, for the system L-lactic acid + (propane + ethanol), the PR-vdW2 model was not able to appropriately describe its phase behavior / Doutorado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Doutora em Engenharia de Alimentos

Orientador: Luiz Claudio Di Stasi / Banca: Leonardo Noboru Seito / Banca: Silvio Luis De Oliveira / Resumo: Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen ("ginseng brasileiro") é uma planta medicinal que apresenta um amplo espectro de usos como tônico, antiestresse e afrodisíaco. Esta espécie pertence ao complexo grupo de plantas medicinais conhecidas como "ginseng" e compõe um grupo específico de plantas denominadas adaptógenas, definidas como produtos capazes de aumentar a resistência não específica do organismo frente a diferentes estímulos estressores; considerando-se tal definição, é previsível que os compostos fitoquímicos presentes na P. glomerata sejam úteis no controle e prevenção de doenças na qual o estresse é fator etiológico, como é o caso da Doença Inflamatória Intestinal (DII). Dessa forma, o presente trabalho possui como objetivo avaliar a atividade anti-inflamatória intestinal da fração butanólica de P. glomerata (rica em saponinas), sobre o modelo de doença inflamatória intestinal induzida por ácido 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzenosulfônico (TNBS) em ratos. Para tal, foram estudados parâmetros macroscópicos (escore da lesão, extensão da lesão, relação peso/comprimento do cólon, diarreia e aderência) e bioquímicos (atividade da mieloperoxidase e da fosfatase alcalina e quantificação da glutationa total) do processo inflamatório intestinal. Análises fitoquímicas mostraram principalmente a presença de triterpenos e saponinas, incluindo a ecdisterona, e indícios de compostos fenólicos. Os tratamentos com a fração butanólica de P. glomerata não foram capazes de impedir a formação lesões induzidas pelo TNBS e nem de auxiliar na resolução de um quadro inflamatório intestinal pré-existente, que também foi causado pelo TNBS. Com base nestes dados, a hipótese inicial de que um produto adaptógeno modularia o sistema imune por meio de sua ação antiestresse foi rejeitada nas condições experimentais utilizadas / Abstract: Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Perdersen, also called Brazilian ginseng, is a medicinal plant which has a broad use as tonic, anti-stress, and aphrodisiac. This specie belongs to the medicinal plants complex known as ginseng and it is part of a specific group of plants called adaptogens, which are defined as products that are capable of increasing non-specific body resistance against different stressors; considering the definition of adaptogens it is possible to assume that phytochemical compounds present in P. glomerata are also useful in controlling and preventing diseases in which stress is an etiological factor, such as Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Thereby, this present work aims to study the intestinal anti-inflammatory activity from the butanolic extract of P. glomerata (enriched in saponins) in the TNBS-induced inflammatory bowel disease in rats. To this, macroscopic (score, lesion extension, weight/length ratio, diarrhea and adherence) and biochemical (myeloperoxidase and alkaline phosphatase activities and total glutathione content) parameters of the inflammatory bowel disease were studied. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of triterpens and saponins, including ecdysterone, and signs of phenolic compounds. Treatments with butanolic extract from P. glomerata were not able to prevent TNBS-induced lesions nor were able to ameliorate in the resolution of the pre-existing intestinal inflammatory process also caused by TNBS. According to these data, the initial hypothesis that an adaptogen product would modulate the immune system by its anti-stress action was rejected in the experimental conditions utilized / Mestre

No description available.

Herbal medicines are widely used in our community. A survey of Australian consumers indicated that 60% had used complementary and/or alternative medicines in the past year with the majority not informing their doctor that they were using herbal medicines. Little is known about the potentially serious consequences of interactions between herbal and conventional medicines. Warfarin has an important role in treating people with heart disease, yet it has a narrow therapeutic range, is highly bound to plasma proteins, and is metabolised by cytochrome P450. This creates the potential for life-threatening interactions with other drugs and foods leading to excessive bleeding. Hence, warfarin is one of the most frequently investigated drugs for interaction studies. Early clinical reports suggest that there exists the potential for an interaction between warfarin and four herbal medicines: St John�s wort, ginseng, ginkgo and ginger. However, these herb-drug combinations have never been conclusively studied. The two clinical studies conducted as part of this research had an identical study design. Twenty-four healthy male subjects were recruited into the two separate studies. This was an open label, three-way crossover randomised study in twelve healthy male subjects, who received a single 25 mg dose of warfarin alone or after 14 days pre-treatment with St John�s wort, or 7 days pre-treatment with ginseng. Dosing with St John�s wort or ginseng was continued for 7 days after administration of the warfarin dose in study I or who received a single 25 mg dose of warfarin alone or after 7 days pre-treatment with recommended doses of ginkgo or ginger from single ingredient products of known quality. Dosing with ginkgo or ginger was continued for 7 days after administration of the warfarin dose in study II. Platelet aggregation, international normalised ratio (INR) of prothrombin time, warfarin enantiomer protein binding, warfarin enantiomer concentrations in plasma and S-7-hydroxywarfarin concentration in urine were measured in both studies. Statistical comparisons were made using ANOVA and 95% confidence interval (CI) for mean value and 90% CI for geometric mean ratio value are reported. n study I, the mean (95% CI) apparent clearance of S-warfarin after warfarin alone or with St John�s wort or ginseng were, respectively, 198 (174 � 223) ml/h, 269 (241 � 297) ml/h and 220 (201 � 238) ml/h. The respective apparent clearances of R-warfarin were 110 (94 � 126) ml/h, 142 (123 � 161) ml/h and 119 (106 � 131) ml/h. The mean ratio of apparent clearance for S-warfarin was 1.29 (1.16-1.46) and for R-warfarin was 1.23 (1.11-1.37) when St John�s wort was co-administered. The mean ratio of AUC0-168 of INR was 0.79 (0.70 - 0.95) when St John�s wort was co-administered. The urinary excretion ratio of S-7-hydroxywarfarin after administration of warfarin alone was 0.04 (0.03 � 0.06) mg/h and there was no significant difference following treatment with either St John�s wort 0.03 (0.02 � 0.04) mg/h or ginseng 0.03 (0.02 � 0.04) mg/h. The ratio of geometric means for S-7-hydroxywarfarin UER was 0.82 (0.61-1.12) for St John�s wort, and 0.68 (0.50-0.91) for ginseng. St John�s wort and ginseng did not affect the apparent volumes of distribution or protein binding of warfarin enantiomers. In study II, the mean (95% CI) apparent clearance of S-warfarin after warfarin alone, with ginkgo or ginger were 189 (167 � 210) ml/h, 200 (173 � 227) ml/h and 201 (171 � 231) ml/h, respectively. The respective apparent clearances of R-warfarin were 127 (106 � 149) ml/h, 126 (111 � 141) ml/h and 131 (106 � 156) ml/h. The mean ratio of apparent clearance for S-warfarin was 1.05 (0.98 -1.12) and for R-warfarin was 1.00 (0.93 -1.08) when co-administered with ginkgo. The mean ratio of AUC0-168 of INR was 0.93 (0.81 -1.05) when co-administered with ginkgo. The mean ratio of apparent clearance for S-warfarin was 1.05 (0.97 -1.13) and for R-warfarin was 1.02 (0.95 -1.10) when co-administered with ginger. The mean ratio of AUC0-168 of INR was 1.01 (0.93 -1.15) when co-administered with ginger. The urinary excretion ratio (UER) of S-7-hydroxywarfarin after administration of warfarin alone was 0.04 (0.03 � 0.05) mg/h and there was no significant difference following treatment with either ginkgo 0.04 (0.03 � 0.04) mg/h or ginger 0.03 (0.02 � 0.04) mg/h. The ratio of geometric means for S-7-hydroxywarfarin UER was 1.07 (0.69-1.67) for ginkgo, and 1.00 (0.64-1.56) for ginger. Ginkgo and ginger did not affect the apparent volumes of distribution or protein binding of either S-warfarin or R-warfarin. In conclusion, St John�s wort significantly induced the apparent clearance of both S-warfarin and R-warfarin, which in turn resulted in a significant reduction in the pharmacological effect of rac-warfarin. Ginseng, ginkgo and ginger at recommended doses affect neither clotting status, nor the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of either S-warfarin or R-warfarin in healthy subjects.

The purpose of the present study was to test the acute effects of a dietary supplement, having as its major ingredient an extract of ginseng, on grip strength, lower body power output, cardiovascular markers, metabolic markers, hormones, and mood state. Twelve experienced resistance-trained men (28.3 ± 5.7 yrs) were randomly administered placebo (P), single dose (SD) and double dose (DD) of the supplement on separate days. Diet and activity levels were kept constant across testing days. On each day, subjects began with the Profile of Mood States (POMSpre1), blood draws (BDpre1), blood pressure (BPpre1), and heart rate (HRpre1) assessments, then ingested the drink and sat quietly for 30 minutes. BDpre2, BPpre2, and HR pre1 were then taken. Subjects performed the grip strength and cycle ergometer tests followed immediately by BDpost, HRpost, and BPpost and POMSpost. The testing session ended with blood draws, heart rates, and blood pressures being taken 30 (post30), 60 (post60), 120 (post120) and 180 (post180) minutes post exercise. Grip strength did not differ between P, SD, or DD treatments. Cycle ergometry peak power (PP), average power (AP) and total work (TW) were significantly higher for the SD and DD than P; however, no significant difference existed between SD and DD treatments. For LH and T significant differences were found among all treatment conditions. There were no significant treatment effects for HR, BP, glucose, insulin, lactate, GH or PRL or for the POMS. There was a significant treatment*time interaction for ACTH (p < .05). Post hoc analysis indicated that at Tpost ACTH was significantly lower for D treatment vs P or S treatments (p < .05) and at Tpost60 ACTH was significantly lower for S and D treatments vs P treatment (p < .05). There was significant differences in C between the D treatment (260.45 ± 15.58 nmol•L-1) and the P (336.08 ± 27.59 nmol•L-1) and S (311.14 ± 21.01 nmol•L-1) treatments (p < .001). There was a significant difference for T:C ratio values among P (0.0810 ± 0.0090), S (0.0960 ± 0.0130) and D (0.1410 ± 0.0190) treatments (p < .001). Acute ingestion of a polynutrient supplement containing a standardized ginseng tract, was able to increase PP, AP, TW LH, and testosterone and decrease ACTH and cortisol. No significant effects were found for GH, PRL, insulin, glucose, lactate, HR, BP or POMS scores. Acute ingestion of a polynutrient supplement was able to increase performance and the anabolic environment in resistance trained men.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (February 7, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.

abstract / Biological Sciences / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Medical Sciences / Master / Master of Medical Sciences

Herbal medicines are widely used in our community. A survey of Australian consumers indicated that 60% had used complementary and/or alternative medicines in the past year with the majority not informing their doctor that they were using herbal medicines. Little is known about the potentially serious consequences of interactions between herbal and conventional medicines. Warfarin has an important role in treating people with heart disease, yet it has a narrow therapeutic range, is highly bound to plasma proteins, and is metabolised by cytochrome P450. This creates the potential for life-threatening interactions with other drugs and foods leading to excessive bleeding. Hence, warfarin is one of the most frequently investigated drugs for interaction studies. Early clinical reports suggest that there exists the potential for an interaction between warfarin and four herbal medicines: St John�s wort, ginseng, ginkgo and ginger. However, these herb-drug combinations have never been conclusively studied. The two clinical studies conducted as part of this research had an identical study design. Twenty-four healthy male subjects were recruited into the two separate studies. This was an open label, three-way crossover randomised study in twelve healthy male subjects, who received a single 25 mg dose of warfarin alone or after 14 days pre-treatment with St John�s wort, or 7 days pre-treatment with ginseng. Dosing with St John�s wort or ginseng was continued for 7 days after administration of the warfarin dose in study I or who received a single 25 mg dose of warfarin alone or after 7 days pre-treatment with recommended doses of ginkgo or ginger from single ingredient products of known quality. Dosing with ginkgo or ginger was continued for 7 days after administration of the warfarin dose in study II. Platelet aggregation, international normalised ratio (INR) of prothrombin time, warfarin enantiomer protein binding, warfarin enantiomer concentrations in plasma and S-7-hydroxywarfarin concentration in urine were measured in both studies. Statistical comparisons were made using ANOVA and 95% confidence interval (CI) for mean value and 90% CI for geometric mean ratio value are reported. n study I, the mean (95% CI) apparent clearance of S-warfarin after warfarin alone or with St John�s wort or ginseng were, respectively, 198 (174 � 223) ml/h, 269 (241 � 297) ml/h and 220 (201 � 238) ml/h. The respective apparent clearances of R-warfarin were 110 (94 � 126) ml/h, 142 (123 � 161) ml/h and 119 (106 � 131) ml/h. The mean ratio of apparent clearance for S-warfarin was 1.29 (1.16-1.46) and for R-warfarin was 1.23 (1.11-1.37) when St John�s wort was co-administered. The mean ratio of AUC0-168 of INR was 0.79 (0.70 - 0.95) when St John�s wort was co-administered. The urinary excretion ratio of S-7-hydroxywarfarin after administration of warfarin alone was 0.04 (0.03 � 0.06) mg/h and there was no significant difference following treatment with either St John�s wort 0.03 (0.02 � 0.04) mg/h or ginseng 0.03 (0.02 � 0.04) mg/h. The ratio of geometric means for S-7-hydroxywarfarin UER was 0.82 (0.61-1.12) for St John�s wort, and 0.68 (0.50-0.91) for ginseng. St John�s wort and ginseng did not affect the apparent volumes of distribution or protein binding of warfarin enantiomers. In study II, the mean (95% CI) apparent clearance of S-warfarin after warfarin alone, with ginkgo or ginger were 189 (167 � 210) ml/h, 200 (173 � 227) ml/h and 201 (171 � 231) ml/h, respectively. The respective apparent clearances of R-warfarin were 127 (106 � 149) ml/h, 126 (111 � 141) ml/h and 131 (106 � 156) ml/h. The mean ratio of apparent clearance for S-warfarin was 1.05 (0.98 -1.12) and for R-warfarin was 1.00 (0.93 -1.08) when co-administered with ginkgo. The mean ratio of AUC0-168 of INR was 0.93 (0.81 -1.05) when co-administered with ginkgo. The mean ratio of apparent clearance for S-warfarin was 1.05 (0.97 -1.13) and for R-warfarin was 1.02 (0.95 -1.10) when co-administered with ginger. The mean ratio of AUC0-168 of INR was 1.01 (0.93 -1.15) when co-administered with ginger. The urinary excretion ratio (UER) of S-7-hydroxywarfarin after administration of warfarin alone was 0.04 (0.03 � 0.05) mg/h and there was no significant difference following treatment with either ginkgo 0.04 (0.03 � 0.04) mg/h or ginger 0.03 (0.02 � 0.04) mg/h. The ratio of geometric means for S-7-hydroxywarfarin UER was 1.07 (0.69-1.67) for ginkgo, and 1.00 (0.64-1.56) for ginger. Ginkgo and ginger did not affect the apparent volumes of distribution or protein binding of either S-warfarin or R-warfarin. In conclusion, St John�s wort significantly induced the apparent clearance of both S-warfarin and R-warfarin, which in turn resulted in a significant reduction in the pharmacological effect of rac-warfarin. Ginseng, ginkgo and ginger at recommended doses affect neither clotting status, nor the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of either S-warfarin or R-warfarin in healthy subjects.