« Comic book » est un terme anglo-saxon, plus spécifiquement américain, employé pour désigner les fascicules de bande dessinée. Il a trouvé son autonomie en 1938 avec la création de « Superman » qui a amorcé l'hégémonie de la figure du « super-héros » dans la production. Au cours du vingtième siècle, éditeurs et auteurs ont eu recours à des stratégies de conquête et de fidélisation du lectorat dont le procédé de la réécriture est le plus significatif. Le super-héros fut alors soumis à l'interprétation de nombreux créateurs et devint le témoin à multiples facettes de l'Histoire des États-Unis. Il s'est dessiné à partir des années quatre-vingt une tendance réflexive qui prend cette figure comme objet critique et qui a donné naissance à ce qu'on appelle ici le « metacomic ». À partir d'un corpus représentatif, cette thèse est consacrée aux stratégies qui fondent cette réflexivité et aux discours qu'elle véhicule dans les œuvres. Elle se divise en quatre chapitres. Le premier est un descriptif de l'industrie du comic book qui explique ses particularités et l'hégémonie en son sein du genre « superhéroïque ». Le second est dédié aux processus formels qui permettent de justifier la constitution du corpus en définissant la réflexivité des œuvres. Le troisième est voué à une analyse du caractère idéologique de cette métafiction, afin de montrer en quoi la mise en crise du super-héros sert un discours sur l'Histoire et la politique américaines. Le dernier s'intéresse à la manière dont les œuvres consacrent le super-héros comme figure de l'imagination : adoptant une approche fictionnaliste, on y démontre comment transfictionnalité et univers fictionnels sont utilisés pour revisiter / “Comic Book” is the Anglo-Saxon, more specifically American term employed to describe a specific material medium for comics. The epochal moment in the history of the comic book was the 1938 publication of « Superman », which marked the starting point of the hegemony of the figure of the superhero in comic production. Over the course of the twentieth century, authors and publishers have used various strategies for winning over readers and securing their loyalty. Among these, the technique of rewriting is the most significant. Thus, the superhero has been the subject of many reinterpretations, and consequently, has born witness to many facets of the United States’ history. The publications of the 1980s have seen the rise of a reflexive approach in which the superhero becomes an object of critique himself. This new genre is here referred to as Metacomic. Drawing on a representative body of works, the doctoral thesis at hand examines the strategies that constitute this reflexivity, as well as the multiple discourses that it gives rise to. The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter gives an account of the comic book industry and explains its particularities, as well as the hegemonic position of the superhero genre in the industry. The second chapter attempts a definition of reflexivity in comic books, which permits to establish a body of works to be examined. The third chapter attempts an analysis of the ideological aspects of this metafiction in order to show how the crisis of the superhero reflects on a certain discourse on American history and politics. The fourth and last chapter examines how the analysed comics establish the superhero as an agent of imag

The aim of this thesis is to describe and evaluate the current situation regarding the funding of public libraries in the Czech Republic. The introduction comprises a concise definition of the legislative framework for funding public libraries. In the main section of the work the author deals with the system of libraries providing public library and information services and how these libraries can be established. Then the analysis of the financial resources that can be used by these libraries follows, i.e. grants by founders, national and international programs and projects to support libraries, fundraising, donating, sponsoring, patronage, volunteering, grants by foundations, libraries' own business. There is also a description of pricing and financial policy, analysis of the financial management of libraries in various regions and the influence of the economic crisis on library budgets. The main part of the thesis related to the whole Czech Republic is followed by the part aimed only at the Central Bohemian. For analysis and description of financial resources and opportunities The Central Bohemian Research Library in Kladno, contributory organization has been selected. The analytical part is complemented by experiences of other selected libraries, i.e. The Municipal Library in Žilina and The Town...

published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education

published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education

The estimation of afforestation reservation prices for small landowners in New Zealand has not been the subject of much research despite its importance in predicting future land use. Reservation prices for planting represent the minimum payment a landowner must receive before converting land from agriculture to forest. A survey of 728 landowners from every region of New Zealand who own between 20 and 200 hectares of forest as well as other unplanted land used for agriculture were surveyed about forestland, forest land owner demographics, ownership objectives, silviculture and reservation prices. In this study, reservation price strategies were investigated by offering hypothetical annual and one-time payments for converting land from agriculture to forestry. From this survey, the average one-time payment a landowner would be willing to accept to convert a hectare of land from agriculture to forestry was $3,554 and the average annual payment to convert a hectare of land was $360. The key factors influencing the reservation price were; whether or not the landowner lived on the property, if one of the ownership objectives was income from carbon, the primary agricultural enterprise and total household income. An implied discount rate was calculated for each landowner and excluding those who would not accept any payment the average after-tax discount rate was 9.7%. Small landowners indicated that their primary reason for owning plantation forest was income from timber with very few landowners using their forest land for recreation. The median farm size was 400 hectares and the median forest plantation was 37 hectares. Planting of radiata pine peaked in 1994 and 1995 with more radiata pine planted in 1994 than in all the years from 2000-2009. Most landowners are performing some type of silviculture in their forests. Ninety percent of landowners are pruning in the current rotation while only 61% plan to prune in the future. Only 26% of landowners have engaged in any commercial harvesting in the past ten years but as their current rotation matures 71% plan to replant on the same site. A majority of respondents thought the situation for forest landowners was getting better. Understanding the reservation price strategies of landowners is important for predicting future land use patterns and recognizing how close landowners are to converting land. The ownership objectives of landowners and the replanting decisions they make are critical for future timber supply. The results of this study can assist in the development of forest establishment incentive programmes. Better information about landowner characteristics will result in enhanced decision-making for the timber industry and the government in New Zealand.

本論文以女性主義學者葛洛茲的身體理論為主軸，旨在探索詹姆斯、艾倫及理察森三位作家作品中的勞動女性，如何挪用新興的都市公共空間，形塑及展現個人獨特的身體能動性。十九世紀晚期的倫敦市景最顯著的改變莫過於如雨後春筍般四處林立的公共空間，例如藝廊、俱樂部、餐廳、茶室、百貨公司等等，因此女性進入各種公共空間的機會或頻率皆日趨增加。除了以消費活動為主的中上階級女性之外，愈來愈多的女性進入都市公共空間的原因是來自於工作謀生，以期在都市中獨立生活。這些勞動女性，相異於中上階級女性，並無經濟優勢亦無階級優勢，他們的身體往往面對性別與階級雙重社會論述的宰制與規範，然而在此雙重論述力量之下，經由勞動女性的舉動表現，反而愈見身體原有的抵抗、挪用、操演等種種潛力，使我們得以觀察省思身體如何運作與適應外在空間。以葛洛茲的身體概念為中心，本論文嘗試提問如下：首先，探究當代社會論述力量如何介入女性身體的形成？其次，都市公共空間的特質如何與此身體相互作用？而這些女性身體又如何在此空間中發展其能動性？本論文分為三章：第一章分析詹姆斯《卡薩瑪斯瑪公主》中女店員的展示身體；第二章發掘艾倫《打字機女孩》中女職員的勞動身體；第三章討論理察森《歷程》中勞動女性的進食身體經驗。經由檢視這些勞動女性身體和都市公共空間的積極互動關係，本論文認為，縱使勞動女性的身體，雖然總是受到性別與階級等社會意識型態所銘刻或支配，她們的身體仍舊存在著「既有」的主體性，在流動變幻的都市公共空間特質中，展現了與眾不同的能動性。 / This dissertation aims to explore how working women take advantage of urban public space and develop specific bodily experiences in Henry James, Grant Allen, and Dorothy Richardson’s novels. The booming public spaces of fin-de-siècle London, including galleries, clubs, restaurants, teashops, and department stores—all served as new spaces which gave urban women to access a public life. Working women, who entered those public places for employment, directly encountered the conventional masculine codes and discourses with regard to the real difficulties of independent lives in the city. However, their social and economic disadvantage, at a more profound level, reflects the complex social reality and bodily experiences as well as reinforces volatile urban space where working women are involved and perceived. This complicity and volatility is, in fact, characteristic of the late Victorian working heroine’s new participation in the labor market. Centering Grosz’s concept, this study is structured into three chapters: the first chapter analyzes the displaying body and the department store in Henry James’s The Princess Casamassima; the second chapter deals with the laboring body and the office in Grant Allen’ The Type-Writer Girl; the third chapter discusses the consuming body and the dining places in Dorothy Richardson’s Pilgrimage. By asserting a positive relationship between the body and the public space from the feminist perspective, this study proposes that, while social discourses, mostly permeated with dominant oppressive powers and ideologies, give strict constraints to the working women, their bodies still acquire certain agencies to transform public places into a place for their ways of experience and appropriation.

專利權人在權利保護期間享有法律保障之排他性，而智慧財產權之制度設置，必須兼顧個人權利與社會公益，藉由保護權利人進而促進社會公益，但專利權制度中，專利權濫用之現象，對於專利發展中國家而言，尤其是外國專利強權企業利用專利奪取私益已達浮濫程度，造成私益與公益之間的矛盾與衝突，因此專利公益訴訟是平衡兩者之利益的一個手段。而因專利要件審查難以完善，造成許多具有無效事由的專利被授予專利權，這些專利權的存在侵害公眾利益甚鉅，中國大陸的對策為：提起專利公益訴訟使瑕疵專利無效，鼓勵任意第三人對專利之有效性提出挑戰，請求專利管理機關重新進行專利有效性的審查，維護公眾的合法利益；本文比較我國目前具有瑕疵之專利權，仍由民間企業基於非公共利益之商業利益考量而提出專利舉發，分析兩岸的制度及案例，檢視我國專利公益訴訟提出之可能，期使舉發專利無效之制度得以更臻健全。 / The purpose of the study was to analyze the public interest with regards to patent litigation cases in China. Public interest litigation is litigation for the protection of the public interest. Patentees have the exclusive right to prevent others from exploiting the invention without the patentees' consent during the legal protection. However, intellectual property rights are set up to protect not only rights of patentee but also that of social welfare. To reconcile the contradictions between private interest and public welfare, the study focuses on the phenomenon of abuse of patents discussed in the patent systems and the merits of public interest in patent litigation. Furthermore, the study examines China public interest patent litigation to invalidate defected patent system and encourage any third party to challenge the validity of the patent. Under the comparative legal study approach, the study can provide different perspective for our legal system to improve more beneficially our Patent law system.

The history of exploration is one of the great chapters in the history of mankind, which offers not only strong personal stories of desire and determination but is also related to the Great Powers policy. What stands in center of attention of this thesis is an institution established under the patronage of British king William IV, the aim of which was the promotion of geography and exploration of continents. The Royal Geographical Society has been among others distiguished in the support of expeditions which managed to map the sources of the Nile and contribute to a solution of one of the long term mysteries of the mankind.

A governança da água apresenta-se como caminho e paradigma na implementação de uma gestão descentralizada e participativa capaz de permear, com estes princípios, todas as instâncias e instrumentos de gestão. A outorga de direito de uso da água é um dos instrumentos previstos nas legislações federal e estadual (SP) cuja utilização permite controlar o acesso quantitativo e qualitativo a estes recursos. Concedida em consonância com as normas, critérios e diretrizes previamente estabelecidas, é a outorga que concede o direito e autoriza o uso privativo de bem público de uso comum do povo por particular, isto é, o uso da água. É também por meio da outorga que são disciplinados os usos considerados prioritários, insignificantes e orientada a alocação da água nas Bacias Hidrográficas. Especificamente quanto às diretrizes que orientam sua alocação, destaca-se a função do Plano de Bacia. Elaborado no âmbito dos Comitês de Bacias Hidrográficas, cabe ao Plano de Bacia, também chamado de Plano de Recursos Hídricos, oferecer as bases para a alocação da água, por meio das outorgas de direito, determinando seu parâmetro e comportamento nos diferentes regimes hídricos, incluindo os de agravamento de escassez hídrica. Diante deste contexto, o presente trabalho aprofunda as discussões e busca avaliar as restrições impostas às outorgas na Bacia Hidrográfica dos rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí (PCJ) entre 2014 e 2017, seus fundamentos e observância aos princípios da descentralização e da participação. A partir dos elementos que compõe o conceito de governança da água e da contextualização da água no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, o trabalho analisa, com apoio nas normas vigentes, os elementos e características da outorga de direito de uso da água, bem como sua relação com o Plano e com o Comitê de Bacia. Em seguida, analisa-se o Plano vigente durante o período escolhido em três diferentes dimensões: quanto à composição do Comitê e das Câmaras Técnicas atuantes em sua elaboração, quanto ao processo de contratação, elaboração e aprovação e quanto ao seu conteúdo, especialmente na constatação de diretrizes aplicáveis às restrições incidentes sobre as outorgas em períodos de agravamento da escassez. São também analisadas as atuações da Agência Nacional de Águas (ANA) e do Departamento de Águas e Energia Elétrica do Estado de São Paulo (DAEE) e as restrições estabelecidas, por meio de atos normativos, e que incidiram sobre outorgas entre os anos de 2014 e 2017. Constata-se, ao fim, o pequeno envolvimento do Comitê na elaboração do Plano de Bacia vigente à época, a lacuna de seu conteúdo no tratamento de situações críticas e emergenciais e a centralização da concepção das medidas de restrição das outorgas de direitos de uso na bacia dos rios PCJ, restrições estas que se mostram incompatíveis com as diretrizes do quadro normativo vigente. / Water governance presents itself as a path and paradigm in the implementation of a decentralized and participative management that is capable to permeate, with these principles, all the instances and instruments. The water grant is one of the instruments provided by the federal and state (SP) laws, which allows to control quantitative and qualitatively the access to these resources. When granted in accordance to the regulatory standards, criteria and guidelines previously established, the water grant guarantees the right and authorizes the private use of a commonweal by particular, that is, the use of water. It is also through the water grant that uses are disciplined according to its priority, meaningless and the water allocation is oriented in the River Basins. Specifically regarding the guidelines that lead its allocation, the function of the Basin Plan is highlighted. Being repared in the scope of the River Basins Committees, it is the responsibility of the Basin Plan, also called as Water Resources Plan, to provide the basis for the water allocation, by the water grant, defining its parameters and behavior in the different water polities, including those of water shortage aggravation. In the view of this context, the current research deepens the discussions and seeks to evaluate the restrictions imposed to the water grant on Piracicaba, Capivari and Jundiaí (PCJ) the River Basin between 2014 and 2017, its foundations and compliance with the principles of decentralization and establishment. Based on the elements that make up the concept of water governance and the contextualization of water in the Brazilian legal system, the research analyzes, with the support of current regulatory standards, the elements and characteristics of water grant, as well as its relation with the Plan and Basin Committee. Afterwards, the current Plan is analyzed according to the selected period in three different dimensions: in regards of composition of the Committee and the Technical Chambers involved in its elaboration, contracting process, elaboration and approval and its content, especially in the verification of the applicable guidelines to restrictions on concessions of water grant in times of shortages aggravation. It is also analyzed the actions taken by the National Water Agency (ANA) and the Department of Water and Electric Energy of the State of São Paulo (DAEE) and the restrictions established, through normative acts, and that affects the water grants between 2014 and 2017. Finally, it is possible to verify the little involvement of the Committee in the Basin Plan elaboration in force at the time, lacks of its content in the treatment of critical and emergency situations, and the centralization in the conception of the restricting measures of the water grant in the PCJ river basins, restrictions that are shown incompatible with the guidelines of the current regulatory framework.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:26:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIF GESTAO E REP SOCIAIS DO PBF EM FW E PEL - BY SIDINEI ANESI.pdf: 2118509 bytes, checksum: f384d7b84bd017b88e485688be8754f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-22 / With the hegemony of neoliberalism, public policies have been focused on that adopt decentralization as an administrative form and that give priority to income transfer policies as an alternative to the Welfare State. Common administrative models are imposed on municipalities without considering characteristics of culture, economics, origin and principally scope. Understanding politics as an arena of struggle and conquest, applied or modified actions become important that interfere in the direct relationship between administrator and beneficiary. This paper presents and discusses characteristics of the beneficiaries of public administration of the Family Grant Program, as well as its social repercussions in the municipalities of Frederico Westphalen-RS and Pelotas-RS. A questionnaire was issued to a statistical sample of beneficiaries and interviews were conducted with administrators utilizing a quantitative and qualitative method, the responses were organized, tabulated and presented graphically. It was concluded through monitoring and evaluation, through direct observation of beneficiaries and municipal administrators, and of their attitudes and expectations, that there are unique elements and differences in form and in resources used, which reflect significantly on the results. The characteristics of the beneficiaries and of the administrators of the FGP, and their relationship, the basis for taking new directions and questions about the form of generating public programs, were the object of analysis and provide suggestions for improvement, monitoring and the realization of intersectoral planning. The differences in each region interfere significantly in the public policies and consequently in their results, as well as their exchange, offering learning possibilities to both realities, when management practices are compared / Com a hegemonia do neoliberalismo, as políticas públicas adotaram a descentralização como forma de gestão que prioriza políticas de transferência de renda em substituição ao Welfare State. Modelos comuns de gestão são impostos aos municípios sem levar em consideração características de cultura, de economia, de origem e principalmente de dimensão. Entendendo política como uma arena de lutas e conquistas, tornam-se importantes as ações que, aplicadas ou modificadas, interferem na relação direta entre o gestor e o beneficiário. Apresentamos e discutimos as características dos beneficiários da gestão pública do Programa Bolsa Família, bem como suas repercussões sociais nos municípios de Frederico Westphalen e Pelotas, RS. Aplicou-se questionário em uma amostra de beneficiários do Programa e uma entrevista com gestores municipais. Utilizando-se, após, o método quanti-qualitativo, as respostas foram organizadas, tabuladas e apresentadas em gráficos. Concluiu-se que a fiscalização e a avaliação por observação direta de beneficiários e gestores como, por exemplo, de suas posturas e expectativas apresenta singularidades e diferenças na maneira e nos recursos utilizados, refletindo significativamente sobre os resultados. Analisaram-se as características dos beneficiários, dos gestores do Programa e sua relação, base para novos rumos e questionamentos sobre como gerir programas públicos, recebendo sugestões para melhoria, fiscalização e condução de planejamento intersetorial. As características de cada região afetam significativamente as políticas públicas e seus resultados e, assim, o intercâmbio proporciona aprendizado a ambas as realidades, quando comparadas as práticas de gestão