Die vorliegende Arbeit geht der Frage nach, wie Gutachterinnen und Gutachter im Rahmen von Gruppenbegutachtungen zu einer gemeinsamen Bewertungsentscheidung finden. Untersucht wird diese Frage am Beispiel von Gruppenbegutachtungen zur Förderung von Sonderforschungsbereichen (SFB). Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit zeigen, dass sowohl die organisatorischen Rahmenbedingungen der Begutachtungssitzungen als auch die Organisation des gesamten Peer-Review-Prozesses, in welchem die Gruppenbegutachtung in der Regel nur einen Verfahrensschritt darstellt, maßgeblichen Einfluss auf den Prozess der Entscheidungsfindung innerhalb des Panels nehmen, wie auch auf die letztendliche konsensuale Entscheidung der Gutachtergruppe und die (unerwünschten) Gruppenphänomene, die während der Panelbegutachtung auftreten können. Die Ergebnisse zeigen darüberhinaus, dass Gutachtende den Prozess der Begutachtung sowohl als Subjekt ihrer eigenen Entscheidungsfindung (Rolle: Gutachter) als auch als Objekt des Entscheidungsfindungsprozesses anderer (Rolle: Antragsteller) wahrnehmen. Deshalb ist es für sie zentral, als Subjekt an einem Prozess teilzunehmen, der so fair ist, dass sie ihn auch als Objekt der Entscheidung anderer als fair erleben können. Dieser persönlichen Forderung nach Fairness kommt die Gruppenbegutachtung, den Ergebnissen zu Folge, stärker entgegen als die Einzelbegutachtung. Methodisch wurde ein exploratives Vorgehen gewählt und drei SFB-Beratungsgespräche sowie vier SFB-Einrichtungsbegutachtungen mit Hilfe der Methode der nicht-teilnehmenden Beobachtung analysiert. Zusätzlich wurden 80 Leitfadeninterviews mit Beteiligten der Begutachtungssitzungen und ausgewählten Antragstellenden sowie Dokumentenanalysen von Begutachtungsunterlagen durchgeführt. / The study addresses the question of how peer review committees come to a consensual decision. Therefore the decision making process of review committees to promote collaborative research centres (CRC, in German: Sonderforschungsbereiche, SFB) was analyzed. The results show that the organizational framework of the evaluation sessions as well as the organization of the entire peer review process (whereby the group evaluation is only one step in the whole process) have a great influence on: (1) on the decision making process within the panel, (2) on the final consensual decision of the panel group and (3) on the (unwanted) group phenomena that may occur during panel reviews. In addition the results illustrate that reviewers perceived the process of evaluations as both the subject of their own decisions (role: reviewer) as well as the object of the decision-making process of others (role: applicant). Therefore, for them it is central as a subject to participate in a process that is so fair that they can also experience the process as being wholly fair as an object of the decision of others. This personal call for fairness is stronger in relation to group evaluations than for individual peer review evaluations. Methodologically, an exploratory approach was chosen and three CRC preliminary review session (SFB Beratungsgespräch) and four CRC on-site reviews (SFB Einrichtungsbegutachtungen) were analyzed using the method of non-participant observation. In addition, 80 semi-structured interviews were conducted with evaluation session participants and selected applicants and a content analysis of review documents were done.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)

While establishing modus operandi information is an investigative technique that is used globally in the investigation of fraud, investigators of child support grant fraud in South Africa do not properly use this technique in their investigation. The study sought to examine the modus operandi used by civil servants in unduly accessing child support grand fraud. The study adopted a qualitative approach, with structured interviews and literature as data-collection methods. Two sample groups were used to gather data. The data was analysed using spiral method. The study found that modus operandi as a valuable investigation tool was not properly used and in other instances was never used in the investigations. On the basis of the findings, it is recommended that modus operandi captured on the police and corporate database systems be used as reference for comparing modus operandi of known grants fraudsters. Training and skills be provided to public and corporate investigators on the use of modus operandi information in the investigation of social grants. To ensure that good practice is developed, a modus operandi guideline document should be crafted by the South African Police Services' detective division at National level and corporate investigators respectively, with a view to improve conviction rate. / Criminology and Security Science / M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

Doctor of Philosophy / This thesis examines the transmission of Protestantism to Australia by the early British colonists and its consequences for their engagement with the land between 1788 and 1850. It explores the ways in which colonists gave religious meaning to their surrounds, particularly their use of exile and exodus narratives to describe journeying to the colony and their sense of their destination as a site of banishment, a wilderness or a Promised Land. The potency of these scriptural images for colonising Europeans has been recognised in North America and elsewhere: this study establishes and details their significance in early colonial Australia. This thesis also considers the ways in which colonists’ Protestant values mediated their engagement with their surrounds and informed their behaviour towards the land and its indigenous inhabitants. It demonstrates that leading Protestants asserted and acted upon their particular values for industry, order, mission and biblicism in ways that contributed to the transformation of Aboriginal land. From the physical changes wrought by industrious agricultural labour through to the spiritual transformations achieved by rites of consecration, their specifically Protestant values enabled Britons to inhabit the land on familiar material and cultural terms. The structural basis for this study is provided by thematic biographies of five prominent colonial Protestants: Richard Johnson, Samuel Marsden, William Grant Broughton, John Wollaston and John Dunmore Lang. The private and public writings of these men are examined in light of the wider literature on religion and colonialism and environmental history. By delineating the significance of Protestantism to individual colonists’ responses to the land, this thesis confirms the trend of much recent British and Australian historiography towards a more religious understanding of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Its overarching argument is that Protestantism helped lay the foundation for colonial society by encouraging the transformation of the environment according to the colonists’ values and needs, and by providing ideological support for the British use and occupation of the territory. Prominent Protestants applied their religious ideas to Australia in ways that tended to assist, legitimate or even necessitate the colonisation of the land.

Avhandlingens syfte är att beskriva och analysera arbetets betydelse i starta eget–bidragsföretagares liv. Material har samlats in dels genom en omfattande enkätstudie som omfattar hela populationen nuvarande och tidigare företagare från 1995 i Östergötlands län, dels genom en serie livsberättelseorienterade intervjuer med ett urval aktiva respektive före detta företagare med fokus på deras inställning till arbete. Resultaten visar bland annat att etableringsmotiven ofta utgår främst från strukturer och omständigheter utanför individen och att dennes handlande när det gäller att starta eget i mycket bygger på ett oreflekterat förhållningssätt. Analyserna lyfter också fram de identitetsskapande aspekterna av arbete och visar att den del av identiteten som är knuten till arbete i många fall mycket starkt påverkar eller omformar övriga identitetsaspekter. SeB-företagarna kan betraktas som ”nödvändighetsentreprenörer” då de skapar nya arbetstillfällen åt sig själva. Bland nuvarande företagare anser drygt hälften att deras liv tagit en positiv riktning. De mest negativa återfinns i gruppen tidigare SeB-företagare, av vilka drygt en tredjedel anser att deras liv tagit en negativ riktning. Bland fördelarna med företagande framhålls av de studerade personerna framför allt möjligheten till en upplevd egenkontroll i arbetet. Nackdelar som betonas är ekonomisk oro, kompetensbrist och brist på sociala relationer. / The thesis aims to describe and analyze the importance of work for those who start up in business through the active labour market programme – the start-up grant entrepreneur. The material was collected partly through an extensive questionnaire study covering the entire population of current and former entrepreneurs in subsidized enterprises from 1995 in Östergötland, Sweden, and partly by a series of life story-oriented interviews about attitudes to work with a sample of active or former entrepreneurs. The results show, inter alia, that the establishment motives are often essentially based on the structure and circumstances beyond the individual and that his/her actions in terms of starting their own business are largely based on a non reflective approach. The analysis also highlights the identity-building aspects of work and shows that in many cases the part of one’s identity that is associated with work significantly affects other identity issues. Start-up entrepreneurs can be regarded as ”necessity entrepreneurs” when they create new jobs for themselves. Among the current workers, just over half believe that their lives have taken a positive direction. The most negative is the group of former start-up entrepreneurs, in which just over one third indicate that their lives have taken a negative direction. The benefits of entrepreneurship highlighted by the studied subjects include the possibility of a perceived self-monitoring at work. Disadvantages indicated by the same people include economic concerns, skills shortages and lack of social relationships.

This thesis examines the beginning of Victoria, British Columbia’s, women’s movement, stretching its ‘start’ date to the late 1850s while arguing that, to some extent, the local movement criss-crossed racial, ethnic, religious, and gender boundaries. It also highlights how the people involved with the women’s movement in Victoria challenged traditional beliefs, like separate sphere ideology, about women’s position in society and contributed to the introduction of new more egalitarian views of women in a process that continues to the present day. Chapter One challenges current understandings of First Wave Feminism, stretching its limitations regarding time and persons involved with social reform and women’s rights goals, while showing that the issue of ‘suffrage’ alone did not make a ‘women’s movement’. Chapter 2 focuses on how the local ‘women’s movement’ coalesced and expanded in the late 1890s to embrace various social reform causes and demands for women’s rights and recognition, it reflected a unique spirit that emanated from Victorian traditionalism, skewed gender ratios, and a frontier mentality. Chapter 3 argues that an examination of Victoria’s movement, like any other ‘women’s movement’, must take into consideration the ethnic and racialized ‘other’, in this thesis the Indigenous, African Canadian, and Chinese. The Conclusion discusses areas for future research, deeper research questions, and raises the question about whether the women’s movement in Victoria was successful. / Graduate / 0334 / 0733 / 0631 / mlihmels@shaw.ca

Doctor of Philosophy / This thesis examines the transmission of Protestantism to Australia by the early British colonists and its consequences for their engagement with the land between 1788 and 1850. It explores the ways in which colonists gave religious meaning to their surrounds, particularly their use of exile and exodus narratives to describe journeying to the colony and their sense of their destination as a site of banishment, a wilderness or a Promised Land. The potency of these scriptural images for colonising Europeans has been recognised in North America and elsewhere: this study establishes and details their significance in early colonial Australia. This thesis also considers the ways in which colonists’ Protestant values mediated their engagement with their surrounds and informed their behaviour towards the land and its indigenous inhabitants. It demonstrates that leading Protestants asserted and acted upon their particular values for industry, order, mission and biblicism in ways that contributed to the transformation of Aboriginal land. From the physical changes wrought by industrious agricultural labour through to the spiritual transformations achieved by rites of consecration, their specifically Protestant values enabled Britons to inhabit the land on familiar material and cultural terms. The structural basis for this study is provided by thematic biographies of five prominent colonial Protestants: Richard Johnson, Samuel Marsden, William Grant Broughton, John Wollaston and John Dunmore Lang. The private and public writings of these men are examined in light of the wider literature on religion and colonialism and environmental history. By delineating the significance of Protestantism to individual colonists’ responses to the land, this thesis confirms the trend of much recent British and Australian historiography towards a more religious understanding of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Its overarching argument is that Protestantism helped lay the foundation for colonial society by encouraging the transformation of the environment according to the colonists’ values and needs, and by providing ideological support for the British use and occupation of the territory. Prominent Protestants applied their religious ideas to Australia in ways that tended to assist, legitimate or even necessitate the colonisation of the land.

While establishing modus operandi information is an investigative technique that is used globally in the investigation of fraud, investigators of child support grant fraud in South Africa do not properly use this technique in their investigation. The study sought to examine the modus operandi used by civil servants in unduly accessing child support grand fraud. The study adopted a qualitative approach, with structured interviews and literature as data-collection methods. Two sample groups were used to gather data. The data was analysed using spiral method. The study found that modus operandi as a valuable investigation tool was not properly used and in other instances was never used in the investigations. On the basis of the findings, it is recommended that modus operandi captured on the police and corporate database systems be used as reference for comparing modus operandi of known grants fraudsters. Training and skills be provided to public and corporate investigators on the use of modus operandi information in the investigation of social grants. To ensure that good practice is developed, a modus operandi guideline document should be crafted by the South African Police Services' detective division at National level and corporate investigators respectively, with a view to improve conviction rate. / Criminology and Security Science / M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

This study is a collective case study grounded in the literature regarding leadership styles and leadership theories. It includes among others, an analysis of data from interviews of college Principals and middle Managers to identify the leadership styles at the three colleges of education. The purpose of the study was to analyse the leadership styles of college Principals and middle Managers operating in dual-mode environments. The colleges that were being studied are the Copperbelt College of Education; Mufulira College of Education and Malcom Moffat College of Education. There were sixteen (16) participants in this study drawn from three colleges. The researcher collected data using semi-structured individual and focused group interviews. In addition, policy documents such as ‗Open and Distance Learning Policy (draft) and National Policy on Education were analysed. The researcher employed qualitative methods in the collection and analysis of data. Triangulation was used in order to verify the information given during this study. The evidence from the literature review indicates that there is no single leadership style that may provide answers to all situations in institutions of higher education; rather, a blend of the leadership styles would be beneficial to college Principals. The research further revealed that, managing dual-mode colleges of education entails that Principals require tailor-made programmes in management and leadership of dual-mode institutions for them to improve quality of their products and enhance tenets of transparency, democracy and good governance in colleges of education in Zambia. They also must be excellent communicators and ensure understanding by students, employees, peers, and the many stakeholders involved in dual-mode colleges of education. The study was important as it hoped to shed some light on how to improve quality of leadership in dual-mode colleges of education in Zambia. The study will contribute scientific knowledge to all categories of Higher Education (HE) institutions especially colleges of education, be they face-to-face or distance mode, that are contemplating a move into dual-mode delivery. Finally, Information garnered from this study is expected to allow Principals and other middle Managers and administrators to evaluate their leadership styles in comparison to the effective styles revealed by this study. / Educational Leadership and Management / D. Ed. (Education Management)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T16:15:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto revisado em 13 6 12 grf ok.pdf: 1663257 bytes, checksum: 468b205f99b5250ccb86de7c1a58c9d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-29 / This study approaches a new and unexplored subject, the Brazilian Family Aid Program. Bibliography practically does not exist and academic entities seldom discuss the subject because it is still under development. References are found in lectures, newspapers and magazine articles. This is an exploratory and analytical search, approaching evidence basis and sources. The Programa Bolsa Família (PBF) is a Brazilian Family Aid Program granted under conditionality rules. It can be considered a unique tool for income distribution, working towards an effective solution for families surviving under extreme poverty. The program started by the merger of three other poverty aid programs of dubious effectiveness Scholarship Aid, Cooking Gas Aid and Food Card. The PBF benefits families surviving under poverty conditions, with R$ 70 to R$ 140 monthly of per capita income and under extreme poverty conditions, below R$ 70 monthly of per capita income. Also, the PBF establishes conditional participation rules associated to education and health prevention for children. Presently the PBF supports 13 million families that fit rules and are enrolled in the Cadastro Único (Central Control Registration Roll). That registration roll practically covers the totality of the population under poverty situation line as defined by PNAD - 2006 (National Household Survey - 2006).The PBF control methodology allows income transfer to regions left under poverty conditions in past history. The PBF formed a new consumer community, new entrepreneurs, moreover, attracted investors. In regard to education there is reduction in illiteracy. The Human Development Index (HDI) shows vegetative growth, Brazil is the 84th country ranked among the 187 nations controlled by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 2011. The dimensions that compose the index for Brazil had poor growth lately, in particular the expected years of schooling for children at school enrollment age (in Brazil, 6 years old) declined during the last decade (2000-2010). It is likely that there is a structural issue with the Brazilian education sector. There is a socio-economic growth in regions where poverty has been endemic, in particular Northeast Region. The findings also reveal migration reversal that in past were North/Northeast Regions to Southeast Region as well as fecundity rate reduction, which are remarkable advantages. Brazil entered into the demographic bonus , a situation when the economically active population exceeds the dependent population , this is also an advantage because attracts investments and is a push towards economic growth. Despite of positive improvements, they appear to be insufficient, the human development in Brazil is far from excellence, presently a HDI of 0,718, with a growth of 0,769% annually (2000-2010) it will take 35/36 years to meet the Australian HDI of 0,943%. Unless chances help us, dreams to join the winners are unlikely. The Programa Bolsa Família , however, proves to be a social front towards inequality; the participants of the plan, originally classified under poverty line were rescued. / Esta dissertação trata de um tema relativamente novo, com literatura escassa, praticamente sem estudos teóricos que o abordem. Referenciais são encontrados em publicações feitas em seminários e palestras bem como em artigos e notas jornalísticas. Esta dissertação se trata de trabalho exploratório, analítico descritivo com base documental. O Programa Bolsa Família, tema central deste trabalho, é uma ferramenta para distribuição de renda que funciona de forma simples e tem sido efetiva para o atendimento de famílias que vivem abaixo da linha de pobreza. Ele é resultado da fusão de vários outros programas dispersos e com efetividade questionável Bolsa Escola, Auxílio Gás e Cartão Alimentação. O Programa Bolsa Família beneficia famílias em situação de pobreza com renda mensal de R$ 70 a R$ 140 per capita e em extrema pobreza com renda mensal abaixo de R$ 70 reais per capita. Também estabelece condicionalidades de educação e saúde. Atualmente, há cerca de 13 milhões de famílias inscritas no Programa Bolsa Família que cumprem as condições do Cadastro Único esta é praticamente a totalidade das famílias pobres segundo critérios do PNAD 2006 (Pesquisa Nacional de Domicílios). Na realidade, houve substancial injeção de recursos em áreas outrora relegadas ao acaso, criando novos consumidores, bem como empreendedores, além de atrair investimentos. Quanto à educação, nota-se que há redução do analfabetismo. Há um crescimento vegetativo do Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) no qual o Brasil situa-se em 84⁰ lugar dentre as 187 nações controladas pelo PNUD (Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento) em 2011. As variáveis que compõem o índice crescem timidamente, destaca-se queda no item expectativa de escolaridade esperada das crianças em idade de ingresso na escola (no Brasil, aos seis anos), que caiu no período 2000-2011, esse fato pode indicar falha estrutural no ensino brasileiro. Esse estudo indica que há desenvolvimento socioeconômico em áreas carentes, particularmente na Região Nordeste. Observa-se também a reversão da migração que historicamente era de norte/nordeste a sudeste. Também nota-se redução da taxa de fecundidade das brasileiras, o que é vantajoso. O Brasil também está com a vantagem do Bônus demográfico , quando a população economicamente ativa supera a população dependente, o que é um excelente fator de crescimento por atrair investimentos. Apesar de melhorias observadas na década 2000-2010, elas ainda são insuficientes. Quanto ao desenvolvimento humano , o Brasil está muito distante das nações desenvolvidas, com IDH de 0,718, que cresceu na última década à taxa de 0,769% ao ano. Nesse ritmo, até alcançarmos o IDH norueguês -- primeiro colocado, ou o australiano -- segundo colocado, que é de 0,943 serão necessários 35/36 anos. Isso nos leva a pensar que, a não ser que o acaso nos ajude, o sonho de nos juntarmos aos primeiros é questionável. Com respeito ao Programa Bolsa Família, esse prova ser uma frente social para a eliminação da desigualdade, seus beneficiários eram classificados como pobres e extremamente pobres e foram resgatados.