Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-11-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:45:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_jmn_dr_jabo.pdf: 226978 bytes, checksum: b750d41fae4be269e3578a4ae3813b74 (MD5) / Objetivou-se estudar o valor nutritivo e desenvolvimento de fungos e de Listeria spp. no capim-Tifton 85 (híbrido de Cynodon, PI 290884 originário da África do Sul com o Tifton 68 (Cynodon nlemfuensis) ensilado sem emurchecimento (umidade 60-70%), submetido a pré-secagem (umidade 40-50%) e com adição ou não de polpa cítrica (5% do peso verde). As amostras foram colhidas na abertura dos silos e aos 15 e 30 dias após a abertura, para avaliação da ocorrência de Listeria spp e de fungos, do padrão de fermentação (pH, N amoniacal, ácidos orgânicos), teores de matéria seca, de proteína bruta, de nitrogênio associado a parede celular, dos constituintes da parede celular e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS). Os dados foram analisados segundo o delineamento em blocos completos casualisados, em esquema de parcela subdividida, sendo que nas parcelas foram avaliadas as silagens submetidas ao emurchecimento e uso ou não de polpa cítrica e nas subparcelas os períodos de exposição ao ar, com quatro repetições. Constatou-se a presença de Listeria spp em 65,6% das silagens de alta matéria seca, sendo que destas 10% foram positivas para Listeria monocytogenes. As silagens de alta matéria seca apresentaram pouca estabilidade aeróbia, tendo sido registrado aumento na ocorrência dos fungos Penicillium, Fusarium e Pithomyces com o prolongamento do período de exposição ao ar. Esses resultados evidenciaram o risco potencial que silagens de gramíneas com alto conteúdo de matéria seca pode representar para a saúde dos animais e humanos. Em termos de padrão de fermentação observou-se baixos teores de ácidos orgânicos e de N amoniacal, altos valores de pH, provavelmente devido aos elevados conteúdos de matéria seca causados pelo emurchecimento e adição de polpa cítrica... / This research was conducted to evaluate the nutritive value and fungal and Listeria spp. occurrence of the no wilted (60 to 70% of moisture) and wilted (40 to 50% of moisture) Tifton 85 ensiled with or without citrus pulp (5.0% of the wet weight). The high dry matter silage were harvested, immediately after the silos opening, also 15 and 30 days after the air exposition. It was evaluated the Listeria and fungal occurrences, fermentation characteristics (pH, amoniacal nitrogen, organic acids), values of dry matter, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN), acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). The data were analyzed according to a randomized block design in split plot scheme, being the silages studied in plots and the periods of air exposure in the split plots, with four replications. It was observed Listeria spp in 65.6% of the high dry matter silage samples, and Listeria monocytogenes occurred in 10.0% of these samples. The high dry matter silage was air unstable and Penicillium, Fusarium e Pithomyces occurrence increased during the air exposition period. These data showed the potential risk that the high dry matter grass silage could represent to the animal and human health. In relation to the fermentation characteristics, it was observed lowest values of amoniacal nitrogen, organic acid, and highest pH values, probably due to the high dry matter content of the silage. The high dry matter silage showed lowest N-NH3/N total values, preserving the crude protein content, probably caused by the low Clostridium activity. The NDIN and ADIN contents increased during the air exposition periods, in function of the microorganism's activity, resulted in high temperature of the high dry matter silage... (Complete abstract, access undermentioned eletronic address)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-08-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:11:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 campidelli_o_me_botfca.pdf: 937441 bytes, checksum: 8f941847f5081bc196641a7183b27b06 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a produção da Brachiaria brizantha Stapf cv. Marandu semeada na palhada da Brachiaria decumbens. O experimento foi instalado em condição de campo, no ano agrícola 2005/06, na Fazenda Experimental Lageado da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - Campus de Botucatu/UNESP. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições. As parcelas foram implantadas com espaçamento único de 15 cm entre linhas. Os tratamentos aplicados foram: tratamento 1 (T1 - dessecou-se a B. decumbens e aplicou-se 6 Lha-1 de glifosato e 30 dias depois aplicou-se uma subdosagem com 2 Lha-1 e após 2 dias efetuo-se a semeadura da B. brizantha, com 20 kgha-1 de semente), tratamento 2 (T2 - aplicou-se 6 Lha-1 de glifosato e imediatamente fez-se a semeadura da B. brizantha, com 20 kgha-1 de semente), tratamento 3 (T3 - fez-se a semeadura da B. brizantha, com 20 kgha-1 de semente e imediatamente aplica-se 6 Lha-1 de glifosato), e tratamento 4 (T4 - aplicou-se 6 Lha-1 de glifosato e após 2 dias fez-se a semeadura da B. brizantha com 20 kgha-1 de semente). Foram avaliados a cobertura morta proporcionada pela B. decumbens sobre o solo e o percentual de cobertura verde da Brachiaria brizantha, bem como sua matéria verde e seca, aos 30, 50 e 70 dias após semeadura (DAS). A quantidade de matéria morta cobrindo o solo aos 30, 50 e 70 dias após a semeadura (DAS), da Brachiaria brizantha, apresentou resultados negativos para a germinação, emergência, produção de massa verde e seca e porcentagem de cobertura verde, da mesma, nos tratamentos T2, T3 e T4, e um melhor resultado para o T1. Desta forma, pode- 2 se concluir que o melhor manejo é dessecar a cultura antecessora 30 dias ou mais, antes da semeadura da nova cultura. / The present research aimed at to evaluate the production of Brachiaria brizantha Stapf cv. Marandu sowed in the palhada of the Brachiaria decumbens. The experiment was installed in field condition, in the agricultural year 2005/06, in Fazenda Experimental Lageado da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - Campus de Botucatu / UNESP. The treatments were set as a complete randomized experiment, with five repetitions. The portions were implanted with only spacing of 15 cm among lines. The applied treatments were: treatment 1 (T1 - the B. decumbens was desiccated and it was applied 6 Lha-1 of glifosato and 30 days later a dosage was applied with 2 Lha-1 and after 2 days make her the sowing of B. brizantha, with 20 seed kgha-1), treatment 2 (T2 - 6 Lha-1 of glifosato was applied and immediately it was made the sowing of B. brizantha, with 20 seed kgha-1), treatment 3 (T3- it was made the sowing of B. brizantha, with 20 seed kgha-1 and immediately 6 Lha-1 of glifosato is applied), and treatment 4 (T4 - 6 Lha-1 of glifosato was applied and after 2 days it was made the sowing of B. brizantha with 20 seed kgha-1). They were appraised the proportionate covering for B. decumbens on the soil and the percentage of green covering of the B. brizantha, as well as his green and dry matter, to the 30, 50 and 70 days after sowing (DAS). The amount of dead matter covering the soil to the 30, 50 and 70 days after the sowing (DAS), of the Brachiaria brizantha, it presented negative results for the germination, emergency, production of green and dry mass and percentage of green covering, of the same, in the treatments T2, T3 and T4, and a better result for T1. This way, it can be 4 concluded that the best handling is to desiccate the culture predecessor 30 days or plus, before the sowing of the new culture.

Submitted by VITOR MULLER ANUNCIATO (vitor.muller@gmail.com) on 2018-04-20T22:14:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertaçãoANUNCIATOparaImpressão.pdf: 3297037 bytes, checksum: 5946e7250c31b4a24ba3c90890cb6318 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Lucia Martins Frederico null (mlucia@fca.unesp.br) on 2018-04-23T11:13:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 anunciato_vm_me_botfca.pdf: 3297037 bytes, checksum: 5946e7250c31b4a24ba3c90890cb6318 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-23T11:13:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 anunciato_vm_me_botfca.pdf: 3297037 bytes, checksum: 5946e7250c31b4a24ba3c90890cb6318 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Muito já foi e ainda vem sendo estudado sobre os efeitos clássicos de dose-resposta dos herbicidas e uma outra vertente que vem surgindo são as respostas bifásicas, que incluem hormesis, caracterizada por doses baixas de um herbicida que causa estímulo e inibição em dose elevada. Assim como o estímulo pode ser benéfico na agricultura em algumas aplicações, porem quando ocorre em plantas não alvo, o efeito de hormesis pode-se tornar um problema. Nesse trabalho foram realizados quatro experimentos. Um experimento de curva dose-resposta para biótipo resistente e suscetível de Digitaria insularis, resistente ao herbicida glyphosate, avaliando-se altura das plantas, massa fresca e seca e fitotoxicidade (%) aos 7, 14 e 21 dias após a aplicação. Houve também a repetição do mesmo, um experimento com subdosagem de glyphosate para averiguar o efeito das subdosagens no florescimento, avaliando-se o número de panículas emitidos após a aplicação dos tratamentos e o quarto experimento que foi a verificação da germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação e peso de sementes provindas do terceiro experimento. O efeito de estímulo das subdoses foram constatados em todos os experimentos sendo que diferentes faixas de doses causaram o efeito de hormesis nos biótipos de D.insularis, resistente e suscetível havendo aumento de altura, massa, peso de sementes e velocidade de germinação e diminuição do tempo necessário para emissão das inflorescências. Esses efeitos podem conceder uma grande vantagem para a disseminação dessa espécie, auxiliando a alteração da flora de plantas infestantes. / Currently much has been studied about the classic dose-response effects of herbicides and another aspect that is emerging are the biphasic responses, which include hormesis, a biphasic dose-response phenomenon characterized by low dose stimulation and high dose inhibition. Just as the stimulus may be beneficial in agriculture in several applications, when this stimulus occurs in non-target plants, the effect of hormesis can become a problem. In this work, a dose-response curve experiment was performed for resistant and susceptible biotypes of Digitaria insularis, resistant to the glyphosate herbicide and evaluating plant height, fresh and dry mass and phytotoxicity (%) at 7, 14 and 21 days after application. The second experiment was the repetition of the firs. An experiment with subdoses of glyphosate are performed to investigate the effect of the subdoses on flowering, evaluating the number of panicles emitted after the application of the treatments and the fourth experiment that was the verification of the germination, germination speed index and seed weight from the third experiment. The effect of subdoses stimulation was observed in all the experiments, with different dose ranges causing the stimulus in the D.insularis biotypes, resistant and susceptible, increasing height, mass, seed weight and germination speed and reduced the time required for inflorescence emission. These effects can give a great advantage to the spread of this species, helping to change the flora of weeds.

Resumo: Objetivou-se estudar o valor nutritivo e desenvolvimento de fungos e de Listeria spp. no capim-Tifton 85 (híbrido de Cynodon, PI 290884 originário da África do Sul com o Tifton 68 (Cynodon nlemfuensis) ensilado sem emurchecimento (umidade 60-70%), submetido a pré-secagem (umidade 40-50%) e com adição ou não de polpa cítrica (5% do peso verde). As amostras foram colhidas na abertura dos silos e aos 15 e 30 dias após a abertura, para avaliação da ocorrência de Listeria spp e de fungos, do padrão de fermentação (pH, N amoniacal, ácidos orgânicos), teores de matéria seca, de proteína bruta, de nitrogênio associado a parede celular, dos constituintes da parede celular e digestibilidade "in vitro" da matéria seca (DIVMS). Os dados foram analisados segundo o delineamento em blocos completos casualisados, em esquema de parcela subdividida, sendo que nas parcelas foram avaliadas as silagens submetidas ao emurchecimento e uso ou não de polpa cítrica e nas subparcelas os períodos de exposição ao ar, com quatro repetições. Constatou-se a presença de Listeria spp em 65,6% das silagens de alta matéria seca, sendo que destas 10% foram positivas para Listeria monocytogenes. As silagens de alta matéria seca apresentaram pouca estabilidade aeróbia, tendo sido registrado aumento na ocorrência dos fungos Penicillium, Fusarium e Pithomyces com o prolongamento do período de exposição ao ar. Esses resultados evidenciaram o risco potencial que silagens de gramíneas com alto conteúdo de matéria seca pode representar para a saúde dos animais e humanos. Em termos de padrão de fermentação observou-se baixos teores de ácidos orgânicos e de N amoniacal, altos valores de pH, provavelmente devido aos elevados conteúdos de matéria seca causados pelo emurchecimento e adição de polpa cítrica... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research was conducted to evaluate the nutritive value and fungal and Listeria spp. occurrence of the no wilted (60 to 70% of moisture) and wilted (40 to 50% of moisture) Tifton 85 ensiled with or without citrus pulp (5.0% of the wet weight). The high dry matter silage were harvested, immediately after the silos opening, also 15 and 30 days after the air exposition. It was evaluated the Listeria and fungal occurrences, fermentation characteristics (pH, amoniacal nitrogen, organic acids), values of dry matter, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN), acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and "in vitro" dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). The data were analyzed according to a randomized block design in split plot scheme, being the silages studied in plots and the periods of air exposure in the split plots, with four replications. It was observed Listeria spp in 65.6% of the high dry matter silage samples, and Listeria monocytogenes occurred in 10.0% of these samples. The high dry matter silage was air unstable and Penicillium, Fusarium e Pithomyces occurrence increased during the air exposition period. These data showed the potential risk that the high dry matter grass silage could represent to the animal and human health. In relation to the fermentation characteristics, it was observed lowest values of amoniacal nitrogen, organic acid, and highest pH values, probably due to the high dry matter content of the silage. The high dry matter silage showed lowest N-NH3/N total values, preserving the crude protein content, probably caused by the low Clostridium activity. The NDIN and ADIN contents increased during the air exposition periods, in function of the microorganism's activity, resulted in high temperature of the high dry matter silage... (Complete abstract, access undermentioned eletronic address) / Orientador: Ruben Pablo Schocken-Iturrino / Coorientador: Ricardo Andrade Reis / Banca: Luis Roberto de Andrade Rodrigues / Banca: Mauro Dal Secco de Oliveira / Banca: Ciniro Costa / Banca: Luciano de Almeida Corrêa / Doutor

Orientador: Flávio Ruas de Moraes / Banca: Joel Aubin / Banca: Jérôme Lazard / Banca: Maria Inez Eapagnoli Geraldo Martins / Banca: Márcia Noelia Eler / Resumo: O estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver um novo sistema de cultivo de peixes, denominado de peixe verde. O princípio básico do sistema é alimentar a carpa capim, espécie principal do policultivo, com vegetais cultivados. O estudo analisou três intensidades de produção. Foi realizado no Oeste do Estado de Santa Catarina e abrangeu três segmentos: análise bioeconômica, análise do ciclo de vida e análise da fauna parasitária do sistema peixe verde. Os resultados do estudo indicam que o peixe verde é um sistema de baixa intensidade de produção. Demonstrou ser um sistema de baixo impacto ambiental. As intensidades de produção estudadas demonstraram ser economicamente viáveis, principalmente para piscicultores familiares. O peixe verde demonstrou ser mais dependente de mão-de-obra quando comparado com outros sistemas de produção. O estudo da análise do ciclo de vida (ACV) permitiu analisar os principais impactos ambientais do sistema peixe verde. O tratamento mais intensivo foi o que apresentou os maiores impactos nas categorias analisadas. Os alevinos foi o fator que mais contribuiu nas categorias de impactos. Com base nos resultados o sistema pode ser considerado como sistema de baixa intensidade parasitária. O tratamento com maior densidade mostrou ser o mais eficiente economicamente, enquanto o de menor densidade mostrou ser ambientalmente o mais eficiente. / Abstract: The study had as objective to develop a new system of fish culture, called green fish. The basic principle of the system is to feed the grass carp, main species of the polyculture, with cultivated vegetables. The study analyzed three intensities of production. It was carried out in the West of Santa Catarina State and enclosed three segments: economic analysis, life cycle assessment and analysis of the parasitic fauna of the system green fish. Results of the study indicate that the green fish is a system of low production intensity. It demonstrated to be a system of low ambient impact. The studied intensities of production had economically demonstrated to be viable, mainly for family fish farmers. The green fish showed to be more dependent of man power when compared with other systems of production. The study of the life cycle assessement (LCA) allowed to analyze the main ambient impacts of the system green fish. The most intensive treatment presented higest impacts within the analyzed categories. Fry were the factor that more contributed in the categories of impacts. On the basis of the results the system can be considered as system of low parasitic intensity. The treatment with higher density showed to be more efficient economically, while the one of lesser density ishowed to be ambiently more efficient. / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-03-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:39:40Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 moretti_tb_me_ilha.pdf: 894602 bytes, checksum: 59c600d518a57a77a24160795f527ccd (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A Brachiaria plantaginea está entre as espécies de maior ocorrência como plantas daninhas em diversas culturas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar as características morfofisiológicas da espécie B. plantaginea quanto à resistência a herbicidas. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no período de janeiro à agosto do ano de 2009 em casa de vegetação com as plantas em vasos plásticos pretos de 3,0 L contendo substrato Plantimax® e em laboratório de análises foram realizadas conforme cada exigência necessária realizadas.na Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira – Campus II UNESP de Ilha Solteira. Foi usado delineamento experimental, sendo: teste de germinação, teste de vigor, transpiração em folhas destacadas hidratadas e estimativa da área foliar: fatorial de 2x2, sendo duas massas de sementes e dois biótipos de B. plantaginea (susceptível e resistente a herbicidas), e o teste de seletividade dos materiais aos herbicidas: fatorial de 2x3, sendo dois biótipos (susceptível e resistente a herbicidas),dois herbicidas (ametrina, imazapic) e uma testemunha sem herbicida. Observou-se que tanto a massa das sementes como o caráter resistência ao herbicida influenciaram no comportamento morfofisiológico da espécie B. plantaginea. Sementes com massas maiores apresentaram maiores respostas de germinação, mesmo após um período de envelhecimento da semente. O cultivar resistente apresentou menor desenvolvimento em relação às plantas susceptíveis, sendo um fator importante em se tratando de uma eliminação de plantas daninhas. Plantas de Brachiaria plantaginea resistente possuem maior transpiração apenas nas primeiras seis horas dificultando a eliminação por herbicida. O herbicida imazapic controlou o biótipo susceptível mesmo após a uma aplicação de pós-emergência. O biótipo resistente possui um maior transporte de elétrons podendo ser este o seu fator de resistência em relação ao biótipo susceptível / Brachiaria plantaginea is among the most common species as weeds in many cultures. The objective of this work was to study the morphological and physiological characteristics of species B. plantaginea for resistance to herbicides. The experiments were conducted from January to August of 2009 in a greenhouse with plants grown in pots of 3.0 L black plastic substrate Plantimax ® and in laboratory tests were performed according to each requirement necessary in Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira – Campus II UNESP de Ilha Solteira. Experimental design was used, with a germination test, vigor test, transpiration in detached leaves hydrated and estimation of leaf area: 2x2 factorial, with two masses of seed and two biotypes of B. plantaginea (susceptible and resistant to herbicides), and test materials to the selectivity of herbicides: 2x3 factorial, two biotypes (susceptible and resistant to herbicides), two herbicides (ametryne imazapic) and no herbicide. It was observed that both seed mass as the character resistance to herbicide influence the behavior of the species B. plantaginea morphophysiological. Seeds with larger masses showed higher germination responses, even after an aging period of the seed. The resistant cultivar showed less developed compared to susceptible plants being an important factor when it comes to removing a weed. Brachiaria plantaginea resistant have a higher transpiration only for six hours making it difficult to eliminate by the herbicide. The imazapic controlled biotype likely even after the application of a post-emergence. The resistant biotype has a higher electron transport and this may be your resistance factor relative to susceptible biotype

Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aqüicultura, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2008. / Submitted by Cristiane Silva (cristiane_gomides@hotmail.com) on 2012-07-11T23:03:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao joo xavier.pdf: 1487730 bytes, checksum: 9f6f514ac325ecefb839402bca0f89a4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-11-06T17:13:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao joo xavier.pdf: 1487730 bytes, checksum: 9f6f514ac325ecefb839402bca0f89a4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-11-06T17:13:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao joo xavier.pdf: 1487730 bytes, checksum: 9f6f514ac325ecefb839402bca0f89a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / A carpa capim Ctenopharyngodon idella é uma das espécies de maior importância na aqüicultura mundial. Por ser herbívora, pode ser produzida com abaixo custo, uma vez que se alimenta de vegetação aquática, de gramíneasterrestres ou de outros vegetais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a possível utilização de gramíneas nativas da região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil na alimentação da carpa capim. O experimento foi conduzido alimentando alevinos de carpa capim com peso inicial de 2,69 ± 0,47 g, com 4 gramíneas: Pennissetum purpureum, Cynodon dactylum, Paspalum urvillei e Spartina alterniflora. Foram utilizadas 12 caixas de polietileno com volume útil de 200 litros, com fluxo constante de água (600% ao dia). Foram colocados dez alevinos em cada caixa, os quais foram alimentados diariamente com as respectivas gramíneas acrescidas, a cada dois dias, de ração comercial (1% da biomassa). O experimento teve duração de 45 dias, realizando-se biometria quinzenalmente. Os resultados de Ganho de Peso (GP) e Taxa de Crescimento Especifica (TCE) mostraram que as carpas alimentadas com C.dactylum e P.urvillei obtiveram um maior GP (respectivamente 1,45 e 1,32g) e uma melhor TCE (respectivamente 0,95 e 0,88%), quando comparadas com carpas alimentadas com P. purpurem e S. alterniflora. Cynodon dactylum e P.urvillei são, portanto, gramíneas indicadas para alimentação da carpa capim. / The grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella is one of the species of great importance in the world-wide aquaculture. As herbivore it can be produced by low cost, as soon as it is fed with aquatic vegetation, with grasses or other vegetables. The objective of this work was to analyze the possible use of natives grasses from south of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil as food of the grass carp. The experiment was accomplished feeding grass carp fingerlings with initial weight of 2.69 ± 0.47 g, with 4 grasses type: Pennissetum purpureum,Cynodon dactylum, Paspalum urvillei and Spartina alterniflora. They were used 12 boxes of polyethylene with useful volume of 200 liters, with constant water flow (600 % by day). Ten fingerlings were placed in each box, which were fed daily with the respective grass, being added, each two days, commercial ration (1 % of the biomass). The experiment had duration of 45 days, happening biometry fortnightly. The results of Weight Gain (WG) and Specific Growth Rate (SGR) showed that the carps fed with C. dactylum and P. urvillei had a bigger WG (respectively 1.45 and 1.32g) and a better SGR (respectively 0,95 and 0,88%), when compared with carps fed with P. purpureum and S. alterniflora. Cynodon dactylum and P. urvillei are, so, grass indicated as food of the grass carp.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Esta Pesquisa foi conduzida no NÃcleo de Pesquisa em Forragicultura-NPF no Departamento de Zootecnia do Centro de CiÃncias AgrÃrias da Universidade Federal do Cearà (UFC), em Fortaleza, CE. Avaliaram-se as caracterÃsticas bromatolÃgicas e fermentativas das silagens de capim-elefante contendo nÃveis crescentes de adiÃÃo do subproduto do processamento do urucum (SPU), à ensilagem. Foram testados os seguintes tratamentos: T1 â silagem de capim-elefante, T2 â silagem de capimelefante com 4% de SPU, T3 â silagem de capim-elefante com 8% de SPU, T4 â silagem de capim-elefante com 12% de SPU e T5 â silagem de capim-elefante com 16% de SPU, com base na matÃria natural. Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetiÃÃes. Como silos experimentais, foram utilizados tambores plÃsticos de 210 L. Determinaram-se os teores de matÃria seca (MS), matÃria orgÃnica (MO), proteÃna bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente Ãcido (FDA), hemicelulose, extrato etÃreo (EE), carboidratos totais (CHOT), carboidratos nÃo fibrosos (CNF), nitrogÃnio insolÃvel em detergente neutro (NIDN, % do N total), nitrogÃnio insolÃvel em detergente Ãcido (NIDA, % do N total), os valores de pH e teores nitrogÃnio amoniacal (N-NH3, % do N total), Ãcido lÃtico, acÃtico, propiÃnico e butÃrico. Verificou-se efeito linear crescente da adiÃÃo de SPU sobre os teores de MS, MO, PB, EE, CNF, valor de pH e teor de Ãcido propiÃnico. NÃo foi verificada diferenÃa significativa entre as silagens quanto aos teores hemicelulose, NIDN (% do N total), Ãcido lÃtico, acÃtico e butÃrico. Para NIDA (% do N total) e N-NH3 (% do N total) houve efeito quadrÃtico e para FDN, FDA e CHOT observou efeito linear decrescente em funÃÃo da adiÃÃo do SPU. Conclui-se que o SPU melhora as caracterÃsticas bromatolÃgicas e fermentativas das silagens, recomendando-se a adiÃÃo de 16%, na matÃria natural, no momento da ensilagem do capim-elefante / This research was carried out at the Forage Research Sector â NPF/DZ/CCA/UFC. The chemical and fermentative characteristics elephant grass silages with increasing levels of annatto by-product processing (ABP) addition at ensiling were evaluated. The following treatments were used: T1 â Elephant grass silage, T2 - Elephant grass silage with 4% of annatto seed by-product processing (ABP), T3 - Elephant grass silage with 8% of ABP, T4 - Elephant grass silage with 12% of ABP and T5 - Elephant grass silage with 16% of ABP, on a fresh matter basis. A randomized completely design with four replicates was adopted. As experimental silos, plastic drums of 210 L were used. The dry matter (DM), the organic matter (OM), the crude protein (CP), the neutral detergent fiber (NDF), the acid detergent fiber (ADF), the hemicelluloses, the ether extract (EE), the total carbohydrates (TC), the non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), the neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN,% total N), the acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN, % total N), the pH values, the ammonia nitrogen (in percentage of the total nitrogen, N-NH3, % total N), the lactic acid, the acetic acid, the butyric acid and the propionic acid levels were determined. A linear increasing effect (P<0.01) of the ABP addition on the DM, OM, CP, EE, NFC, acid propionic levels and on the pH values was verified. There was no significant difference among the silages on the hemicellulose, NDIN (% total N), lactic acid,acetic acid and acid butyric levels. With regard to ADIN (% total N) and N-NH3 (% total N) there was a quadratic effect and to NDF, ADF and TC a decreasing linear effect of the ABP addition was observed. One concludes that ABP improves the chemical and fermentative characteristics of the silages, recommending 16% of addition, in a fresh matter basis, at the elephant grass ensilage

O presente estudo foi dividido em três capitulos, todos realizados na Estação Experimental de Ciências Florestais de Anhembi/SP, entre os anos de 2014 e 2015. O primeiro estudo intitulado de \"Variação mensal da fitomassa da forragem em função do grau de cobertura do dossel em sistemas silvipastoris\", foi realizado em 3 monoculturas de 13 anos de idade, com área útil de 50 m x 30 m para coleta de pasto as mesmas efectuadas mensalmente. Os resultados apresentaram que não há relação significativa entre a cobertura do dossel e fitomassa da forragem pelo caso de que o sub-bosque estava muito sombreado. Entretanto, houve uma relação indireta entre área basal e fitomassa. Evidenciando-se que o talhão de Eucalipto urograndis apresentou as melhores condições de crescimento e disponibilidade de materia seca mensal para Bachiaria decumbens além de obter a maior porcentagem de folha entre todos os tratamentos. Ao contrario, no talhão de Pinus tecunumanii, foi encontrada a menor disponibilidade de materia seca mensal e por consequência, menor porcentagem de folha. O segundo estudo foi chamado de: \"Disponibilidade de fitomassa de B. decumbens, em um sistema silvipastoril com eucalipto: o papel da radiação\" onde o componente florestal foi o eucalyptus (COP-1377) de 2 anos de idade plantado em uma área útil de 10 ha, dividido em 3 tratamentos (onda longa-OL (39 m), onda curta-OC (21 m), e testemunha-T) e instalado em 4 blocos distintos. Foram realizadas duas coletas dutante o período de verão e de inverno, onde foi possível verificar que o tratamento OL mostrou maior disponibilidade de fitomassa a 65% de irradiância além de obter maior porcentagem da fração folha. Este foi favorecido pelo maior espaçamento entre as aléias. Contudo, houve ataque de cigarinha na pastagem, mantendo a queda da disponibilidade no período de inverno. O terceiro estudo intitulado de: \"Variaçoes arquiteturais de uma monocultura de E. urograndis em função de sua posição espacial\", foi também realizado na monocultura do primeiro estudo, numa área de 7 ha. Para este estudo, realizou-se um inventario florestal, logo após, dividiu-se as árvores por sua classe diamétrica e selecionou-se aleatoriamente 60 árvores para cubagem, e destas, escolheu-se 15 para determinação da fitomassa e respectiva densidade da madeira. Para a obtenção da fitomassa dividiu-se as árvores em três frações de análise: tronco, galhos e folha. Além disso, as 15 árvores foram divididas em: bordadura, intermediária e centro da parcela, de acordo com a sua localização. Verificou-se que a bordadura apresentou os maiores crescimentos em DAP, altura, largura de copa e, que por consequência, obteve maior volume e fitomassa em todas suas frações. Também foi possível observar que tanto a bordadura quanto o centro apresentaram maior densidade básica em função da maior copa e altura das árvores incentivando a geração de mais fitomassa foliar. Finalmente conforme os três estudos realizados neste trabalho de pesquisa, concluiu-se que a radiação solar é fator chave na produtividade da cultura forrageira, demonstrando a necessidade de mais pesquisas sobre os sistemas agroforestais e silvipastoris para o sucesso de futuros emprendimentos. / This study was divided into three chapters, all of these were held in Forest Science Experiment Station of Anhembi / SP, between the years 2014 and 2015. The first study entitled of \"Monthly variation of biomass of forage due to the canopy cover degree in silvipastoral systems\" was fulfilled in 3 monocultures with 13 years of age, with useful area of 50 m x 30 m for pasture collecting the same month. The results showed no significant relationship between canopy cover and biomass of forage because of the shading of the understory. However, there was an indirect link between baseline and biomass area. Indicating that the that plot of Eucalyptus urograndis showed the best conditions of growth and availability of monthly dry matter for Bachiaria decumbens and in adittion to the highest percentage of leaf among all treatments. On contrary, in the plot of Pinus tecunumanii, was observed the smallest monthly availability of dry matter and therefore smaller percentage of leaf. The second study was called of: Availability of biomass B. decumbens, in a silvopastoral system with eucalyptus: the role of radiation\" where the forestry component was the eucalyptus (COP-1377) with 2 years old planted in an area of 10 ha, divided in 3 treatments (long-OL wave (39 m), short-OC wave (21 m), and witness-T.) and instaled into 4 distinct blocks. Two samples were taken during the summer and winter period, where was possible verify that the OL treatment result showed more availability of biomass to 65% of irradiance beyond a higher percentage of the leaf fraction. This was favored by the biggest spacing between the alleys. However, there was attack on the grassland by leafhoppers keeping the downfall of availability during the winter. The third study was entitled: \"Architectural variations of monoculture of E. urograndis according to their spatial position\" was also reld at the monoculture of the first study, in an area of 7 ha. For this study, there was held a forest inventory, right after, the trees were divided for his diametric class and it is selected randomly 60 trees for cubage, and of those, were chose 15 for the determination of biomass and wood density. For the obtaining of biomass the trees were divided in three analysis fractions: trunk, branches and leaf. In addition, the 15 trees were divided into: surround, intermediate and center of the plot, in accordance with the location. It was verified that the border presented the highest growth in DBH, height, crown wide and that consequently achieved greater volume and biomass in all the fractions. Also been possible to observ that either at border as center showed a higher basic density due to higher canopy and tree height encouraging the creation of more biomass leaf. Finally as the three studies conducted in this research work, it was concluded that solar irradiation is a key factor in the productivity of forage crop, demonstrating the necessity of more research on agroforestry and silvopastoral systems for the success of future property developments.

With the increase in the number of fast-moving vehicles and the simultaneous development of road building technology, roadside bird mortality has become an increasingly important environmental issue that has the potential to do serious damage to already vulnerable bird populations. This project was therefore initiated after an alarming number of owls were found dead along the N17 and R550 roads in the rural areas between Springs and Devon in the East Rand highveld of Gauteng Province. Five hundred and fifty four owls of four species, namely Marsh Owls, the Red Data listed Grass Owl, Barn Owl and the Spotted Eagle Owl were collected on the stretches of the R550 and N17 during the period between October 2001 and September 2003. They accounted for 53.6%, 27.4%, 17.5% and 1.3% of the mortalities respectively. Unidentified species of owls accounted for the remaining 0.2%. It was found that the monthly mortality rates of the birds varied throughout the year, with the greatest losses being suffered during July, as opposed to relatively lower mortalities occurring during the warmer months. All carcasses were collected, their GPS locations plotted on a map, and ‘hotspot areas’ identified as places of highest incidences of mortalities of the owls. Vehicle-induced mortalities are then discussed in relation to these hotspots, in terms of vegetation and habitat descriptions, daily vehicle counts along the route, as well as fixtures found along the route. It was found that traffic density was indirectly proportional to owl mortalities, with higher traffic speeds definitely having an increasingly detrimental effect on the owl mortalities. Weather conditions also play a role in mortality counts, with the mortalities being significantly negatively correlated to rainfall. Moon phases were also related to the times of highest mortalities, however, this factor did not play a significant role in influencing road mortalities. Another factor that was studied was the influence of differing tarmac road surface temperatures as opposed to gravel road verge surface temperatures, and how these temperatures differed from the ambient temperature. It was found that there was not a big enough difference in the temperatures that would warrant (the previously thought notion) that the owls were attracted to the roads at night to gain heat. Gravel roads had very low incidences of owl mortalities with the highest mortalities recorded along tarmac roads that are bordered by open grasslands or cattle grazing paddocks. It was shown that tarmac roads, bordered by croplands, had a lesser effect on the owl mortalities. Another factor influencing the road mortalities of the owls is grain that is spilled on the road during transport. This initially seemed to be the major factor in attracting granivorous rodents to the roads, and in turn, attracting the owls to prey on them. Rodents identified from recovered pellets and the stomach contents of dead owls confirmed the fact that the majority of rodent prey items were indeed granivorous species, namely Mastomys natalensis and Rhabdomys pumilio. This is in disagreement with previous studies that indicated that a large proportion of the prey species of the Grass Owl was Otomys irroratus, a grass-eating species, even though a rodent trapping study to determine prey abundance within the area indicated a healthy population of O. irroratus. Further studies into prey items of the owls that were dissected indicated that the majority of the prey items recovered were not caught directly on the road as it was already partially digested, suggesting that the prey was caught prior to the owl being killed. From the pellet analyses, other prey items were also found to form part of the owls’ diets. It was found that insects formed largely the diet of the Marsh Owl during the spring, summer and autumn months, with them resorting to smaller rodents during the winter months. Spotted Eagle Owls also preyed almost exclusively on insects. Grass Owls, on the other hand, preyed on small mammals exclusively, with the very rare exception of some insects also being taken. Of all of the dead owls recovered on the roads, post mortems were carried out on only 78 of the carcasses. All of the dead owls examined were in good health prior to death. Various morphometrics of the examined owls were noted. Comparisons of body mass showed that females were larger than males for most species. This was also found for most other measurements as well. It was also found that, according to body mass comparisons, Barn Owls and Marsh Owls were significantly similar. Conducting ANOVA analysis on other morphometrics to determine gender differences, it was found that Grass Owl males were significantly different to females in terms of body mass and length. Marsh Owl males were significantly different to females in terms of body mass and tail length; with Barn Owl males being significantly different in terms of tarsus length to females. Except for Spotted Eagle Owl tarsus lengths all other measurements were in favour of females being significantly larger. These findings were also confirmed when applying the Dimorphism Index to all morphometrics measurements, especially body mass. The degree of parasite infestation was also studied during post mortem examinations. Very few cestodes and nematodes were found, with too few to have an effect on the overall health of the birds prior to death. The vegetation type was studied at transects that coincided with hotspot and non-hotspot sites. Using the PRIMER statistical software package, hotspot sites were found to have highest plant cover and diversity, whereas nonhotspot sites showed lowest plant cover and diversity, generally dominated by Hyparrhenia hirta. During these studies, the degree of available nesting habitat was determined and nesting sites were identified, using the ropedragging technique to flush out roosting and nesting owls that would otherwise have been impossible to find in the thick cover. It was found that Grass Owls preferred a habitat rich in thick grass cover that was relatively high (0.75 m–1 m). It was found that the grass species preferred by these owls were Eragrostis curvula, Paspalum sp., Setaria sp., Sporobolis sp., with few other small herbaceous plants. Marsh Owls, on the other hand, seemed not to be too partial regarding roosting and nesting sites, with them roosting and breeding in more mixed vegetation grasslands that had sparser cover, not reaching the height of the grass cover typical of the habitat preferred by the Grass Owls. Opposed to this were the non-hotspot vegetation sites. These sites were found to have vegetation cover unsuited to both the Marsh and Grass owls, with mixed H. hirta grassland not forming the dense cover, or the height, needed by those two species of owls. Foraging owls were also observed, with the vegetation type in the immediate vicinity noted. Vegetation types similar to breeding areas were noted in these foraging areas. Habitat preferences as well as breeding performance were noted for both grassland species of owls, and found to be directly related to land usage in terms of varying agricultural practices and regimes. Fallow, undisturbed lands were found to be highly productive for the owls. Lands planted with Eragrostis sp. were also found to be very productive, but only if left undisturbed for a period of time sufficient to allow the grassland owls to colonise it. Maize-planted fields were found to be utilised only as foraging fields and no breeding of owls was found to take place close to these fields. After extensive nest searching, it was found that both Marsh and Grass owls were breeding from late March to early June, with the Barn Owls breeding in October and again in March. Grass Owls occur in the study area because of the presence of a natural corridor of suitable habitat that runs parallel with the Blesbokspruit. This favourable habitat of the study area is thus conducive to high population density of grassland owls utilising these uncultivated patches of dense and tall vegetation. The high incidence of mortalities on the road in the study area is due to the concomitant high population densities. This healthy population seems to be sustaining the losses occurring on roads. Owls also seem to be gathering in larger numbers in hotspot zones because of the easy available prey, which are attracted to these high productive areas. Agricultural practices in the area lead to the spillage of grain on the road during transportation. Potential prey species foraging on the roads expose themselves to the nocturnal hunters offering an easy dinner. This process leaves these owls vulnerable to vehicle collisions. The overall population size may be larger than previously thought, not with standing the high mortalities already recorded. The small patches of viable habitat in the study area remains suitable for the breeding of the two grassland owl species allowing for such high densities to occur in the area. The Grass Owl, nonetheless, remains severely threatened as it already occurs as a high priority species for conservation concern in the Gauteng Province. This study provides the first assessment of this owl species of this scale in South Africa and this will ultimately promote the long-term survival of these owls. / Dr. V. Wepener