Thesis (M.S.)--Humboldt State University, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 60-66). Also available via Humboldt Digital Scholar.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 1994. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 40-46). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Idaho, 2005. / Abstract. "December 2005." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 88-92). Also available online in PDF format.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed Aug. 27, 2007). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Kentucky, 2007. / Title from document title page (viewed on June 14, 2007). Document formatted into pages; contains: vii, 57 p. : ill. Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 48-56).

Produzir trigo de duplo propósito possibilita ao agricultor dar ênfase às alternativas mais rentáveis em função da variação dos preços pagos pelos produtos, entretanto, a época de diferimento e os efeitos do pastejo sobre a produção ainda precisam ser elucidados. Diante disso, o objetivo do presente trabalho, conduzido na área do Instituto Agronômico do Paraná (IAPAR) na estação experimental de Pato Branco- PR, foi avaliar a influência de diferentes períodos de pastejo (0, 21, 42, 63, 84 e 105 dias) sobre a produção de grãos de trigo da cultivar BRS Tarumã e a produção animal de bovinos da raça Purunã com peso médio de 162 kg e idade de 10 meses, que permaneceram sob pastejo com lotação contínua e taxa de lotação variável. Durante o período experimental (abril a novembro de 2007), avaliou-se: massa, oferta e qualidade da forragem, carga animal, taxa de lotação, ganho de peso vivo por área e ganho médio diário e produção de grãos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com seis tratamentos e duas repetições. O pastejo pode ser executado com resultados eficientes para produção animal até os 88 dias, porém ocorre redução na produção de grãos de acordo com o aumento do período de pastejo. / The double purpose wheat production (animal and grain production) allows some flexibility in the crop livestock production system and permit to the farmers to choose the best alternative according to the prices paid to the products, although, the deferment periods and the grazing effects over the wheat production need to be studied. The aim of the present work, carried out at the Agronomist institute of Paraná (IAPAR), experimental unit of Pato Branco-PR, was to evaluate the effect of six grazing periods (0, 21, 42, 63, 84 and 105 days) over the wheat grain production, BRS Tarumã cultivar and the animal production of Purunã steers with average live weight of 162 kg and age of 10 months managed on continuous stocking rate. During the experimental period (April to November of 2007) were evaluated: forage mass, offer and nutritive value, intake, stocking rate, animal daily gain and gain per hectare and wheat grain production. The experiment was laid out as randomized complete (RCBD) block design with six treatments and two eplications. The grazing period can be kept until 88 days with efficient results to the animal production, however, the grains production decreased with grazing use.

AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF TITLE: THE EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTING GRAZING DAIRY CATTLE DIETS WITH FISH OIL AND LINSEED OIL ON MILK CLA AND OMEGA-3 FATTY ACID CONTENT In the recent years, there has been considerable interest in the potential health-promoting properties of both conjugated linoleic acid (cis-9, trans-11 CLA), a fatty acid produced naturally in ruminant animals, and omega-3 fatty acids. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effects of supplementing grazing dairy cows' diet with fish oil(FO)-linseed oil(LO) blend on milk cis-9, trans-11 CLA and omega-3 fatty acids milk content. In experiment one, fourteen lactating Holstein cows were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups (7 cows/treatment) and fed either a control or oil supplemented diet for 21 d. Treatment groups were: 1) confinement cows with free access to corn silage and hay mix plus 10 kg/d (DM basis) grain mix supplementation (CONT), or 2) grazing cows with free access to grass pasture plus 10 kg/d grain mix supplementation containing 300 g FO plus 700 g LO (FOLO). Milk samples were collected during the last 3 d of the study and analyzed for chemical and fatty acid composition. Milk production (37.05 vs. 37.29 kg/d), milk protein percentages (3.16 vs. 3.21), and milk protein yield (1.05 vs. 1.25 kg/d) were not affected (P > 0.05) by treatment diets. Milk fat percentages (3.71 and 2.28) and yield (1.25 and 0.87 kg/d) were higher (P < 0 .05) with the CONT group. The concentrations of cis-9, trans-11 CLA (0.29 vs. 2.56 g/100g fatty acid) and vaccenic acid (VA; 0.81 vs. 7.14 g/100g fatty acid) in milk fat were higher (P < 0.05) with the FOLO group. The concentrations of milk omega-3 C18:3n3, C20:5n3, and C22:6n3 were also higher (P < 0.05) with the FOLO group. In experiment two, eighteen lactating Holstein cows who were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups for 21 d. Treatment groups were 1) indoor cows with free access to corn silage and alfalfa hay plus 10 kg/d (DM basis) grain mix supplementation (CONT), 2) indoor cows with free access to corn silage and alfalfa hay plus 10 kg/d grain mix supplementation containing 300 g FO plus 700 g LO (FOLO), and 3) grazing cows with free access to grass pasture plus 10 kg/d grain mix supplementation containing 300 g FO plus 700 g LO (FOLOP). Milk samples were taken from each cow during the last 3 d of the study. Milk production, milk protein percentages and milk protein yield were not affected (P > 0.05) by treatment diets. Milk fat percentages (3.55, 2.85, and 2.39) and yield (1.20, 0.98, and 0.84 kg/d) were lower (P < 0 .05) among the oil supplemented cows with cows on the FOLOP diet having the lowest values. Concentrations of milk cis-9 trans-11 CLA (0.33, 1.78, and 2.94 g/100g fatty acid) and VA (0.83, 5.09, and 7.15 g/100g fatty acid) were higher (P < 0 .05) among the oil supplemented cows and they were highest with cows on the FOLOP diet. Concentration of milk omega-3 fatty acids (0.5, 1.11, and 1.47 g/100g fatty acid) were higher (P < 0.05) among oil supplemented cows and was also highest for cows on the FOLOP diet. In conclusion cows fed diets containing the FO-LO blend resulted in higher milk concentrations of cis-9, trans-11 CLA and omega-3 fatty acids when compared to cows fed the CONT diet. However, greatest increases in cis-9, trans-11 CLA and omega-3 concentrations in the milk were achieved when the FO-LO blend was fed along with grazing.

Orientador: Ana Cláudia Ruggieri / Coorientador: Ricardo Andrade Reis / Banca: Euclides Braga Malheiros / Banca: Liziane de Figueiredo Brito / Banca: Manoel Eduardo Rozalino Santos / Banca: Flávia Fernanda Simili / Resumo: Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar os efeitos do manejo, definido pelas alturas de pastejo, sobre a decomposição da serrapilhiera, atividades enzimáticas e emissão de CO2 do solo e compostos de reservas das plantas de pastos de capim-marandu sob lotação contínua. O experimento foi conduzido na Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinária da UNESP, Câmpus de Jaboticabal, SP. A área experimental foi constituída de 20 hectares de pastagem de capim-marandu e dividida em doze piquetes com áreas que variaram de 0,7 a 1,3 hectares. Os tratamentos foram três alturas do dossel (15, 25 e 35 cm) com quatro repetições cada e o método de pastejo utilizado foi o contínuo com lotação variável, durante o ano de 2011. A avaliação da decomposição da serrapilheira seguiu a técnica de sacos de "nylon" e um modelo exponencial simples foi utilizado, por meio do PROC nlin do SAS. Os teores de MO, C e C/N diminuiram ao longo dos tempos de incubação e os teores de N, lignina, P aumentaram. As alturas de pastejo não influenciam a decomposição da serrapilheira. Os dados relativos às atividades enzimáticas, CO2 e compostos de reservas foram analisados em um delineamento inteiramente casualisado com medidas repetidas no tempo, utilizando o procedimento MIXED do SAS. As intensidades de pastejo não afetaram nenhuma atividade enzimática estudada (desidrogenase, protease, arilsulfatase e celulase). Houve efeito significativo (P<0,05) somente das estações do ano na atividade dessas enzimas. As estação do ano também influenciaram significativamente (P<0,05) as emissões de CO2 do solo, sendo estas emissões maiores no verão e na primavera, e menores no outono e no inverno. Os carboidratos totais não estruturais da parte aérea (CTNE.PA) não foram influenciados pelos fatores estudados. Já nas raizes, os menores valores observados ocorreram no verão, e os maiores no inverno ... / Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of management, defined by grazing heights, on litter decomposition, enzyme activities and CO2 from soil and reserves compounds in plants of palisadegrass swards under continuous stocking. The experiment was conducted at the Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP. The experimental area consisted of 20 hectares of palisadegrass and divided into 12 paddocks with areas ranging from 0,7 to 1,3 hectares. The treatments included three sward heights (15, 25 and 35 cm) with four replications and grazing method was a continuous variable stocking, during the year 2011. The bag technique was followed to analyze the litter decomposition, and a simple exponential model was used, using PROC NLIN in SAS. The content of organic matter, carbon and carbon/nitrogen ratio decreased over the incubation time and the concentrations of nitrogen, lignin, phosphorus increased. The grazing intensities not influence the litter decomposition. Data on enzymes, CO2 emissions and reserves compounds were analyzed in a completely randomized design with repeated measures using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Grazing intensities did not affect any of the studied enzyme activities (dehydrogenase, protease, cellulase and arylsulfatase). Significant effects (P<0,05) only of the seasons in the activity of these enzymes. The season also significantly influenced (P<0,05) CO2 emissions from the soil, and these higher emissions was in the summer and spring, and lowest in the fall and winter. Total nonstructural carbohydrates shoot were not influenced by any factor studied. In the roots, the lowest values were observed in summer and higher in winter. The total nitrogen and amino acid nitrogen in the shoots were descending the grazing heights, whereas the highest values were found in summer and spring. Compounds reserves in plants are highly affected ... / Doutor

The broad objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of grazing and housing management systems on greenhouse gas emissions, blood profiles and meat quality of Nguni goats. A total of 64 castrated Nguni goats were used and a housing structure was designed to accommodate the goats as well as evaluate effects of type of floor on greenhouse gases, meat quality, blood metabolites and fatty acid profiles. In the first experiment: Forty-eight castrated Nguni goats, at 6-7 months old were used for herding (H) or tethering (T) management systems and randomly allocated to pens with earth (E) or slatted (S) floors. Gas sampling was done using static chambers and analysed using a SRI 8610C gas chromatography machine. The highest CH4 fluxes were from the manure of herded goats on earth floors (HE). The highest CO2 fluxes were from manure of herded goats that were housed on slatted floors (HS): The highest N2O fluxes were from the manure of tethered goats that were sheltered on slatted floors (TS). It was concluded from the first experiment that goat manure is an important source of GHG that is influenced by grazing and floor type management systems. The second experiment was done to evaluate greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from disused (DP) vs occupied goat pens (OP) with earth (EF) or slatted (SF) floors. Eight previously occupied pens were used in this study. Sixteen goats were randomly put in the pens labelled occupied pens with earth floors (OPEF) and occupied pens with slatted floors (OPSF) resulting in four goats per OP. There were month by pen use; month by floor type; and use by floor type interaction effects (P < 0.05) on CH4 production. Floor type, use (DP vs OP) and month affected (P < 0.05) CH4 production. Manure on earth floors of occupied pens (OPEF) emitted the highest (P < 0.05) methane followed by earth floors of disused pens (DPEF). The least CH4 was emitted from DPSF. There was pen use (DP vs OP) by floor type interaction effect (P < 0.05) on CO2 emission. Floor type and pen use affected (P < 0.05) CO2 production. Manure in occupied pens with slatted floors (OPSF) produced the highest CO2 and the least CO2 was from disused pens with slatted floors (DPSF). Floor type and month influenced (P < 0.05) N2O production. It was concluded that continued use of goat pens increased GHG emissions. However, disused goat pens with manure remain an important source of GHG as they continued to emit quantifiable levels of CH4, CO2 and N2O. The third experiment was done to determine the effects of grazing and housing management systems on the concentrations of blood metabolites, activity of creatine kinase, body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS) and carcass characteristics using 48 castrated Nguni goats. Tethered goats had higher (P<0.05): urea, creatinine, total protein, globulin concentrations and more activity of CK than herded goats. On the other hand, herded goats had higher (P<0.05) plasma glucose (H: 3.39±0.020 vs T: 3.23±0.020 mmol/L), serum albumin (H: 15.30±0.147 vs T: 14.82±0.144 g/L) concentration. It was concluded that serum concentrations of all the metabolites and the activity of CK were sensitive to grazing system. Herding of goats promoted more glucose concentration and preservation of muscle protein and hence superior body weights and BCS than tethered goats. The fourth experiment was done to determine the effects of grazing and housing management systems on the activity of creatine kinase (CK) and cortisol concentration, and chevon quality. Further, the effect of muscle type [Muscularis longissimus thoracis et. Lumborum (LTL) and triceps brachii (TB)] on chevon quality was also investigated. Forty eight castrated Nguni goats aged 6- 7 months were randomly allocated to tethering (n=24) and herding (n=24) treatments. Floor type affected meat (P<0.05) pH24. Tethered goats had higher (P < 0.05) L* and CL percent than herded goats. Muscle type had a significant influence (P < 0.05) on a*, WBSF and pH. It was observed and concluded that T resulted in higher L* and more CL percent whilst SF lowered the pH24 of chevon; at the same time meat from the TB muscle was more tender, despite having a higher pH24 and more CL percent relative to LTH cuts. The fifth experiment was done to determine the effect of grazing and floor type on fatty acid composition of chevon from tethered and herded Nguni goats. Floor type had no effect on fatty acid composition. Oleic, stearic, palmitic and linoleic were the major fatty acids. Chevon from tethered goats had higher (P < 0.05) proportions of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs): eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and more total SFA, total PUFA, total Omega- 6 and total omega 3 fatty acids than herded goats. On the other hand, chevon from herded goats had more (P < 0.05) C18:1c9, C18:2t9, 12 (n-6), C20:3c11, 14, 17 (n-3) and total MUFA than tethered goats. However, there was no difference (P > 0.05) in the PUFA: SFA and n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratios between the herded and tethered goats. It was concluded that tethering promoted higher proportions of beneficial PUFAs which were more in TB than LTH muscle. The overall conclusions from the whole study were that goat manure is an important source of GHG with high CH4 being emitted from earth floors of herded goats. High CO2 and N2O are emitted from SF of herded and tethered goats, respectively. There were no major differences in meat quality between herded and tethered goats. However, herding promoted more live weight gain than tethering. On the other hand, tethering promoted more beneficial fatty acids. Therefore depending on the objective of the enterprise, smallholder farmers can safely tether or herd their goats. Further, there is need to develop technologies to harness CH4 from goat manure.

O Brasil precisa se inserir no mercado de carne ovina. Para que isso ocorra, são necessárias mudanças comportamentais dentro dos sistemas produtivos e de todos os agentes envolvidos com a atividade. A produção de carne de cordeiro de qualidade no outono é extremante importante para a regularização da oferta e consolidação da cadeia produtiva. Surge assim a necessidade de avaliação de sistemas de alimentação de cordeiro para abate no outono, aproveitando o grande potencial das pastagens de verão no Brasil. Esse trabalho objetivou avaliar os reflexos da suplementação de cordeiros no desempenho animal e na pastagem, para abate no outono. Utilizou-se 54 animais Texel e Corriedale, seis animais por piquete com área de 0,1 ha cada. Os tratamentos foram: somente capim Aruana; capim Aruana mais suplementação com 1,5% e 2,5% do peso vivo com ração (PV). Foi disponibilizado, para todos os animais, a oferta de 4% do PV de matéria seca de folha verde (MVL). Foi realizada a avaliação quantitativa e qualitativa da pastagem. Avaliou-se os cordeiros quanto ao ganho médio diário de peso (GMD), ganho por hectare (G ha-1), escore da condição corporal (ECC) e realizado a avaliação do comportamento ingestivo. O delineamento foi em 3 blocos casualizados, 3 tratamentos e 3 repetições. Houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos para ganho médio diário por hectare (P=0.0174), mas não houve efeito de período. O maior ganho foi no tratamento com 2.5% do PV de suplementação, e o menor com os animais não suplementados. Para a variável altura do pasto, a interação entre tratamento e período foi significativa (P=0.0373). Notou-se uma pastagem mais baixa quando os cordeiros não foram suplementados. O aumento da carga animal ao ser fornecido 1.5% do peso vivo com concentrado não foi suficiente para mostrar uma diferença significativa com o tratamento sem suplementação. Os resultados mostram o potencial aumento da produção e produtividade com uso de 2.5% do peso vivo (PV) com concentrado, mas com limitada resposta quando a suplementação é de apenas 1.5% PV em pastagens tropicais. Apesar do aumento produtivo, a suplementação com concentrado proporcionou um forte impacto negativo na estrutura da pastagem e no comportamento dos animais que deve ser considerada quando for utilizado suplementação com concentrado na terminação de cordeiros em regiões tropicais. / Brazil needs to insert the sheep meat market. For this to occur, behavioral changes within the production systems and all those involved with the activity are needed. The production of lamb meat quality in autumn it is extremely important for the regulation of supply and consolidation of the supply chain. Thus arises the need to review the supply of lamb for slaughter in the fall systems, taking advantage of the great potential of summer pastures in Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the supplementation of lambs on animal performance and pasture to slaughter in the fall. It was used 54 animals Texel and Corriedale, six animals per paddock with 0.1 ha each. The treatments were: Aruana only grass; Aruana more grass supplementation with 1.5% and 2.5% of body weight with diet. Was available to all animals, the offer of 4% body weight dry matter of green leaf. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation of pasture was held. Was evaluated the lambs as the average daily gain, gain per hectare (L ha-1), body condition score and performed the evaluation of feeding behavior. The design was a randomized block 3, 3 treatments and 3 replications. There were significant differences among treatments for average daily gain per hectare (P = 0.0174), but there was no period effect. The largest gain was in treatment with 2.5% body weight supplementation, and the lowest with non-supplemented animals. For the variable height of the grass, the interaction between treatment and period was significant (P = 0.0373). It was noted a lower pasture where the lambs were not supplemented. Increasing stocking rate to be supplied 1.5% of body weight concentrate was not enough to show a significant difference from treatment without supplementation. The results show the potential increase in production and productivity with the use of 2.5% of body weight with concentrated, but with limited response when supplementation is only 1.5% body weight in tropical pastures. Despite the increase in production, supplementation with concentrate provided a strong negative impact on pasture structure and behavior of animals that should be considered when used concentrate supplementation in lamb finishing in tropical regions.