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Public buildings and other public facilities are essential for the functioning and quality of life in modern societies, but they also frequently have a significant negative impact on the natural environment. Public agencies, with their large portfolios of facilities, have faced considerable challenges in recent years in minimizing their negative environmental impacts and energy consumption and coping with shortages of financial capital to invest in new facilities and operate and maintain existing ones, while still meeting their mission goals. These range from the need to provide a quality workplace for their staff to providing a public service and long term benefits to the public. The concept of green building has emerged as a set of objectives and practices designed to reduce negative environment impacts and other challenges while enhancing the functionality of built facilities. However, the prevailing belief related to implementing green building is that incorporating Green Building Strategies and Technologies (GBSTs) increases the initial cost of constructing a facility while potentially reducing its life cycle costs. Thus, this research deals with optimizing the design of individual facilities to balance the initial cost investment for GBSTs versus their potential Life Cycle Cost (LCC) savings without the need to conduct detailed life cycle cost analysis during the early capital planning and budget phases in public sector projects. The purpose of this study is to develop an approach for modeling the general relationship between investments in initial costs versus savings in LCCs involved in implementing green building strategies in public capital projects. To address the research question, this study developed multiple regression models to identify the relationships between GBSTs and their initial cost premiums, operating costs, and LCCs. The multiple regression models include dummy variables because this is a convenient way of applying a single regression equation to represent several nominal variables, which here consist of initial, operating, maintenance, and repair and replacement costs, and ordinal variables, which in this case are the GBST alternatives considered. These new regression models can be used to identify the relationship between GBST alternatives, initial cost premiums, annual operating costs and LCC in the earliest stage of a project, when public agencies are at the capital planning and budgeting stages of facility development, without necessarily needing to know the precise details of design and implementation for a particular building. In addition, this study also proposes and tests a method to generate all the necessary cost data based on building performance models and industry accepted standard cost data. This statistical approach can easily be extended to accommodate additional GBSTs that were not included in this study to identify the relationship between their initial cost premium and their potential LCC saving at the earliest stage of facility development. In addition, this approach will be a useful tool for other institutional facility owners who manage large facility portfolios with significant annual facility investments and over time should help them minimize the environmental impacts caused by their facilities. / Ph. D.

The world is observing unprecedented, devastating, yet growing effects of climate change. GDP has been slow for decades; Covid-19 has disturbed the economy; energy prices are rising; unemployment remains high; consumer debt and budget deficit are climbing; wealth inequality is at an all-time high. Still, 89% of the energy consumed in the United States comes from non-renewable sources. Amid this challenging time, the question this work tries to answer is how can we protect our climate and environment through innovative development policies and practices that concurrently promote social equity and preserve economic viability? To answer this question, I explore five sustainable housing goals: climate protection, policy innovation, environmental protection, social equity, and economic growth. I use data and empirical analysis to show sustainable development challenges and conflicts are significant. I share lessons learned from cities and states that act as pioneers of climate and environmental protection; I explore a balanced integration of economic, environmental, and social goals through zero-energy building in the traditionally siloed policy sector of low-income housing; I show that a lack of consideration for social equity can turn environmental initiatives into luxury goods that surrender equity to profitability; I show that a lack of consideration for economic viability can lead to underinvestment in environmental and social equity initiatives. The overall insights derived from this study suggest that state housing agencies and local governments, particularly in large cities and in communities that are more vulnerable to environmental risks, are in a unique position to stimulate and drive climate and environmental protection. Significant between-agency differences in housing policy innovation persist, and future policy innovation research should explore factors that impact the utility of policy innovation and barriers the environmental sustainability movement faces at the organization level and beyond. Existing challenges to distributed energy generation need further study. This research highlights the need for greater policy attention to affordable housing needs in core urban areas, neighborhood diversity, and costs of gentrification. / Doctor of Philosophy / The world is now observing unprecedented, devastating, yet growing effects of climate change. Covid-19 has slowed the economy; energy prices are rising; unemployment remains high; consumer debt and budget deficit are climbing, and wealth inequality has reached an all-time high. While renewable energy is rapidly growing in worldwide adoption, still 89% of the energy consumed in the United States comes from non-renewable sources. Sustainability thinking encourages integrated, interdisciplinary approaches and policies that holistically address multiple contemporary problems. Sustainable development requires a balanced integration of economic, environmental, and social justice goals with traditionally siloed policy sectors, such as housing, as a goal of governance. Policy integration is deemed necessary because some policy sectors – like environment and climate – alone are not capable of achieving all objectives and, thus, must work with other sectors. Despite the importance of sustainability to the future of the planet, there are inherent economic, environmental, and social justice conflicts involved in reaching sustainable development, and conflict resolution has not been easy. The overarching question in this work is how can we protect our climate and environment through innovative housing policies and practices that promote social equity and preserve economic viability? I explore five glocal sustainable housing goals, namely climate protection, policy innovation, environmental protection, social equity, and economic growth. The overall insights derived from this study suggest that state housing agencies and local governments, particularly in large cities and in communities vulnerable to environmental risks, are in a unique position to stimulate and drive climate and environmental protection. Significant between-agency differences in housing policy innovation persist, and future policy innovation research should explore factors that impact the utility of policy innovation and barriers the environmental sustainability movement faces at the organization level and beyond. This research highlights the need for greater policy attention to affordable housing needs in core urban areas, neighborhood diversity, and costs of gentrification. There are barriers to distributed energy generation that need to be studied.

Green building standards recommend use of a variety of new thermal insulation products. However, durability of wooden framing used in conjunction with new insulation materials has not been thoroughly examined, specifically in reference to interstitial condensation. This research used a single-sided hot-box design to measure moisture content of wood framing during a 60-day period. The resulting moisture content of the wood framing was compared as tested with spray-applied cellulose and polyurethane versus fiberglass batt insulation. The average moisture content of framing insulated with cellulose and polyurethane was greater than framing insulated with fiberglass. Based on the results from this research, the use of spray-applied cellulose and polyurethane insulation materials may increase the risk of structural durability. Green building standards, such as LEED for Homes or the National Green Building Standard, emphasize creating energy efficient structures to limit negative impact on the environment. Green building practices employed to increase energy efficiency of the building enclosure may overlook possible adverse effects that these practices may have on structural durability. Because spray-applied cellulose and polyurethane insulation increase moisture content of wooden framework within building enclosures, it can be deduced that energy efficient insulation may increase risk of moisture-related biodeterioration of the building enclosure. After review of points awarded for insulation materials within LEED for Homes and the National Green Building Standard, results from this study imply that the National Green Building Standard does not emphasize durability of wooden structures in their guidelines at the present time. / Master of Science

Humankind has lived on earth for a geologically brief time. Our species has proven a remarkable ability to adapt to our environment through the development and use of tools and technology. Little evidence suggests when our need to tame nature took hold in our collective cultural consciousness, yet throughout western history, human needs and activities have been perceived as separate from the natural world. We stand at the beginning of a new millennium, aware of the cycles which govern the flows of life on our planet, yet far from understanding the specifics of how they work. This building, an Institute for Urban Agriculture, seeks to challenge that notion of separation. The design expresses architecturally the ways in which the technological systems and organic systems work together to sustain the mission of the Institute. Through every aspect of the building design, the perceived separation of those systems is woven together to express an holistic view of the building as a fully integrated system. Human intervention is a necessary part of a healthy urban ecosystem, and positive relationships with the natural world contribute to the qualities of human health. Inspired by careful observation and experience of the surrounding urban landscape, this design recognizes those interactions and builds upon their social, ecological and economic values. Architecture becomes the medium for communicating transformed ideas about our relationships with the natural world to the building inhabitants and to the public at large. / Master of Architecture

This Thesis is aimed at evaluating the options of renovation for an existing residential building to make it more energy efficient. The various aspects in the basic structures of residential homes are discussed in order to help the user identify the areas of the house for which renovation is required to improve the energy efficiency of the building. These aspects include doors, roof and wall in addition to various systems of electrical wiring, mechanical systems of ventilation, heating and cooling and plumbing systems for the efficient flow of water throughout the house. The renovation options have been described in detail to provide as many possibilities to the user as possible. The building taken for renovation is a 1953 suburban home which has been awarded the honor of being the first building to be labeled as Zero Energy Home in its vicinity. This has made the home so efficient that its expenditure of energy has become equivalent to its energy generation, therefore, cancelling each other out and creating an estimate of zero energy.

本研究旨在運用用後評估的方法，蒐集並評析師生使用意見，輔以訪談學校行政人員，藉以瞭解綠建築規畫是否符合學校實際需求，及實務面使用後產生的課題，俾作為日後學校建築改善及未來規劃學校綠建築的參考。 　　為達上述研究目的，本研究係對新北市猴硐國小教職員及高年級學生、桃子腳國中小教職員及五、六、七、八年級學生以「新北市學校綠建築使用意見調查問卷」進行問卷調查，共計猴硐國小教職員問卷15份，學生問卷24份；桃子腳國中小教職員問卷78份，學生問卷263份。此外，並分別以「新北市學校綠建築用後評估訪談大綱」，進行校長或總務主任對學校綠建築使用意見與建議的訪談調查，輔以「新北市猴硐國民小學綠建築用後評估觀察表」及「新北市桃子腳國中小綠建築用後評估觀察表」，觀察二校學校綠建築使用與維護之情形，以期能獲取較完整且深入的綠建築用後評估相關資料。研究結論如下： 一、新北市猴硐國小與桃子腳國中小學校綠建築設計規劃能具體落實於實施現況。 二、新北市猴硐國小與桃子腳國中小師生對學校所取得之綠化量指標屬滿意程度，且桃子腳國中小學生對學校所取得之綠化量指標滿意度因年級不同而有差異。 三、新北市猴硐國小與桃子腳國中小師生對學校所取得之基地保水指標屬滿意程度，且猴硐國小教職員對學校所取得之基地保水指標滿意度因年齡不同、桃子腳國中小學生對學校所取得之基地保水指標滿意度因年級不同而有差異。 四、新北市猴硐國小與桃子腳國中小師生對學校所取得之日常節能指標屬滿意程度，且桃子腳國中小學生對學校所取得之日常節能指標滿意度因性別、年級不同而有差異。 五、新北市猴硐國小與桃子腳國中小師生對學校所取得之水資源指標屬滿意程度。 六、新北市猴硐國小與桃子腳國中小師生對綠建築帶來學校認同感屬同意程度，且桃子腳國中小學生對學校認同感因性別、年級不同而有差異。 七、新北市猴硐國小與桃子腳國中小師生對綠建築概念融入課程教學屬同意程度，且桃子腳國中小學生對學校將綠建築概念融入課程教學同意程度因年級不同而有差異。 八、新北市猴硐國小與桃子腳國中小綠建築使用與維護之情形良好。 九、新北市猴硐國小與桃子腳國中小綠建築實施之困境在於綠建築觀念較難傳遞與落實，需自設計初衷精神出發。 十、新北市猴硐國小與桃子腳國中小綠化量指標之困境在於整草與綠圍籬安全，需投入人力或社區守望相助為對策。 十一、新北市猴硐國小與桃子腳國中小基地保水指標之困境在於透水鋪面與紅砂操場之清整，以及滯洪池觀念之推廣，需納入預算編列，以及加深加廣宣達為對策。 十二、新北市猴硐國小與桃子腳國中小日常節能指標之困境在於夏季溫度過高以及太陽光直射，須以電器用品及移動座位為對策。 十三、新北市猴硐國小與桃子腳國中小水資源指標使用與維護情形良好。 　　最後，本研究依據研究結果提出建議，提供未來學校、教育行政主管機關進行學校綠建築規劃之有效參考。 / This study aims to use methods of post-evaluation methods, to collect and analyze the using opinion of the teachers and students. Supplemented by interviews with administrators of schools in order to learn about whether green building planning is necessary to meet the actual needs of the school, and practice topics arising from the use, as school buildings to improve and plan schools of green buildings in the future. 　For up above purposes, this study researches on staffs and the high grade students of Houtong elementary school, New Taipei City, and staffs and the five, six, seven and eight grade students of Tur Ya Kar Elementary and Junior High School, New Taipei City by" Questionnaire of opinion of using green buildings of New Taipei City. " We took back 15 copies of questionnaire from Houtong elementary school staffs, 24 copies questionnaire from students; peach feet country small staff questionnaire 78 copies of questionnaire from Tur Ya Kar Elementary and Junior High School staffs, and 263 copies of questionnaire from students. In addition, we used" Interview outline of post evaluation of school green building, New Taipei City" separately to each school, to interview and study on the using views of principals and director of general affairs. Also, we used" observation table of post evaluation of school green building of Tur Ya Kar Elementary and Junior High School," to observe green building using and maintenance of two schools to get more related data of green building. Research findings were as follows: 1.Green building plan can be implemented in the application status in Houtong elementary school and Tur Ya Kar Elementary and Junior High School, New Taipei City. 2.Teachers and students were satisfied with the Greenery Indicator in Houtong elementary school and Tur Ya Kar Elementary and Junior High School, New Taipei City. The satisfaction of Greenery Indicator varied significant from grades among Tur Ya Kar Elementary and Junior High School students. 3.Teachers and students were satisfied with the Soil Water Content Indicator in Houtong elementary school and Tur Ya Kar Elementary and Junior High School, New Taipei City. The satisfaction of Soil Water Content Indicator varied significant from ages among Houtong elementary school staffs, and from grades among Tur Ya Kar Elementary and Junior High School students. 4.Teachers and students were satisfied with the Daily Energy Saving Indicator in Houtong elementary school and Tur Ya Kar Elementary and Junior High School, New Taipei City. The satisfaction of Daily Energy Saving Indicator varied significant from genders and grades among Tur Ya Kar Elementary and Junior High School students. 5.Teachers and students were satisfied with the Water Resource Indicator in Houtong elementary school and Tur Ya Kar Elementary and Junior High School, New Taipei City. 6.Teachers and students were agreed with" green building can arise identification with school" in Houtong elementary school and Tur Ya Kar Elementary and Junior High School, New Taipei City. The identification of school varied significant from genders and grades among Tur Ya Kar Elementary and Junior High School students. 7.Teachers and students were agreed with green building concepts into the curriculum in Houtong elementary school and Tur Ya Kar Elementary and Junior High School, New Taipei City. The identification of school varied significant from grades among Tur Ya Kar Elementary and Junior High School students. 8.The using and maintenance of green building were good in Houtong elementary school and Tur Ya Kar Elementary and Junior High School, New Taipei City. 9.The dilemma of implementing green building was the ideas were hard to pass and implement in Houtong elementary school and Tur Ya Kar Elementary and Junior High School, New Taipei City. They can go back to the spirit from designed. 10.The dilemmas of implementing Greenery Indicator were weeding and the Green fence security in Houtong elementary school and Tur Ya Kar Elementary and Junior High School, New Taipei City. They can input more staffs and use support from community. 11.The dilemmas of implementing Soil Water Content Indicator Indicator were cleaning and putting water permeable paving and red sand playground in order in Houtong elementary school and Tur Ya Kar Elementary and Junior High School, New Taipei City, including the practice of basin. They may get more budget and enhance educational guidance. 12.The dilemmas of implementing Daily Energy Saving Indicator lies in high temperature and direct sunlight in the summer in Houtong elementary school and Tur Ya Kar Elementary and Junior High School, New Taipei City. They need electrical appliances and mobile seats for countermeasures. 13.The using and maintenance of Water Resource Indicator were good in Houtong elementary school and Tur Ya Kar Elementary and Junior High School, New Taipei City. Finally, we offer recommendations based on the findings of this study, to provide administrative authority effective reference of green building planning of the schools administrations and education administrations in the future.

Society is becoming increasingly dependent on the development of institutions generatingsustainability. In order to speed up this development there is a need to find, evaluate andgeneralize existing institutional mechanisms holding this characteristic. In this study, the current theoretical framework is expanded to describe how an institution shouldbe designed to generate sustainability. To explain this, a distinction is made between short-termefficient markets (currently known as Pareto-efficient markets) and long-term efficient markets(currently known as ‘strong’ or ecologic sustainability). Further, a sustainable development isdefined as a combination of short-term and long-term Pareto-efficiency. This implies that aconsumption decision today cannot make an individual better off, without making anothercurrent or future individual worse off. Green building certifications are an interesting candidate to empirically test the theoreticalframework. An empirical study was made in cooperation with Confederation of Indian Industry -Indian Green Building Council, consisting of 18 qualitative interviews with companies andexperts in the Indian building industry. The main purpose of the study has been to investigatewhy actors engage in green building and green building certifications, or why they do not. Theresults have then been analyzed and put in an institutional context. Building on these results, conclusions have been drawn that bring a valuable perspective to theongoing debate on sustainability. Green building certifications have several interestingcharacteristics contributing to a sustainable development. Most importantly, results areindicating that short-term economic efficiency can lead to long-term mechanisms generatingsustainability. However, there are also limitations to the growth of certifications as an institution,e.g. cultural aspects, risk of ambiguity and insufficient levels of human capital. / Utvecklingen av institutioner som genererar hållbarhet blir allt viktigare. För att påskynda dennautveckling finns det ett behov av att hitta, utvärdera och generalisera befintliga institutionellamekanismer som uppfyller denna egenskap. För att kunna beskriva hur en institution bör utformas för att generera hållbarhet, utökar dennastudie det aktuella teoretiska ramverket. En distinktion görs mellan kortsiktigt Pareto-effektivamarknader (detta är att likställas med nuvarande begreppet ’Pareto-effektiva marknader’) ochlångsiktigt Pareto-effektiva marknader (detta är att likställas med ’ekologisk hållbarhet’). Vidareär hållbar utveckling definierad som en kombination av kortsiktigt- och långsiktigt effektivamarknader. Detta innebär att ett konsumptionsbeslut idag inte kan öka välfärden för en individ,utan att minska välfärden för en annan nuvarande eller framtida individ. Certifieringar för hållbart byggande är en intressant kandidat för att empiriskt testa det teoretiskaramverket. Fallstudien gjordes i samarbete med Confederation of Indian Industry - Indian GreenBuilding Council, och består av 18 kvalitativa intervjuer med företag och experter inom denindiska byggindustrin. Det huvudsakliga syftet med studien har varit att undersöka varför aktörerengagerar sig i grönt byggande och certifieringar, eller varför de väljer att inte göra det.Resultaten har sedan analyserats och satts i ett institutionellt sammanhang. Som institution har certifieringarna flera intressanta egenskaper som bidrar till en hållbarutveckling. Slutsatserna i studien skänker ett värdefullt perspektiv till den pågåendehållbarhetsdiskussionen, framförallt genom att påvisa att kortsiktig ekonomisk effektivitet kanleda till mekanismer som skapar hållbar utveckling. Det finns också begränsningar i tillväxten avdenna typ av institution som kan härledas till t.ex. kulturella skillnader, antalet certifieringar påmarknaden samt tillgång till humankapital.

O conceito de construção verde não está atrelado unicamente à preservação do meio ambiente, visto que muitos pesquisadores empregam usualmente o termo construção sustentada, que é mais condizente com a proposta que prevê o desenvolvimento econômico, social e o respeito ao meio ambiente. Em relação a países em desenvolvimento como o Brasil, equilibrar esses três pontos é essencial para assegurar um crescimento econômico sólido e sustentável. Neste contexto, em decorrência da necessidade de construções menos impactantes ao meio ambiente, foi criado nos Estados Unidos o Conselho Nacional de Construções Verdes, órgão regulamentador das normas de construção e certificador daquelas que atendam as normas mundiais. Essa certificação foi criada buscando diminuir o consumo na fabricação de materiais, manutenção de prédios e gestão de resíduos. O presente estudo visa analisar e aprimorar os conhecimentos relativos à certificação das denominadas edificações sustentáveis no Brasil, analisando as suas características, vantagens para o meio ambiente e para sociedade presente e futura. Além disso, buscou-se apontar as etapas necessárias para se lograr êxito na certificação verde de um empreendimento no Brasil, levando-se em consideração os critérios estabelecidos pelo Green Building Council Brasil, órgão oficialmente credenciado a concedê-la àqueles que implementem os requisitos necessários. Essa demonstração foi feita por meio de estudo comparativo entre dois empreendimentos certificados: o primeiro, Eldorado Business Tower, obteve a certificação denominada Platinum (máxima), e o segundo, Edifício Cidade Nova, que obteve logrou a certificação verde denominada Certified (mínima). O resultado da análise demonstrou que, apesar dos obstáculos culturais e econômicos encontrados para a implementação de uma edificação certificada, a prática parece demonstrar que o resultado final é semelhante ao investimento em edificações convencionais. No entanto, a procura pelo selo vem aumentando exponencialmente a cada ano, demonstrando que os antigos paradigmas começam a ser derrubados, em benefício do meio ambiente, que possa garantir as presentes e futuras gerações. / Concept of construction green not is joined solely to preservation of environment, since many researchers usually use the term supported, that is more in accordance with the proposal that the development foresees economic, social construction and the respect to the environment. In relation the developing countries as Brazil, to balance these three points are essential to assure a solid and sustainable economic growth. In this context, in result of the necessity of less impacts constructions to the environment, it was created in the United States the National Advice of Green Constructions, prescribed agency of the construction norms and certifier of whom they take care of the world-wide norms. This certification was created searching to diminish the consumption in the manufacture of materials, maintenance of building and management of residues. The present study it aims at to analyze and to improve the relative knowledge to the certification of the called sustainable constructions in Brazil, being analyzed its characteristics, advantages for the environment and present and future society. Moreover, one searched to point the stages necessary to cheat success in the green certification of an enterprise in Brazil, taking itself in consideration the criteria established for the Green Building Council Brazil, officially credential agency to grant it those to it that implement the necessary requirements. This demonstration was made by means of comparative study between two certified enterprises: the first one, Eldorado Business Tower, got the called certification Platinum (maximum), and as, Building New City, that it got cheated the green certification called Certified (minimum). The result of the analysis demonstrated that, although found the cultural and economic obstacles for the implementation of a certified construction, the practical one seems to demonstrate that the final result is similar to the investment in conventional constructions. However, the search for the stamp comes exponentially increasing to each year, demonstrating that the old paradigms start to be knocked down, in benefit of the environment, that can guarantee the gifts and future generations.

Diese Dissertation stellt ein umfassendes neuartiges Konzept für die Durchführung thermischer Energieberechnungen von Gebäuden in einem virtuellen Energielabor vor. Es wird ein Prozessmodell beschrieben, welches die Schritte definiert, um anhand eines bereitgestellten Gebäudemodells die Aufbereitung von Gebäudedaten und die Simulationen semi-automatisch im Energielabor zu steuern sowie energetische Bewertungen vornehmen zu können. Für diesen Anwendungsfall spielen Prüfungen der Modellqualität eine große Rolle. Um das Mindestmaß an Informationen zur Durchführung thermischer Gebäudeenergieberechnungen zu erlangen, werden benötigte Modellprüfungen erläutert und Modellüberführungen charakterisiert, mit denen Gebäudeinformationen angereichert werden. In dieser Arbeit wird außerdem ein ontologiebasierter Ansatz zur Erweiterung des Gebäudemodells mit topologischen und energierelevanten Begriffen vorgestellt. Dadurch können die Modellqualität leichter überprüft und logische Schlussfolgerungen automatisiert gezogen werden. Die Ontologien und Regeln zur Erstellung und Prüfung des Green Building Designs werden in dieser Arbeit beleuchtet. Die hier vorgestellten semantikbasierten Modelle, das Prozessmodell und der Entwurf einer komponentenbasierten Softwarearchitektur sind die Grundlage für die Entwicklung innovativer virtueller Labore zur Verwaltung und Steuerung von Gebäudesimulationen.:1. Einleitung 1.1. Problemstellung und Motivation 1.2. Hypothesen und Zielstellung 1.3. Aufbau der Arbeit 2. Grundlagen und existierende Ansätze für BIM-basierte Energieberechnungen 2.1. BIM Definition 2.2. BIM-Ebenen 2.3. Informationsmodelle im Bauwesen 2.4. Information Delivery Manual 2.5. Green Building Design 2.6. BIM und Energetische Simulationsberechnungen 2.7. Diskussion der Defizite und Probleme existierender Lösungen 3. Das energetisch erweiterte Gebäudemodell (eeBIM) 3.1. Grenzen des IFC Modells 3.2. Anforderungen und Aufbau eines erweiterten Gebäudemodells 3.3. Struktur des energetisch erweiterten Gebäudemodells 3.4. Simulationsmatrix 3.5. Multimodellintegration in dem virtuellen Energielabor 3.6. Zusammenfassung 4. Prozessmodell für energetische Berechnungen 4.1. Typischer Prozessablauf einer stufenweisen thermischen Gebäudeoptimierung 4.2. eeBIM-Prozesse 4.3. Passive Simulation 4.4. Sensitivitätsanalyse 4.5. Automatisierte Variation des Green Building Designs 4.6. Vollständige Gebäudesimulation 4.7. Entscheidungsfindung 4.8. Zusammenfassung 5. Komponentenbasiertes virtuelles Energielabor 5.1. Softwarearchitektur 5.2. Kernmodul 5.3. Navigator 5.4. Einsatz des BIM-basierten virtuellen Ingenieurslabor 5.5. Zusammenfassung und Diskussion 6. Zusammenfassung und Ausblick A. Anhang Literaturverzeichnis