Neste trabalho são discutidos os procedimentos simplificados para a consideração da não linearidade física (NLF) e da não linearidade geométrica (NLG) na análise de edifícios de concreto armado. Deste modo, pretende-se estabelecer o grau de confiabilidade desses processos. Algumas prescrições para redução na inércia dos elementos estruturais são comparadas com os resultados obtidos através de modelos em elementos finitos, permitindo, assim, a avaliação destas prescrições. Um estudo detalhado do parâmetro &#947z, como majorador dos esforços em primeira ordem para a obtenção dos esforços finais em segunda ordem, é efetuada, de modo que se possa estabelecer, de forma mais clara, as vantagens e as limitações deste parâmetro. / This work shows some simplified procedures to consider physical non-linearity (FNL) and geometrical non-linearity (GNL), for reinforced concrete buildings, and discusses its reliability. For FNL, prescriptions for stiffness reduction of structural elements are compared with the results obtained from finite elements analysis, in order to verify its assessment. For GNL, a detailed study of the accuracy of &#947z parameter to evaluate final second order effects is made. The behavior of the parameter along the height of the building and for each effort considered is shown.

Aplica-se uma formulação Lagrangeana total do Método dos elementos Finitos (MEF) baseada em posições para obter a resposta dinâmica não linear de risers bidimensionais em contato com o leito do mar. Os elementos finitos adaptados e aplicados nas soluções são de barras curvas de pórtico com cinemática de Reissner. Os risers são estruturas cilíndricas e esbeltas utilizadas na indústria offshore para transportar desde o fundo do mar até a plataforma gases, óleos, minerais ou lodo, entre outros produtos. Na modelagem dessas estruturas, destacam-se três problemas de imediato, são eles: a determinação da catenária inicial da tubulação, o comportamento estrutural após a aplicação de deslocamentos severos no topo do riser quando ancorado à plataforma ou embarcação flutuante e o contato do riser com o leito do mar. Estes problemas resultam ou são agravados pela forte instabilidade presente nessas estruturas em razão da grande relação entre a extensão dos dutos e sua rigidez transversal. Para obter a configuração inicial, três técnicas de penalização foram desenvolvidas e comparadas. A primeira utiliza a redução progressiva da rigidez da seção transversal do riser, a segunda aplica a penalização direta nos deslocamentos nodais do riser e a terceira emprega uma solução dinâmica amortecida com redução progressiva da massa e do amortecimento. As técnicas são comparadas entre si e com resultados das bibliografias. A metodologia desenvolvida para a aplicação de deslocamentos severos no topo do riser é fundamentada na suavização da posição tentativa, através de fórmula empírica baseada na remodelagem de malhas da mecânica dos fluidos. Discretiza-se o solo com molas distribuídas, de comportamento linear e não linear físico, cuja influência nodal é desenvolvida consistentemente. De forma geral a introdução dessas molas é feita através da técnica da penalização da energia potencial total. Descreve-se o comportamento não linear, comumente utilizado para solos coesivos argilosos, com um modelo P-y que considera a penetração inicial, a elevação, assim como a repenetração e alguns ciclos de carregamento e descarregamento delimitados pelas curvas das cargas extremas. Uma técnica de moderação das penalidades é utilizada para auxiliar no problema de contato entre o solo e o riser. Além desses aspectos específicos do trabalho, implementaram-se na formulação do MEF as ações decorrentes de carregamentos de flutuação, peso próprio, forças das correntes do mar e condições de contorno (forças e deslocamentos) devidas às ondas do mar. Realiza-se a integração temporal pelo método clássico de Newmark. A formulação desenvolvida junto com as estratégias implementadas mostram-se adequadas e precisas para o tratamento de risers. / A total Lagrangian Finite Element Method (FEM) formulation based on positions is applied to achieve the static and dynamic responses of two dimensional risers that touch the seabed. The adapted finite elements to model risers are curved frame elements based on the Reissner kinematics. Risers are cylindrical slender structures used in the offshore industry to transport from the underground mineral resources (gas, petroleum, mud etc) to the platforms or vessels. In the analysis of this kind of structure three problems immediately arise, that are: the determination of the initial static position (catenary) of the riser, its dynamic behavior when subjected to severe loads or displacements at the top (floating platforms or vessels) and the interaction among the riser and the seabed. These problems come from or are worsened by the strong instability resulting from the large rate between the extension and the transverse dimension of the riser. In order to solve the initial position three techniques are developed and compared. The first uses a progressive reduction of the transverse stiffness of the riser, the second applies a direct penalization on the nodal displacements of the riser and the third employs a dynamic solution with mass and damping reduction. The achieved results are compared with the ones available in literature. The developed methodology to apply severe displacements at the top of risers is a smoothing procedure of the first trial position, based on a strategy of remeshing used in fluid-structure interaction analysis. The soil (seabed), with linear or non-linear behavior is represented by distributed springs and their nodal influence is consistently developed. In a general way the introduction of these springs is done penalizing the total potential energy function. The non-linear behavior, commonly used for cohesive and clayey soil, is done by a P-y model that takes into account the initial penetration, the elevation, as well as some cyclical loads established by extreme curves. A moderation technique of penalty is used to improve the convergence of the soil-structure interaction process. In addition to these specific aspects of the thesis, there are implemented actions resulting from floating, selfweight, sea streams, and waive forces. The time integration is performed by the Newmark method. Examples reveal that the developed formulation and the proposed strategies are adequate to model submersed risers in contact with the seabed.

O presente trabalho trata da formulação e implementação de modelos numéricos baseados no Método dos Elementos de Contorno (MEC). Inspirando-se em problemas de engenharia, uma abordagem multidisciplinar é proposta como meio de representação numérica mais realista. Há materiais de uso corrente na engenharia que possuem resposta dependente do tempo. Nesta tese os fenômenos dependentes do tempo são abordados por meio da Mecânica Viscoelástica Linear associada a modelos reológicos. Neste trabalho, se apresenta a dedução do modelo constitutivo de Maxwell para ser utilizado via MEC. As equações deduzidas são verificadas em problemas de referência. Os resultados mostram que a formulação deduzida pode ser utilizada para representar estruturas compostas, mesmo em casos envolvendo uma junção entre materiais viscoelásticos e não viscoelásticos. Adicionalmente as formulações apresentadas se mantém estáveis na presença de fissuras de domínio e bordo. Verifica-se que a formulação clássica dual pode ser utilizada para simular o comportamento de fissuras com resposta dependente do tempo. Essa constatação serve de base para maiores investigações no campo da Mecânica da Fratura de materiais viscoelásticos. Na sequência, mostra-se como o MEC pode ser aliado a conceitos probabilísticos para fazer estimativas de comportamentos a longo prazo. Estas estimativas incluem as incertezas inerentes nos processos de engenharia. As incertezas envolvem os parâmetros materiais, de carregamento e de geometria. Por meio do conceito de probabilidade de falha, os resultados mostram que as incertezas relacionadas às estimativas das cargas atuantes apresentam maior impacto no desempenho esperado a longo prazo. Esta constatação serve para realizar estudos que colaborem para a melhoria dos processos de concepção estrutural. Outro aspecto de interesse desta tese é a busca de formas otimizadas, por meio da Otimização Topológica. Neste trabalho, um algoritmo alternativo de otimização topológica é proposto. O algoritmo é baseado no acoplamento entre o Método Level Set (MLS) e o MEC. A diferença entre o algoritmo aqui proposto, e os demais presentes na literatura, é forma de obtenção do campo de velocidades. Nesta tese, os campos normais de velocidades são obtidos por meio da sensibilidade à forma. Esta mudança torna o algoritmo propício a ser tratado pelo MEC, pois as informações necessárias para o cálculo das sensibilidades residem exclusivamente no contorno. Verifica-se que o algoritmo necessita de uma extensão particular de velocidades para o domínio a fim de manter a estabilidade. Limitando-se a casos bidimensionais, o algoritmo é capaz de obter os conhecidos casos de referência reportados pela literatura. O último aspecto tratado nesta tese retrata a maneira pela qual as incertezas geométricas podem influenciar na determinação das estruturas otimizadas. Utilizando o MEC, propõe-se um critério probabilístico que permite embasar escolhas levando em consideração a sensibilidade geométrica. Os resultados mostram que os critérios deterministas, nem sempre, conduzem às escolhas mais adequadas sob o ponto de vista de engenharia. Assim, este trabalho contribui para a expansão e difusão das aplicações do MEC em problemas de engenharia de estruturas. / The present work deals with the formulation and implementation of numerical models based on the Boundary Element Method (BEM). Inspired by engineering problems, a multidisciplinary combination is proposed as a more realistic approach. There are common engineering materials that have time-dependent response. In this thesis, time-dependent phenomena are approached through the Linear Viscoelastic Mechanics associated with rheological models. In this work, the formulation of Maxwell\'s constitutive model is presented to be used via MEC. The resultant equations are checked on reference problems. The results show that the presented formulation can be used to represent composite structures, even in cases involving a junction between viscoelastic and non-viscoelastic materials. Additionally the formulations presented remain stable in the presence of cracks. It is found that the classical DUAL-BEM formulation can be used to simulate cracks with time-dependent behaviour. This result serves as the basis for further investigations in the field of Fracture Mechanics of viscoelastic materials. In the sequence, it is shown how the BEM can be associated with probabilistic concepts to make predictions of long-term behaviour. These predictions include the inherent uncertainties in engineering processes. The uncertainties involve the material, loading and geometry parameters. Using the concept of probability of failure, the results show that the uncertainties related to the estimations of loads have important impact on the long-term expected performance. This finding serves to carry out studies that collaborate for the improvement of structural design processes. Another aspect of interest of this thesis is the search for optimized forms through Topological Optimization. In this work, an alternative topological optimization algorithm is proposed. The algorithm is based on the coupling between the Level Set Method (LSM) and BEM. The difference between the algorithm proposed here, and the others present in the literature, is a way of obtaining the velocity field. In this thesis, the normal fields of velocities are obtained by means of shape sensitivity. This change makes the algorithm adequate to be treated by the BEM, since the information necessary for the calculation of the sensitivities resides exclusively in the contour. It is found that the algorithm requires a particular velocity extension in order to maintain stability. Limiting to two-dimensional cases, the algorithm is able to obtain the known benchmark cases reported in the literature. The last aspect addressed in this thesis involves the way in which geometric uncertainties can influence the determination of optimized structures. Using the BEM, it is proposed a probabilistic criterion that takes into consideration the geometric sensitivity. The results show that deterministic criteria do not always lead to the most appropriate choices from an engineering point of view. In summary, this work contributes to the expansion and diffusion of MEC applications in structural engineering problems.

This research project was carried out at the von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics (VKI), in Belgium, in collaboration and with the funding of Centre Technique des Industries Mécaniques (CETIM) in France.<p>The flow of a mixture of two fluids in pipes can be frequently encountered in nuclear, chemical or mechanical engineering, where gas-liquid eactors, boilers, condensers, evaporators and combustion systems can be used. The presence of section changes or more generally geometrical singularities in pipes may affect significantly the behavior of twophase flow and subsequently the resulting pressure drop and mass flow rate. Therefore, it is an important subject of investigation in particular when the application concerns industrial safety valves.<p>This thesis is intended to provide a thorough research on two-phase (air-water) flow phenomena under various circumstances. The project is split in the following steps. At first, experiments are carried out in simple geometries such as smooth and sudden divergence and convergence singularities. Two experimental facilities are built; one in smaller scale in von Karman Institute and one in larger scale in CETIM. During the first part of the study, relatively simple geometrical discontinuities are investigated. The characterization and modeling of contraction and expansion nozzles (sudden and smooth change of section) is carried out. The pressure evolution is measured and pressure drop correlations are deduced. Flow visualization is also performed with a high-speed camera; the different flow patterns are identified and flow regime maps are established for a specific configuration.<p>A dual optical probe is used to determine the void fraction, bubble size and velocity upstream and downstream the singularities.<p>In the second part of the project, a more complex device, i.e. a Safety Relief Valve (SRV), mainly used in nuclear and chemistry industry, is thoroughly studied. A transparent model of a specific type of safety valve (1 1/2" G 3") is built and investigated in terms of pressure evolution. Additionally, flow rate measurements for several volumetric qualities and valve openings are carried out for air, water and two-phase mixtures. Full optical access allowed identification of the structure of the flow. The results are compared with measurements performed at the original industrial valve. Flowforce analysis is performed revealing that compressible and incompressible flowforces in SRV are inversed above a certain value of valve lift. This value varies with critical pressure ratio, therefore is directly linked to the position at which chocked flow occurs during air valve operation. In two-phase flow, for volumetric quality of air=20%, pure compressible flow behavior, in terms of flowforce, is remarked at full lift. Numerical simulations with commercial CFD code are carried out for air and water in axisymmetric 2D model of the valve in order to verify experimental findings.<p>The subject of modeling the discharge through a throttling device in two-phase flow is an important industrial problem. The proper design and sizing of this apparatus is a crucial issue which would prevent its wrong function or accidental operation failure that could cause a hazardous situation. So far reliability of existing models predicting the pressure drop and flow discharge in two-phase flow through the valve for various flow conditions is questionable. Nowadays, a common practice is widely adopted (standard ISO 4126-10 (2010), API RP 520 (2000)); the Homogeneous Equilibrium Method with the so-called !-method, although it still needs further validation. Additionally, based on !-methodology, Homogeneous Non-Equilibrium model has been proposed by Diener and Schmidt (2004) (HNE-DS), introducing a boiling delay coefficient. The accuracy of the aforementioned models is checked against experimental data both for transparent model and industrial SRV. The HNE-DS methodology is proved to be the most precise among the others. Finally, after application of HNE-DS method for air-water flow with cavitation, it is concluded that the behavior of flashing liquid is simulated in such case. Hence, for the specific tested conditions, this type of flow can be modeled with modified method of Diener and Schmidt (CF-HNE-DS) although further validation of this observation is required. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Cette thèse présente des modèles mathématiques pour la perception visuelle et s'occupe des phénomènes où on reconnait une brèche entre ce qui est représenté et ce qui est perçu. La complétion amodale consiste en percevoir un complètement d'un object qui est partiellement occlus, en opposition avec la complétion modale, dans laquelle on perçoit un object même si ses contours ne sont pas présents dans l'image [Gestalt, 99]. Ces contours, appelés illusoires, sont reconstruits par notre système visuelle et ils sont traités par les cortex visuels primaires (V1/V2) [93]. Des modèles géométriques de l'architecture fonctionnelle de V1 on le retrouve dans le travail de Hoffman [86]. Dans [139] Petitot propose un modèle pour le complètement de contours, équivalent neurale du modèle proposé par Mumford [125]. Dans cet environnement Citti et Sarti introduisent un modèle basé sur l'architecture fonctionnelle de la cortex visuel [28], qui justifie les illusions à un niveau neurale et envisage un modèle neuro-géometrique pour V1. Une autre classe sont les illusions d'optique géométriques (GOI), découvertes dans le XIX siècle [83, 190], qui apparaissent en présence d'une incompatibilité entre ce qui est présent dans l'espace object et le percept. L'idée fondamentale développée ici est que les GOIs se produisent suite à une polarisation de la connectivité de V1/V2, responsable de l'illusion. A partir de [28], où la connectivité qui construit les contours en V1 est modelée avec une métrique sub-Riemannian, on étend cela en disant que pour le GOIs la réponse corticale du stimule initial module la connectivité, en devenant un coefficient pour la métrique. GOIs seront testés avec ce modèle. / This thesis presents mathematical models for visual perception and deals with such phenomena in which there is a visible gap between what is represented and what we perceive. A phenomenon which drew the interest most is amodal completion, consisting in perceiving a completion of a partially occluded object, in contrast with the modal completion, where we perceive an object even though its boundaries are not present [Gestalt theory, 99]. Such boundaries reconstructed by our visual system are called illusory contours, and their neural processing is performed by the primary visual cortices (V1/V2), [93]. Geometric models of the functional architecture of primary visual areas date back to Hoffman [86]. In [139] Petitot proposed a model of single boundaries completion through constraint minimization, neural counterpart of the model of Mumford [125]. In this setting Citti and Sarti introduced a cortical based model [28], which justifies the illusions at a neural level and provides a neurogeometrical model for V1. Another class of phenomena are Geometric optical illusions (GOIs), discovered in the XIX century [83, 190], arising in presence of a mismatch of geometrical properties between an item in object space and its associated percept. The fundamental idea developed here is these phenomena arise due to a polarization of the connectivity of V1/V2, responsible for the misperception. Starting from [28] in which the connectivity building contours in V1 is modeled as a sub-Riemannian metric, we extend it claiming that in GOIs the cortical response to the stimulus modulates the connectivity of the cortex, becoming a coefficient for the metric. GOIs will be tested through this model.

This research aims to assess the causes of inefficient and unstable operation of centrifugal compressors and turboexpanders in process gas applications in order to provide a solution for performance restoration and enhancement. It encompasses thermodynamic and flow evaluations to examine the efficiency and operating range improvement options of new units. Besides, this work is complemented by a technoeconomic analysis to provide a rounded outcome from these studies. In order to achieve the desired objectives, a novel integrated approach has been developed to assess the design and performance of multi-stage centrifugal compressors. The proposed systematic methodology involves five basic elements including evaluation of compressor selection, compressor sizing and casing structure, performance prediction at the design and off-design conditions, modelling of efficiency and head deterioration causes; and stage design evaluation. This will contribute towards evaluating the geometrical parameters of the new units’ designs at the early preliminary design phase, and thus, will be useful to identify the options for efficiency and operating range enhancements. For installed units, this approach can be implemented to assess the cause of inefficient and unstable operation by assessing the available operation data. A method was developed to predict the performance curve of multi-stage centrifugal compressor based on a stage stacking technique. This approach considers the advantages of Lüdtke and Casey-Robinson methods with an incorporation of a methodology for compressor selection and sizing to generate more accurate results. To emphasize the validity of the developed model, it has been evaluated for both low and high flow coefficient applications. The obtained results show a significant improvement in the estimated efficiency, pressure ratio, shaft power and operating range as compared with the existing methods. The centrifugal compressor is designed to run under various operating conditions and different gas compositions with the primary objective of high efficiency and reliability. Therefore, a new iterative method has been developed to predict the equivalent compressor performance at off-design conditions. This technique uses the performance parameters at design conditions as a reference point to derive the corresponding performance characteristics at numerous suction conditions with less dependency on the geometrical features. Through a case study on a gas transport centrifugal compressor, it was found that the developed approach can be applied for design evaluation on the expected variation of working conditions, and for the operation diagnosis of installed units as well. Furthermore, a parametric study has been conducted to investigate the effect of gas properties on the stage efficiency, surge margin, and compressor structure. The obtained results support the need for considering the gas properties variation when the off-design performance is derived. To evaluate the impact of internal blockage on the performance parameters, this study proposed an approach to model the effect of non-reactive deposits, which has been qualified using four operation cases and the obtained results are compared with the internal inspection findings from the stage overhauling process. This also covers the influential aspects of flow blockage on the technical and economic values. Since the main challenge here is to analyze the process gas composition in real time, the influences of the non-reactive deposits have been compared with the effect of the unanticipated gas composition change. Subsequently, it has turned out that the pressureratio parameter is not enough to assess the possibility of flow blockage and unexpected gas properties change. Moreover, it was observed that the stage discharge pressure was more sensitive to the fouled aftercooler comparing with suction and internal blockage. However, the effect of contaminated aftercooler on the surge point and discharge pressure and temperature of the upstream stage was found greater than its impact on the shaft power. Thus, a substantial surge margin reduction was detected when the first stage was operating with a fouled aftercooler comparing with the measured reduction as a result of unanticipated gas properties change. Furthermore, a larger pressure ratio drop was measured in the case of liquid carryover which revealed a more significant impact of the two phases densities difference comparing with the gas volume fraction (GVF) effect. The possibility of hydrate formation has been assessed using hydrate formation temperature (HFT) criteria. Additionally, this research highlights a number of challenges facing the selection of typical centrifugal stage design by assessing the contribution of design characteristics on the operating efficiency and stable flow range. Besides, an empirical-based-model was established to select the optimum impeller and diffuser configurations in order to make a compromise decision based on technical and economic perspective. It was concluded that there is no absolute answer to the question of optimum rotor and stator configuration. The preliminary aerothermodynamic evaluation exposed that the selection of the optimum impeller structure is governed by several variables: stage efficiency, pressure loss coefficient, manufacturing cost, required power cost, resonance frequency and stable operating range. Hence, an evaluation is required to compromise between these parameters to ensure better performance. Furthermore, it was argued throughout this study that the decision-making process of the typical stage geometrical features has to be based upon the long-term economic performance optimization. Thus, for higher long-term economic performance, it is not sufficient to select the characteristics of the impeller and diffuser geometry based on the low manufacturing cost or efficiency improvement criterion only. For turboexpanders, a simple and low cost tool has been developed to determine the optimum turboexpander characteristics by analysing the generated design alternatives. This approach was used in designing a turboexpander for hydrocarbon liquefaction process. Moreover, since the turboexpanders are expected to run continuously at severe gas conditions, the performance of the selected turboexpander was evaluated at different inlet flow rates and gas temperatures. It has turned out that designing a turboexpander with the maximum isentropic efficiency is not always possible due to the limitations of the aerodynamic parameters for each component. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the stage geometrical features prior the construction process to compromise between the high capital cost and the high energetic efficiency.

No description available.

The present work deals with the development of a computational geometric framework for vision modeling for performing visibility and legibility analyses in Digital Human Modeling (DHM) using the field-of-view (FoV), estimated geometrically from 3D tessellated head scans. DHM is an inter-disciplinary area of research with the prime objective of evaluating a product, job or environment for intended users through computer-based simulations. Vision modeling in the existing DHM’s has been primarily addressed through FoV modeling using right circular cones (RCC). Perimetry literature establishes that the human FoV is asymmetric due to unrestricted zygomatic vision and restrictions on the nasal side of the face. This observation is neither captured by the simplistic RCC models in DHM, nor rigorously studied in vision literature. Thus, the RCC models for FoV are inadequate for rigorous simulations and the accurate modeling of FoV is required in DHM. The computational framework developed in this work considers three broad components namely, the geometric estimation and representation of FoV, visibility and statistical visibility, and legibility of objects in a given environment. A computational geometric method for estimating FoV from 3D laser-scanned models of the human head is presented in this work. The strong one-to-one similarity between computed and clinically perimetry maps establishes that the FoV can be geometrically computed using tessellated head models, without necessarily going through the conventional interaction based clinical procedures. The algorithm for FoV computation is extended to model the effect of gaze-direction on the FoV resulting in binocular FoV. A novel unit-cube scheme is presented for robust, efficient and accurate modeling of FoV. This scheme is subsequently used to determine the visibility of 3D tessellated objects for a given FoV. In order to carry out population based visibility studies, the statistical modeling FoV and generation of percentile-based FoV curves are introduced for a given population of FoV curves. The percentile data thus generated was not available in the current ergonomics or perimetry literature. Advanced vision analysis involving character-legibility is demonstrated using the unit-cube with an improved measure to incorporate the effect of character-thickness on its legibility.

Les voies aériennes du système respiratoire humain sont constituées des voies extrathoraciques et de l'arbre bronchique, lui-même se divisant en deux sous-structures arborescentes, l'arbre trachéobronchique et les acini. L'arbre trachéobronchique, constitué des voies aériennes exclusivement conductives, a pour rôle d'acheminer l'air extérieur jusqu'aux unités d'échanges gazeux, les acini. Nous nous sommes intéressés dans cette thèse plus particulièrement à l'arborescence trachéobronchique. Nous avons développé tout d'abord un modèle géométrique de la morphologie trachéobronchique visant à établir un niveau de description intermédiaire entre un modèle trop simplifié, qui oublierait des caractéristiques géométriques de la morphologie essentielles à la compréhension de la ventilation, et un modèle exhaustif de la géométrie, difficilement exploitable dans son ensemble. Une fois cette géométrie élaborée, nous avons développé deux modèles de ventilation, l'un à l'inspiration au repos et l'autre à l'expiration forcée. Ces derniers reproduisent le comportement ventilatoire de l'arborescence trachéobronchique, tel que mesuré chez les patients. A partir de ces modèles géométriques et physiologiques, nous avons ensuite étudié l'influence de l'asymétrie de branchement, caractéristique morphologique essentielle de l'arborescence trachéobronchique, sur la ventilation. Nous avons mis en évidence l'existence d'un degré d'asymétrie optimal, permettant à la fois une ventilation efficace des acini et une robustesse face aux altérations de la structure bronchique. De façon intéressante, ce degré d'asymétrie correspond à celui mesuré chez l'homme, suggérant une possible adaptation de l'asymétrie au cours de l'évolution. Enfin, grâce aux modèles physiologiques mis au point dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié quelques pathologies pulmonaires modèles et reproduit les mesures spirométriques des patients. Également, nous avons entamé la simulation et l'étude d'images de ventilation pulmonaire, ainsi que du dépôt de particules dans l'arborescence trachéobronchique. De telles études ouvrent de nombreuses perspectives quant à la compréhension, au diagnostic et à aux possibles thérapies des pathologies pulmonaires. / The human pulmonary airway system consists of the extrathoracic airways and the bronchial tree, which is divided into two sub-trees, the tracheobronchial tree and the acini. The tracheobronchial tree, which consists in conducting airways only, brings external air to the gas exchange units, the acini. We are focusing here on the tracheobronchial tree. First, we have developed a geometrical model of the tracheobronchial morphology: this model is an intermediate description between a too simplified model, which forgets some geometrical characteristics of the morphology that are determinant to understand the ventilation, and an exhaustive geometrical model, which is hardly usable. When this geometry has been built, we have developed two ventilation models, one at inspiration at rest and another at forced expiration. These models reproduce the ventilatory behavior of the tracheobronchial tree, as measured on the patients. Using these geometrical and physiological models, we have then studied the role of the branching asymmetry, which is an essential morphological characteristic of the tracheobronchial tree, on the ventilation. We have shown that there exists an optimal asymmetry level that permits to efficiently ventilate all the acini and to be robust with respect to the alterations of the bronchial structure. Interestingly, this asymmetry level corresponds to the measured human level. This can suggest that the asymmetry level could have been adapted throughout the evolution. At last, using the physiological models developed in this thesis, we have studied some pathological pulmonary models and reproduced the spirometric measurements of the patients. Moreover, we have started to simulate and to study images of the pulmonary ventilation and the particle deposition in the tracheobronchial tree. Such studies open perspectives concerning the understanding, the diagnosis and the possible treatments of the pulmonary pathologies.

En informatique, la vision par ordinateur s’attache à extraire de l’information à partir de caméras. Les capteurs de celles-ci peuvent être produits avec la technologie CMOS que nous retrouvons dans les appareils mobiles en raison de son faible coût et d’un encombrement réduit. Cette technologie permet d’acquérir rapidement l’image en exposant les lignes de l’image de manière séquentielle. Cependant cette méthode produit des déformations dans l’image s’il existe un mouvement entre la caméra et la scène filmée. Cet effet est connu sous le nom de «Rolling Shutter» et de nombreuses méthodes ont tenté de corriger ces artefacts. Plutôt que de le corriger, des travaux antérieurs ont développé des méthodes pour extraire de l’information sur le mouvement à partir de cet effet. Ces méthodes reposent sur une extension de la modélisation géométrique classique des caméras pour prendre en compte l’acquisition séquentielle et le mouvement entre le capteur et la scène, considéré uniforme. À partir de cette modélisation, il est possible d’étendre le calcul de pose habituel (estimation de la position et de l’orientation de la scène par rapport au capteur) pour estimer aussi les paramètres du mouvement. Dans la continuité de cette démarche, nous présenterons une généralisation à des mouvements non-uniformes basée sur un lissage des dérivées des paramètres de mouvement. Ensuite nous présenterons une modélisation polynomiale du «Rolling Shutter» et une méthode d’optimisation globale pour l’estimation de ces paramètres. Correctement implémenté, cela permet de réaliser une mise en correspondance automatique entre le modèle tridimensionnel et l’image. Pour terminer nous comparerons ces différentes méthodes tant sur des données simulées que sur des données réelles et conclurons. / Computer Vision, a field of Computer Science, is about extracting information from cameras. Their sensors can be produced using the CMOS technology which is widely used on mobile devices due to its low cost and volume. This technology allows a fast acquisition of an image by sequentially exposin the scan-line. However this method produces some deformation in the image if there is a motion between the camera and the filmed scene. This effect is known as Rolling Shutter and various methods have tried to remove these artifacts. Instead of correcting it, previous works have shown methods to extract information on the motion from this effect. These methods rely on a extension of the usual geometrical model of cameras by taking into account the sequential acquisition and the motion, supposed uniform, between the sensor and the scene. From this model, it’s possible to extend the usual pose estimation (estimation of position and orientation of the camera in the scene) to also estimate the motion parameters. Following on from this approach, we will present an extension to non-uniform motions based on a smoothing of the derivatives of the motion parameters. Afterwards, we will present a polynomial model of the Rolling Shutter and a global optimisation method to estimate the motion parameters. Well implemented, this enables to establish an automatic matching between the 3D model and the image. We will conclude with a comparison of all these methods using either simulated or real data.