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This diploma thesis seeks above all to introduce the German concept of artistic education into the context of the Czech art education and to compare it with some of the didactical tendencies within this field. Based on the analysis of German and English publications, firstly the pivotal theoretical influences of the concept are introduced, and then its specifics, educational methods and goals are described. The theoretical section is concluded by examples of practical approaches using the described concept in the field of German school praxis. The empirical-practical section, that is based on the author's personal experiences gained during Erasmus studies in Germany (Karlsruhe, University of Education, Institute of Art), introduces how the concept is being applied during the training of university students, in particular on the level of the artistic and pedagogical praxis. This section also contains a reflection of the concept of artistic education's influence on the author's own artistic work. The second section concludes by analysing two student projects in a German school, applying the methods of artistic education, and outlines how these projects could be improved. At the end of the thesis the results of the theoretical, empirical and practical sections are summarized and evaluated. Questions...

Robert Delaunay (1885-1941) est l’un des artistes français les plus présents à Berlin à l’aube de la Première guerre mondiale. Avec l’aide de Herwarth Walden (1878-1941), directeur de la revue et galerie Der Sturm, l’artiste acquiert rapidement une solide réputation dans la capitale allemande, où il expose une quarantaine de toiles au cours de la seule année 1913, tandis qu’il diffuse abondamment ses propres textes théoriques et ceux de ses amis Guillaume Apollinaire (1880-1918) et Blaise Cendrars (1887-1961). Le peintre français suscite bientôt l’engouement de certains artistes berlinois, nombreux à l’avoir rencontré lors de ses deux voyages en Allemagne avant la guerre. Pour une large partie de la recherche, ce succès s’expliquerait par un « malentendu productif » : les artistes de la capitale allemande auraient détourné l’œuvre de Delaunay dans un sens germanique, appréciant sa peinture pour des raisons étrangères à ses intentions initiales. Contestant cette hypothèse – variante de celle, pluriséculaire, de l’incompatibilité par nature des goûts allemands et français – nous proposons d’envisager la réception berlinoise de Delaunay dans une perspective micro-historique, en nous intéressant au regard porté sur lui par trois artistes : Ludwig Meidner (1884-1966), Lyonel Feininger (1871-1956) et Bruno Taut (1880-1936). Après avoir mis en exergue les discours possiblement « entendus » par ceux-ci autour de l’œuvre du peintre français en Allemagne, nous nous intéressons à la trajectoire individuelle de chacun d’entre eux, mettant en évidence la profondeur des liens qui unissent finalement les avant-gardes désignées sous les termes d’orphisme et d’expressionnisme. / Robert Delaunay (1885-1941) is among the French artists that are the most involved in Berlin at the dawn of the World War I. Thanks to Herwarth Walden (1878-1941), who is the director of the magazine and the gallery Der Sturm, the artist quickly earns a solid reputation in the German capital city where he exhibits around forty paintings in 1913 alone, while widely circulating his own theoretical texts as well as those of his friends Guillaume Apollinaire (1880-1918) and Blaise Cendrars (1887-1961). The French painter soon spurs the interest of some Berlin artists, many of whom have met him during his two trips to Germany before the war. For an extensive part of the research, this success could be explained by a “working misunderstanding”: the artists of the German capital city supposedly twisted Delaunay’s work in a Germanic sense, appreciating his painting for reasons that were not related to his initial intents. We contest this hypothesis – which is a variant of the centuries-old hypothesis that states a natural incompatibility between German and French tastes – we suggest to consider the Berlin welcome of Delaunay in a micro-historical perspective by focusing on three artist’s point of view about him: Ludwig Meidner (1884-1966), Lyonel Feininger (1871-1956) and Bruno Taut (1880-1936). After underlining the speeches they possibly “heard” surrounding the French painter’s work in Germany, we focus on each artist’s individual path, showcasing the depths of the links that join actually the avant-gardes that are coined under the terms of orphism and expressionism.

Berlin, capitale du nouveau Reich allemand, nouvellement déclaré en 1871, est alors une métropole européenne des plus denses et modernes en ce qui a trait aux différentes industries, technologies et transports. Toutefois, tentant d’entretenir l’image hautement glorifiée de son État, l’Empereur à la tête du pays, Guillaume II, impose à l’art son idéal – créant ainsi une politique artistique, une Kunstpolitik – et incite fortement les artistes berlinois à œuvrer dans un style des plus conservateurs. C’est lors d’un discours le 18 décembre 1901, inaugurant l’Allée de la Victoire, située dans le Tiergarten, que l’Empereur exprime ses idées précises quant à un genre artistique idéal, ce qu’est un bon et un mauvais artiste, ainsi qu’un bon ou mauvais art. Tout art divergeant de cet idéal est alors qualifié de « Rinnsteinkunst ». Heinrich Zille, dessinateur-caricaturiste issu du milieu prolétaire, s’engage toute sa carrière à tirer le portrait des gens, du quotidien et de l’environnement de son milieu (le « Milljöh »), et ce, de façon satirique, naturaliste et très crue. Ce mémoire tente donc d’établir un lien direct entre l’idée du « Rinnsteinkunst » de l’Empereur et l’œuvre de Zille, pour ainsi enfin offrir un exemple concret de diffusion de cet art dit de « caniveau » et de montrer comment Zille s’approprie ce genre d’art. Artiste appartenant au mouvement moderniste berlinois, sa principale association étant la Sécession berlinoise, Zille connaît une immense popularité en mettant de l’avant des sujets tabous et proscrits de l’art officiel. On y découvre donc, en de différents formats, médiums et techniques, un côté de Berlin moins connu, bien que plus populeux. Avec les innovations dans l’imprimerie, ainsi que dans le développement de l’intermédialité et des relations artistiques internationales, ses dessins se propagent, donnant ainsi une poussée considérable à l’établissement de l’art moderne à Berlin. / After it was declared capital city of the new Reich in 1871, Berlin was a very dense and very modern European metropolis in regards to different industries, technologies and public transports. However, the Emperor at the head of the country, Wilhelm II (1859-1941), tried to maintain a highly glorified image of his State and imposed his ideal conception of the arts. In so doing, he created an artistic policy, a Kunstpolitik, and strongly urged the Berliner artists of his era to work in a very conservative artistic genre. It is during a famous speech for the inauguration of the Victory Avenue, situated in the Tiergarten in Berlin, on the 18th December 1901, that the Emperor expressed his exact thoughts on what makes a good or a bad artist, and what kind of art is right or wrong. Any art diverging from his ideal would be qualified as “Rinnsteinkunst”. Heinrich Zille (1858-1929), a working-class draftsman and caricaturist, spent his whole career sketching the proletarians and the poor in a satirical, naturalist and blunt way, exposing their everyday lives and their environment, called the “Milljöh”. This thesis attempts to draw the direct relation between the concepts of the “Rinnsteinkunst” and the work of Heinrich Zille, to finally establish a concrete example of what this “gutter art” is about and to demonstrate how Zille used this artistic style. Belonging to the Berlin modernist movement, mainly as part of the Berlin Secession, Zille drew a lot of attention from the public by bringing forward taboo subjects that were banned from official art. His oeuvre, crafted using different formats, mediums, techniques, shows the hidden face of the official imperial Berlin. Innovations in printing techniques, as well as the development of intermediality and international artistic relations allowed for a wide circulation of his drawings, strongly fostering the establishment of modern art in Berlin. / 1871 wurde das deutsche Reich erklärt. Damals war Berlin eine der dichtesten und modernsten europäischen Metropolen, vor allem was Industrie, Technologie und Verkehrssystem betrifft. Vom Kaiser Wilhelm II. (1859-1941), der ein glorifizierendes Bild des Reiches pflegte, wurde allerdings eine die Berliner Künstler in einem konservativem Stil einschränkenden Kunstpolitik angepriesen. Am 18 Dezember 1901, während der Rede zur Enthüllung der am Tiergarten liegenden Siegesallee, hat sich der Kaiser zu seiner Vorstellung eines idealen künstlerischen Genres geäußert. Dabei erklärte er, was seiner Meinung nach gute oder schlechte Künstler bzw. richtige oder falsche Kunst ausmachte. Jede von dieser Richtlinie abweichende Kunst wurde da als „Rinnsteinkunst“ bezeichnet. Der Künstler Heinrich Zille (1858-1929), Zeichner und Karikaturist aus der Arbeiterklasse, hat sich seine ganze Karriere lang damit beschäftigt, das Gesicht des Proletariats, der armen Leute, ihrem Alltag und ihrer Umgebung – das Milljöh – darzustellen. Diese Arbeit setzt das Konzept der „Rinnsteinkunst“ und Heinrich Zilles „Milljöh“ in Beziehung zueinander, um das erste konkrete Beispiel dieser „Kunst der Gosse“ zu liefern und um zu zeigen, wie er sich dieser Kunst zu eigen macht. Zille, ein Mietglieder der Berliner modernistischen Kunstbewegung, hauptsächlich als Teil der Berliner Secession, war schon zu seiner Zeit sehr berühmt, indem er von der offiziellen Kunstpolitik verpönten Tabuthemen in seiner Kunst darstellte. Durch verschiedene Formate, Medien und Techniken wird in Zilles Kunstwerk die Kehrseite des wilhelminischen Berlins gezeigt. Mithilfe der Innovationen in der Druckerei sowie der Entwicklung der Intermedialitäten und der internationalen künstlerischen Beziehungen wurden seine Zeichnungen weitgehend verbreitet, was zur Errichtung einer Berliner modernen Kunst beachtlich beitrug.

This thesis aims to understand Wolf-Rehfeldt’s place in the unofficial art world of the GDR by examining her work in light of her status as a clerical worker with social rather than professional ties to the art world. She stands out within the East German Mail Art context, not just for her inventive use of a typewriter to create abstract figurations, but for the way she used it to interject considerations of gender and power into a network of artists overwhelmingly dominated by men with her open-ended Typewritings.” Through historical research and close readings of her work, this study uncovers how Wolf-Rehfeldt's Typewritings indicate that Mail Art was a space to share stylistic experiments, and her sophisticated treatment of feminist and abstract themes. My research reveals that the record of who was involved in the GDR’s experimental art scene is incomplete, with still more to be found. A deeper look at Wolf-Rehfeldt’s background confirmed that she was more enmeshed in Mail Art than the historical record indicates, suggesting the need for further study on the influence and involvement of women in the movement.

This thesis constitutes the first comparative study of the phenomenon of alternative art galleries functioning during the 1970s in two neighbouring state socialist regimes, namely, the German Democratic Republic and the People's Republic of Poland. Firmly contextualised in the cultural-political climate of Honecker's and Gierek's quasi-liberalisation, it examines the socio-cultural function of non-conformist exhibition spaces and focuses, specifically, on two case studies: Galerie Arkade in East Berlin and Galeria/Repassage in Warsaw. By looking at a wide variety of practices produced in those spaces, this thesis investigates the commonalities and differences in how the galleries operated and how they related to the divergent post-Stalinist conditions. For instance, due to more repressive cultural-politics in the GDR, it proved more difficult to accommodate experimental practices in Arkade, since even exhibiting abstract art was problematic for the East German officials. Conversely, in Poland Gierek's liberalisation resulted in the state's limited acceptance of radical artistic practices such as performance and conceptual art but only in the marginal spaces of artist-run galleries. Despite their alternative status, the galleries were, to a certain degree, dependent administratively and financially on these socialist institutions and were at the same time exposed to surveillance by the state security services. These aspects of galleries' activities are often neglected and so to remedy this lack this thesis offers new perspectives on and insights into various aspects of the functioning of alternative culture in this region. The originality of this research lies also in its references to new archival material which has not been published, nor interpreted before. The interpretation of these rich primary sources makes use of a new theoretical framework that combines Michel Foucault's theory of heterotopia in a macro-level analysis and Henri Lefebvre's ideas on the social production of space in a micro-level analysis. In particular, the galleries' histories are seen in this thesis as intertwined with the advancing process of disintegration of state socialism in the Eastern Bloc as this was perceptible to varying degree in different socialist states. Accordingly, it argues that the galleries were symptomatic of and, simultaneously, contributed through various practices to the 'post-socialist condition'.

Au début du XVIè siècle, le territoire germanique apparaît comme le foyer de réception non seulement le plus important mais aussi le plus fécond des estampes du peintre italien Andrea Mantegna (1431-1506). De Dürer à Peter Vischer à Nuremberg, de l’atelier d’Ulrich Apt à celui de Jörg Breu l’Ancien à Augsbourg, d’Hans Baldung Grien à Matthias Grünewald dans les régions rhénanes, d’Urs Graf à Jörg Schweiger en Suisse, de l’atelier d’Altdorfer implanté à Ratisbonne à celui de Wolf Huber situé à Passau : tous les centres artistiques et humanistes du monde germanophone sont concernés. Inscrite dans la problématique des transferts culturels, cette thèse vise à montrer, par une approche résolument pluridisciplinaire, que la réception des modèles gravés italiens en Allemagne ne se borne pas aux emprunts formels et stylistiques, mais s’intègre dans une réflexion sur l’émulation, qui tient compte des spécificités à la fois historiques et culturelles du Saint Empire Romain germanique / During the early 16th century the German territory was not only the most important but also the most fruitful center for the circulation of Italian painter Andrea Mantegna's (1431 - 1506) prints. From Dürer to Peter Vischer in Nuremberg, from Ulrich Apt's workshop to Jörg Breu the Elder in Augsbourg, from Hans Baldung Grien to Matthias Grünewald in Alsace, from Urs Graf to Jörg Schweiger in Switzerland, Altdorfer's workshop, located in Regensburg to Wolf Huber's in Passau. Basically all artistic and humanist centers in the German-speaking world were concerned. This thesis takes as its primary object the problematic of cultural transfers and aims at showing, through a multidisciplinary approach, that the German reception of Italian engravings is not only limited to formal and stylistics aspects but it is integrated in a reflection regarding the emulation, which will take into account both historical and cultural particularities of the German Sacred Roman Empire

(in English): The presented PhD thesis deals with two artists, Emanuel Hegenbarth (1868-1923) and Richard Müller (1874-1954). Both were Czech Germans, i.e. of German nationality, using German as their vernacular language, born in the second half of the 19th century in Bohemia the territory of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire (nowday's Czech Republic) and later have been working for a long time in Dresden. This initial reality represented a different starting point for each of them and played a different role in their later life and artistic trajectory. Richard Müller did not lose contact with his bohemian homeland during his lifetime, but he did not have strong ties to it and considered Dresden his home and background. He was particularly influential as a professor at the Dresden Academy, a position he held for more than thirty years. His artistic principles and creative activity shaped the emerging generation of artists, which included representatives of German-speaking artists from Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia who passed through his studio. The thesis includes an excursus devoted to Herbert Seemann (1900-1945), in whose work Müller's influence is most evident. A different approach can be found in Emanuel Hegenbarth, who, despite his professorship at the Dresden Academy, maintained intensive and...