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Challenges and potentials of channeling local philanthropy towards development and aocial justice and the role of waqf (Islamic and Arab-civic endowments) in building community foundations / the case of EgyptDaly, Marwa El 16 May 2012 (has links)
Diese Arbeit bietet eine solide theoretische Grundlage zu Philanthropie und religiös motivierten Spendenaktivitäten und deren Einfluss auf Wohltätigkeitstrends, Entwicklungszusammenarbeit und einer auf dem Gedanken der sozialen Gerechtigkeit beruhenden Philanthropie. Untersucht werden dafür die Strukturen religiös motivierte Spenden, für die in der islamischen Tradition die Begriffe „zakat“, „Waqf“ oder im Plural auch „awqaf-“ oder „Sadaqa“ verwendet werden, der christliche Begriff dafür lautet „tithes“ oder „ushour“. Aufbauend auf diesem theoretischen Rahmenwerk analysiert die qualitative und quantitative Feldstudie auf nationaler Ebene, wie die ägyptische Öffentlichkeit Philanthropie, soziale Gerechtigkeit, Menschenrechte, Spenden, Freiwilligenarbeit und andere Konzepte des zivilgesellschaftlichen Engagements wahrnimmt. Um eine umfassende und repräsentative Datengrundlage zu erhalten, wurden 2000 Haushalte, 200 zivilgesellschaftliche Organisationen erfasst, sowie Spender, Empfänger, religiöse Wohltäter und andere Akteure interviewt. Die so gewonnen Erkenntnisse lassen aussagekräftige Aufschlüsse über philanthropische Trends zu. Erstmals wird so auch eine finanzielle Einschätzung und Bewertung der Aktivitäten im lokalen Wohltätigkeitsbereich möglich, die sich auf mehr als eine Billion US-Dollar beziffern lassen. Die Erhebung weist nach, dass gemessen an den Pro-Kopf-Aufwendungen die privaten Spendenaktivitäten weitaus wichtiger sind als auswärtige wirtschaftliche Hilfe für Ägypten. Das wiederum lässt Rückschlüsse zu, welche Bedeutung lokale Wohltätigkeit erlangen kann, wenn sie richtig gesteuert wird und nicht wie bislang oft im Teufelskreis von ad-hoc-Spenden oder Hilfen von Privatperson an Privatperson gefangen ist. Die Studie stellt außerdem eine Verbindung her zwischen lokalen Wohltätigkeits-Mechanismen, die meist auf religiösen und kulturellen Werten beruhen, und modernen Strukturen, wie etwa Gemeinde-Stiftungen oder Gemeinde-„waqf“, innerhalb derer die Spenden eine nachhaltige Veränderung bewirken können. Daher bietet diese Arbeit also eine umfassende wissenschaftliche Grundlage, die nicht nur ein besseres Verständnis, sondern auch den nachhaltiger Aus- und Aufbau lokaler Wohltätigkeitsstrukturen in Ägypten ermöglicht. Zentral ist dabei vor allem die Rolle lokaler, individueller Spenden, die beispielsweise für Stiftungen auf der Gemeindeebene eingesetzt, wesentlich zu einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung beitragen könnten – und das nicht nur in Ägypten, sondern in der gesamten arabischen Region. Als konkretes Ergebnis dieser Arbeit, wurde ein innovatives Modell entwickelt, dass neben den wissenschaftlichen Daten das Konzept der „waqf“ berücksichtigt. Der Wissenschaftlerin und einem engagierten Vorstand ist es auf dieser Grundlage gelungen, die Waqfeyat al Maadi Community Foundation (WMCF) zu gründen, die nicht nur ein Modell für eine Bürgerstiftung ist, sondern auch das tradierte Konzept der „waqf“ als praktikable und verbürgte Wohlstätigkeitsstruktur sinnvoll weiterentwickelt. / This work provides a solid theoretical base on philanthropy, religious giving (Islamic zakat, ‘ushour, Waqf -plural: awqaf-, Sadaqa and Christian tithes or ‘ushour), and their implications on giving trends, development work, social justice philanthropy. The field study (quantitative and qualitative) that supports the theoretical framework reflects at a national level the Egyptian public’s perceptions on philanthropy, social justice, human rights, giving and volunteering and other concepts that determine the peoples’ civic engagement. The statistics cover 2000 households, 200 Civil Society Organizations distributed all over Egypt and interviews donors, recipients, religious people and other stakeholders. The numbers reflect philanthropic trends and for the first time provide a monetary estimate of local philanthropy of over USD 1 Billion annually. The survey proves that the per capita share of philanthropy outweighs the per capita share of foreign economic assistance to Egypt, which implies the significance of local giving if properly channeled, and not as it is actually consumed in the vicious circle of ad-hoc, person to person charity. In addition, the study relates local giving mechanisms derived from religion and culture to modern actual structures, like community foundations or community waqf that could bring about sustainable change in the communities. In sum, the work provides a comprehensive scientific base to help understand- and build on local philanthropy in Egypt. It explores the role that local individual giving could play in achieving sustainable development and building a new wave of community foundations not only in Egypt but in the Arab region at large. As a tangible result of this thesis, an innovative model that revives the concept of waqf and builds on the study’s results was created by the researcher and a dedicated board of trustees who succeeded in establishing Waqfeyat al Maadi Community Foundation (WMCF) that not only introduces the community foundation model to Egypt, but revives and modernizes the waqf as a practical authentic philanthropic structure.
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| 242 |
Educators perceptions of teaching learners about HIV/AIDS and of schools as care-giving centres for orphans and vulnerable children : the case of an urban secondary school in DurbanParag, Armita 02 1900 (has links)
The rapid increase in HIV-infections is changing the face of modern society. The number of HIV/AIDS orphans for sub-Saharan Africa is expected to increase to 18, 67 million in 2010. Education has a pivotal role to play in effectively dealing with the effects of the pandemic, as well as creating awareness among learners. The focus of this study is to explore educators’ perceptions of teaching learners about HIV/AIDS and of schools as care-giving centres for orphans and vulnerable children. The HIV/AIDS education curriculum has been introduced in a milieu of change and restructuring in South African education, presenting particular challenges for educators. This study set out to uncover how educators are engaging with their new roles and responsibilities when teaching HIV/AIDS education. / Sociology / MA (Social and Behaviour Studies in HIV/ Aids)
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| 243 |
The characteristics, attitudes and perceptions of informal caregivers caring for a mentally ill family member : a study in DenniltonMnisi, Daphney Martha Abigail 11 1900 (has links)
This study was undertaken to identify the biographical characteristics, attitudes and perceptions of informal family care-givers caring for patients with mental illness in Dennilton. Data were gathered from 48 care-givers by using a cross-sectional survey approach in which structured questionnaires were completed. The results revealed that a sizeable proportion of the care-givers were 60 years and older. Only 10% were employed and a quarter married, suggesting that the care burden influenced their life choices. Many care-givers were mothers or female family members. Half of the patients cared for suffered from depression. Violent, aggressive behaviour was reported as a symptom that care-givers found difficult to deal with. Less than half of the care-givers reported that the patients accepted their health situation. / Sociology / M.A. Soc.
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| 244 |
Volunteer stress and coping in HIV and AIDS home-based careMoremi, Mosa Zephorah 02 1900 (has links)
Volunteer caregivers provide essential services to people in the terminal stages of AIDS and their families. Volunteers are exposed to stress and burnout. This study investigated the relationships between stress, coping strategies, levels of burnout and resilience in this population. Volunteers from Societas ‘O Sosiale (SOS) Children Villages and community based organisation (CBO) partnerships, were selected using non-probability purposive convenience sampling. A total of 110 participants were given the Experience of Work and Life Circumstances Questionnaire (WLQ), Brief-Cope, Maslach’s Burnout Inventory (MBI), a Resilience scale and the Living Standard Measure to complete. Statistical analyses were performed on the data. This includes descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, factor analysis, correlations and multivariate analysis of variance. The study found that volunteer caregivers experience high stress levels and burnout related to stressors outside work, remuneration, personnel policies and high resilience. High burnout is associated with all forms of coping. Further it is shown that training in problem-solving skills, counselling, government and public lobbying for support, registration with relevant professional bodies, furnished offices, reasonable recruitment requirements and compensation are needed to help the care givers avert the effect of stressors and control stress by stopping it from turning to burnout. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology - Research Consultation)
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| 245 |
De la consultation des peuples autochtones : structure institutionnelle d'un dialogue appelé à renouveler la notion des droits ancestraux : essai fondé sur la jurisprudence de la Cour suprême du Canada (1984-2004) et la théorie du droitBoisselle, Andrée 08 1900 (has links)
Le présent mémoire est consacré à l'étude de l'obligation faite à l'État canadien de
consulter les autochtones lorsqu'il envisage de prendre des mesures portant atteinte à leurs
droits et intérêts. On s'y interroge sur le sens que peut avoir cette obligation, si elle n'inclut
pas celle de s'entendre avec les autochtones. Notre étude retrace d'abord l'évolution de
l'obligation de consulter dans la jurisprudence de la Cour suprême du Canada, pour se
pencher ensuite sur l'élaboration d'un modèle théorique du processus consultatif.
En observant la manière dont la jurisprudence relative aux droits ancestraux a donné
naissance à l'obligation de consulter, on constate que c'est en s'approchant au plus près de
l'idée d'autonomie gouvernementale autochtone - soit en définissant le titre ancestral, droit
autochtone à la terre elle-même - que la Cour a senti le besoin de développer la
consultation en tant que véritable outil de dialogue entre l'État et les Premières nations. Or,
pour assurer la participation réelle des parties au processus de consultation, la Cour a
ensuite dû balancer leur rapport de forces, ce qu'elle a fait en admettant le manque de
légitimité du pouvoir étatique sur les autochtones. C'est ainsi qu'après avoir donné
naissance au processus de consultation, la jurisprudence relative aux droits ancestraux
pourrait à son tour être modifiée substantiellement par son entremise. En effet, l'égalité
qu'il commande remet en question l'approche culturaliste de la Cour aux droits ancestraux,
et pourrait l'amener à refonder ces droits dans le principe plus égalitaire de continuité des
ordres juridiques autochtones. Contrairement à l'approche culturaliste actuelle, ce principe
fait place à la reconnaissance juridique de l'autonomie gouvernementale autochtone.
La logique interne égalitaire du processus de consultation ayant ainsi été exposée, elle fait
ensuite l'objet d'une plus ample analyse. On se demande d'abord comment concevoir cette
logique sur le plan théorique. Ceci exige d'ancrer la consultation, en tant qu'institution
juridique, dans une certaine vision du droit. Nous adoptons ici celle de Lon Fuller, riche de
sens pour nos fins. Puis, nous explicitons les principes structurants du processus consultatif.
Il appert de cette réflexion que l'effectivité de la consultation dépend de la qualité du
dialogue qu'elle engendre entre les parties. Si elle respecte sa morale inhérente, la
consultation peut générer une relation morale unique entre les autochtones et l'État
canadien. Cette relation de reconnaissance mutuelle est une relation de don. / In this essay, we study the Canadian State's duty to consult Aboriginal peoples when it
purports to infringe on their rights and interests. We start with the following question:
What meaning, if any, does the duty to consult have, if it does not include a duty to reach a
consensus ? Our study is divided in two parts. First, we trace the evolution of the duty to
consult in the decisions of the Supreme Court of Canada. Secondly, we discuss a theoretical
model for the consultation process.
Our study of the genesis and subsequent evolution of the duty to consult reveals that this
duty gains some ambit when the Court is called upon to define the notion of aboriginal title
- the type of aboriginal right that cornes closest to full aboriginal self-government on a
piece of land. In its effort to construct the consultation process, the Court soon realizes that
if it wants both parties to really engage in it, it has to balance their relationship, something
the Court does by admitting the State's lack of legitimate authority over the Aboriginals.
But affirming the equal status of both parties in the consultation process leads to further
consequences than the mere effectiveness of that process. Aboriginal equality does not fit
weIl within the Court's cultural approach to aboriginal rights. The common law doctrine of
continuity of the aboriginal legal orders is more congenial to that equality, as it leads
naturally to the legal recognition of a measure of aboriginal autonomy within Canada.
Thus, after giving birth to the consultation process, the law of aboriginal rights could itself
be substantially modified through the logical implications of its own offspring.
Having exposed the egalitarian logic inherent to the consultation process, we proceed to
study that logic in further detail. We ground our quest for the inherent structure of
consultation in a larger understanding of the law itself, which proceeds from Lon Fuller' s
view of law as facilitating human interaction. We then discuss the principles that give
content to a consultation process directed to achieve reconciliation. Effective consultation
depends on the quality of the dialogue that it generates. Appropriately conceived and
implemented, the consultation process between Aboriginal peoples and the State embodies
a unique moral relationship, one of mutual recognition, capturing the' spirit of giving'.
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| 246 |
Educators perceptions of teaching learners about HIV/AIDS and of schools as care-giving centres for orphans and vulnerable children : the case of an urban secondary school in DurbanParag, Armita 02 1900 (has links)
The rapid increase in HIV-infections is changing the face of modern society. The number of HIV/AIDS orphans for sub-Saharan Africa is expected to increase to 18, 67 million in 2010. Education has a pivotal role to play in effectively dealing with the effects of the pandemic, as well as creating awareness among learners. The focus of this study is to explore educators’ perceptions of teaching learners about HIV/AIDS and of schools as care-giving centres for orphans and vulnerable children. The HIV/AIDS education curriculum has been introduced in a milieu of change and restructuring in South African education, presenting particular challenges for educators. This study set out to uncover how educators are engaging with their new roles and responsibilities when teaching HIV/AIDS education. / Sociology / MA (Social and Behaviour Studies in HIV/ Aids)
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| 247 |
Le rôle des interactions sociales dans le processus créatif : le cas des chercheurs de l'industrie / The role of social interactions in the creative process : the case of industrial researchersToustou, Beatrice 08 December 2015 (has links)
Si pendant de nombreuses décennies, la créativité a été décrite comme une activité solitaire, en référence à des caractéristiques individuelles possédées par certains individus, il est aujourd’hui établi que les relations jouent un rôle critique dans la création de connaissances (Perry-Smith, 2006). Néanmoins, en dépit de leur importance, les échanges interpersonnels ont reçu relativement peu d’attention en comparaison d’autres ressources utiles au processus créatif. Ce travail doctoral est donc consacré à l’étude du rôle des interactions sociales dans la dynamique du processus créatif. Les cadres théoriques mobilisés sont la théorie de la complexité et la théorie de l’échange social. Notre recherche empirique a été réalisée auprès de chercheurs de l’industrie dont le cœur de la mission est de nature inventive. Cette thèse est composée de trois articles, qui répondent à la question de recherche suivante : Dans quelle mesure et de quelle manière les interactions sociales jouent-elles un rôle dans le processus créatif ? Notre contribution théorique consiste à (1) apporter une définition plurielle de la créativité ; (2) mettre en évidence les différentes ressources sociales mobilisées, qui façonnent un processus créatif dynamique en deux méta-étapes (émergence et amplification des idées) ; (3) décrire trois formes d’échange social, sous-tendues par différentes logiques de réciprocité, qui jouent un rôle important au cours du processus créatif. Cette thèse souligne le rôle des interactions sociales dans le processus créatif et toute l’importance des moments de socialisation dans la vie des organisations qui souhaitent développer la créativité de leurs salariés / Although for many decades creativity has been described as a solitary activity that refers to individual characteristics possessed by certain individuals, today it has been established that relationships play a crucial role in the creation of knowledge (Perry-Smith, 2006). Nevertheless, despite their importance, interpersonal exchanges have received relatively little attention compared to other resources useful to the creative process (Bouty, 2000). This doctoral study is therefore devoted to examining the role of social interactions in the creative process. The theoretical framework draws on literature in the fields of complexity theory and social exchange. The empirical research was carried out among industrial researchers whose main mission is creative in nature. The thesis is composed of three articles, each of which treats a dimension of the overall research question: To what extent and in which ways do social interactions influence the creative process?The research contributes to theory building by (1) providing a plural definition of creativity; (2) highlighting the different social resources that researchers draw on and building a dynamic creative process divided into two meta-stages (emergence of ideas and their amplification); and (3) describing three forms of social exchange, underpinned by different logics of reciprocity that play an important role during the creative process.Overall, this thesis points out the importance of social interactions in the creative process and the full importance of moments of socialization within organizations wishing to develop their employees’ creativity
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| 248 |
Understanding Pro-Environmental Behaviour as Process: Assessing the Importance of Program Structure and Advice-Giving in a Residential Home Energy Evaluation ProgramHoicka, Christina January 2012 (has links)
Despite recognition that reductions in fossil-fuel usage are necessary to reduce environmental harm, energy consumption continues to rise globally. There is a growing need to understand how to effectively influence individuals to reduce their energy consumption, particularly of fossil-fuels. Pro-environmental behaviour is the subset of consumer behaviour that is oriented towards reducing environmental impact compared to other options. It is widely agreed that due to a multiplicity of influencers, pro-environmental behaviour is best analysed using an integrated approach that allows the inclusion of different disciplinary perspectives, and seeks to identify the most important influences in the system under study. This dissertation sought to address the broader challenge of how to better design programs and policies that result in behaviour that is more sustainable.
The objective of this dissertation was to assess the importance and effects of program structure and advice-giving on the pro-environmental behaviour of participating in a home energy evaluation program that encouraged homeowners to implement energy efficiency retrofits. Program structure was defined as the combination of the price of the evaluation, the financial reward structure, the level of government support, and the focus on influencing eight specific decisions within a specified timeframe. Advice-giving occurred during the initial evaluation with a home energy advisor and with the delivery of the report that contained a set of recommendations. A convergent mixed methods research design was employed to assess the relative importance of the two factors on participation and advice-following, where advice-following was considered as the matching of decisions to recommendations. The quantitative dataset was made up of files that detailed the 13,429 initial and the 6,123 follow-up evaluations conducted by advisors of the Residential Energy Efficiency Project (REEP) in the Region of Waterloo between 1999 and 2011. The qualitative data were gathered through 12 interviews with home energy advisors, eight of whom had worked for REEP and had conducted more than half of the home energy evaluations contained in the quantitative dataset. A natural quasi-experimental intervention that measured self-selection in response to varying program structure was employed to examine for variations in participation, material characteristics of houses, recommendations, and advice-following. To extend our understanding of the process of participation and decision making patterns, other analyses focused on relationships between the number of recommendations, the time between initial and follow-up evaluations, the number and types of decisions made, and the prioritization of decisions. The interviews assessed for differences in styles of advice-giving, and for their impact through comparison with the quantitative data that detailed the recommendations and decisions taken by the homeowners. The results of the effects of both factors were interpreted jointly and compared to previous studies about REEP or the EnerGuide for Houses and program as it was delivered nationally.
This dissertation confirmed that an integrated approach to examining pro-environmental behaviour is supported as a useful framework for analysis. The findings support a process-based definition of pro-environmental behaviour as a useful model and form of integration. A convergent mixed methods research design is supported as a valuable and rigorous approach to examine the impact of various influences simultaneously. The delineation of multiple stages in the decision making process greatly enhanced the quality of analyses and findings. The two main factors of program structure and advice-giving affected advice-following. One factor influenced the other, as the program structure affected the receptiveness of homeowners as perceived by advisors, which affected advice-giving. The findings support the importance of both behaviourist and social learning approaches in influencing pro-environmental behaviour, and that their importance varies depending on the stage of the decision process. The findings show that behaviourist interventions, such as the program structure, were associated with variations in participation, and that different subsets of the population of houses from the Region of Waterloo were attracted to the different program structures. Indeed, in each program structure, the decision to return was influenced by different decisions.
A critical finding of this study was that these programs were not sufficient to alter the path dependence of energy consumption or of energy systems as the program participants usually did not implement the most effective retrofits, and if they did, the retrofits did not achieve adequate depth of reductions to energy consumption in a timely manner. According to the home energy advisors, many homeowners had pre-conceived ideas upon entering the program of replacing their heating systems and windows. The interpretation of the qualitative and quantitative data showed that these intentions were often not altered, particularly in the case of windows, the decision that advisors believed to be the least effective of energy decisions.
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| 249 |
De la consultation des peuples autochtones : structure institutionnelle d'un dialogue appelé à renouveler la notion des droits ancestraux : essai fondé sur la jurisprudence de la Cour suprême du Canada (1984-2004) et la théorie du droitBoisselle, Andrée 08 1900 (has links)
Le présent mémoire est consacré à l'étude de l'obligation faite à l'État canadien de
consulter les autochtones lorsqu'il envisage de prendre des mesures portant atteinte à leurs
droits et intérêts. On s'y interroge sur le sens que peut avoir cette obligation, si elle n'inclut
pas celle de s'entendre avec les autochtones. Notre étude retrace d'abord l'évolution de
l'obligation de consulter dans la jurisprudence de la Cour suprême du Canada, pour se
pencher ensuite sur l'élaboration d'un modèle théorique du processus consultatif.
En observant la manière dont la jurisprudence relative aux droits ancestraux a donné
naissance à l'obligation de consulter, on constate que c'est en s'approchant au plus près de
l'idée d'autonomie gouvernementale autochtone - soit en définissant le titre ancestral, droit
autochtone à la terre elle-même - que la Cour a senti le besoin de développer la
consultation en tant que véritable outil de dialogue entre l'État et les Premières nations. Or,
pour assurer la participation réelle des parties au processus de consultation, la Cour a
ensuite dû balancer leur rapport de forces, ce qu'elle a fait en admettant le manque de
légitimité du pouvoir étatique sur les autochtones. C'est ainsi qu'après avoir donné
naissance au processus de consultation, la jurisprudence relative aux droits ancestraux
pourrait à son tour être modifiée substantiellement par son entremise. En effet, l'égalité
qu'il commande remet en question l'approche culturaliste de la Cour aux droits ancestraux,
et pourrait l'amener à refonder ces droits dans le principe plus égalitaire de continuité des
ordres juridiques autochtones. Contrairement à l'approche culturaliste actuelle, ce principe
fait place à la reconnaissance juridique de l'autonomie gouvernementale autochtone.
La logique interne égalitaire du processus de consultation ayant ainsi été exposée, elle fait
ensuite l'objet d'une plus ample analyse. On se demande d'abord comment concevoir cette
logique sur le plan théorique. Ceci exige d'ancrer la consultation, en tant qu'institution
juridique, dans une certaine vision du droit. Nous adoptons ici celle de Lon Fuller, riche de
sens pour nos fins. Puis, nous explicitons les principes structurants du processus consultatif.
Il appert de cette réflexion que l'effectivité de la consultation dépend de la qualité du
dialogue qu'elle engendre entre les parties. Si elle respecte sa morale inhérente, la
consultation peut générer une relation morale unique entre les autochtones et l'État
canadien. Cette relation de reconnaissance mutuelle est une relation de don. / In this essay, we study the Canadian State's duty to consult Aboriginal peoples when it
purports to infringe on their rights and interests. We start with the following question:
What meaning, if any, does the duty to consult have, if it does not include a duty to reach a
consensus ? Our study is divided in two parts. First, we trace the evolution of the duty to
consult in the decisions of the Supreme Court of Canada. Secondly, we discuss a theoretical
model for the consultation process.
Our study of the genesis and subsequent evolution of the duty to consult reveals that this
duty gains some ambit when the Court is called upon to define the notion of aboriginal title
- the type of aboriginal right that cornes closest to full aboriginal self-government on a
piece of land. In its effort to construct the consultation process, the Court soon realizes that
if it wants both parties to really engage in it, it has to balance their relationship, something
the Court does by admitting the State's lack of legitimate authority over the Aboriginals.
But affirming the equal status of both parties in the consultation process leads to further
consequences than the mere effectiveness of that process. Aboriginal equality does not fit
weIl within the Court's cultural approach to aboriginal rights. The common law doctrine of
continuity of the aboriginal legal orders is more congenial to that equality, as it leads
naturally to the legal recognition of a measure of aboriginal autonomy within Canada.
Thus, after giving birth to the consultation process, the law of aboriginal rights could itself
be substantially modified through the logical implications of its own offspring.
Having exposed the egalitarian logic inherent to the consultation process, we proceed to
study that logic in further detail. We ground our quest for the inherent structure of
consultation in a larger understanding of the law itself, which proceeds from Lon Fuller' s
view of law as facilitating human interaction. We then discuss the principles that give
content to a consultation process directed to achieve reconciliation. Effective consultation
depends on the quality of the dialogue that it generates. Appropriately conceived and
implemented, the consultation process between Aboriginal peoples and the State embodies
a unique moral relationship, one of mutual recognition, capturing the' spirit of giving'. / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maîtrise en droit, option recherche". Ce mémoire a été accepté à l'unanimité et classé parmi les 5% des mémoires de la discipline. Commentaires du jury : "Excellent mémoire qui devrait être soumis aux fins de publication et à différents concours pour les prix récompensant des mémoires de maîtrise".
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| 250 |
Understanding Pro-Environmental Behaviour as Process: Assessing the Importance of Program Structure and Advice-Giving in a Residential Home Energy Evaluation ProgramHoicka, Christina January 2012 (has links)
Despite recognition that reductions in fossil-fuel usage are necessary to reduce environmental harm, energy consumption continues to rise globally. There is a growing need to understand how to effectively influence individuals to reduce their energy consumption, particularly of fossil-fuels. Pro-environmental behaviour is the subset of consumer behaviour that is oriented towards reducing environmental impact compared to other options. It is widely agreed that due to a multiplicity of influencers, pro-environmental behaviour is best analysed using an integrated approach that allows the inclusion of different disciplinary perspectives, and seeks to identify the most important influences in the system under study. This dissertation sought to address the broader challenge of how to better design programs and policies that result in behaviour that is more sustainable.
The objective of this dissertation was to assess the importance and effects of program structure and advice-giving on the pro-environmental behaviour of participating in a home energy evaluation program that encouraged homeowners to implement energy efficiency retrofits. Program structure was defined as the combination of the price of the evaluation, the financial reward structure, the level of government support, and the focus on influencing eight specific decisions within a specified timeframe. Advice-giving occurred during the initial evaluation with a home energy advisor and with the delivery of the report that contained a set of recommendations. A convergent mixed methods research design was employed to assess the relative importance of the two factors on participation and advice-following, where advice-following was considered as the matching of decisions to recommendations. The quantitative dataset was made up of files that detailed the 13,429 initial and the 6,123 follow-up evaluations conducted by advisors of the Residential Energy Efficiency Project (REEP) in the Region of Waterloo between 1999 and 2011. The qualitative data were gathered through 12 interviews with home energy advisors, eight of whom had worked for REEP and had conducted more than half of the home energy evaluations contained in the quantitative dataset. A natural quasi-experimental intervention that measured self-selection in response to varying program structure was employed to examine for variations in participation, material characteristics of houses, recommendations, and advice-following. To extend our understanding of the process of participation and decision making patterns, other analyses focused on relationships between the number of recommendations, the time between initial and follow-up evaluations, the number and types of decisions made, and the prioritization of decisions. The interviews assessed for differences in styles of advice-giving, and for their impact through comparison with the quantitative data that detailed the recommendations and decisions taken by the homeowners. The results of the effects of both factors were interpreted jointly and compared to previous studies about REEP or the EnerGuide for Houses and program as it was delivered nationally.
This dissertation confirmed that an integrated approach to examining pro-environmental behaviour is supported as a useful framework for analysis. The findings support a process-based definition of pro-environmental behaviour as a useful model and form of integration. A convergent mixed methods research design is supported as a valuable and rigorous approach to examine the impact of various influences simultaneously. The delineation of multiple stages in the decision making process greatly enhanced the quality of analyses and findings. The two main factors of program structure and advice-giving affected advice-following. One factor influenced the other, as the program structure affected the receptiveness of homeowners as perceived by advisors, which affected advice-giving. The findings support the importance of both behaviourist and social learning approaches in influencing pro-environmental behaviour, and that their importance varies depending on the stage of the decision process. The findings show that behaviourist interventions, such as the program structure, were associated with variations in participation, and that different subsets of the population of houses from the Region of Waterloo were attracted to the different program structures. Indeed, in each program structure, the decision to return was influenced by different decisions.
A critical finding of this study was that these programs were not sufficient to alter the path dependence of energy consumption or of energy systems as the program participants usually did not implement the most effective retrofits, and if they did, the retrofits did not achieve adequate depth of reductions to energy consumption in a timely manner. According to the home energy advisors, many homeowners had pre-conceived ideas upon entering the program of replacing their heating systems and windows. The interpretation of the qualitative and quantitative data showed that these intentions were often not altered, particularly in the case of windows, the decision that advisors believed to be the least effective of energy decisions.
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