In this dissertation, I focus on the creative and commercial activities of the Nikosthenes workshop, a Greek vase-painting enterprise that operated in Athens between 545 and 510 BCE. My research examines the objects produced by the workshop, the artists who produced them, and the different contexts in which these objects were made and found. By using a fixed set of data, the painted vases signed and/or attributed to the Nikosthenes workshop, I argue that this particular enterprise was central to a number of important developments in the art of vase-painting during the Archaic period and that non-Athenian artists were a significant part of its workforce. Moreover, I argue that the shared painted signature that appears on 149 vases from this workshop represents a savvy business that catered to customer demands and nimbly shifted its aesthetic according to varying tastes. My dissertation is the first comprehensive study devoted to the Nikosthenes workshop in over twenty years, and my research represents a major shift in method and approach to the topic. In the first chapter, I explore the artistic identity of the Nikosthenes workshop by examining what is known about artists in antiquity more generally and what has been written about Nikosthenes as an individual artist. Signatures are an important part of this discussion, in that their survival on painted vases continues to play a significant role in how scholars interpret vase-painting artists and their artistic personalities. I propose that a diverse group of artists contributed to the workshop’s identity, and I discuss their contributions in chapter two. I place these artists in their busy workshop setting by examining the evidence for their physical spaces, and I profile some of the most important Athenian and non-Athenian artists who worked therein. In chapter three, I focus on the creative developments pioneered by the Nikosthenes enterprise, and I highlight the many ways these innovations were the result of complex reinterpretation of foreign aesthetic and likely carried out by non-Athenian artists in the shop. I end the project with the fourth chapter which presents the distribution of the Nikosthenes vases, and I show how the geographical patterns indicate that there were different types of vessels going to different customers. I argue that Nikosthenes, while both an individual artist and a workshop, is best thought of as a brand that catered to the demands of a growing overseas market.

Texte remanié de : Dissertation : ? : ? : 1997. / Comprend : Text ; Plates. Bibliogr. p. 258-266 (vol. 1). Index.

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Teilw. zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Habil.-Schr., 1996/97

This thesis explores the development of naturalistic rendering of emotion in the art of Greece through facial expression and body posture from 525 to 400. Why does emotional naturalism arise in the art of Greece, and in which particular regions? Why at this period? In which contexts and media? What restrictions on situation and type of figure can be interpolated or reconstructed? The upper chronological limit is based on simple observation. It is about this time, in many media, that naturalistic emotional expression is employed, although there are exceptions that blur this line slightly. The lower limit marks a major historical turning point, a culmination in Beazley's chronology of Attic vase painting and a common dating threshold for small finds. Emotional expression accelerates from the fourth century, and requires a different set of questions. 400 is for this reason held as a strict end-point. Many categories of physical object were considered; gems and coins did not offer substantial results, but are used for comparison. The rest have formed the armature of the thesis. Only original objects are included, as emotionality undergoes marked changes in Hellenistic and Roman copies. The first section treats publically-commissioned sculpture – sculpture integrated into architecture. The second section treats privately-commissioned sculpture, stone and terracotta; the third pottery: black-figure, red-figure and whiteground. Within these sections, material is arranged broadly chronologically. Human figures are the focus, and semi-humans such as Centaurs and satyrs are included; figures with essentially non-human faces such as the Gorgon are not. Human anatomy is constant, so the method of analysis is physiological. Rather than putting facial expressions in folk terms – a frown, a smile – they are described anatomically for precision: by muscular contractions and extensions and their correspondent manifestations on the surface of the body. Moving beyond description to explanation, neurochemistry and psychology are the preferred tools, although neither discipline has a consensus on the nature of emotion or its expression. History, religion, location, maker, commissioner, viewer, medium and technique are brought to bear in order put expressivity in context. An important methodological tool has been the separation of emotional 'input' and ‘output’. Output is the evocation or intended evocation of an emotional state in the viewer, and the thesis is constantly aware of the disconnect between the 'intended audience' and a modern one. It focuses instead on input – the methods used to render the inner state of the figures shown. This has twofold benefit: it avoids insurmountable subjectivity – one might laugh at the expression of fear on a maenad being raped by a satyr, while another might not – and allows for comparison across genre and medium.

La recherche a analysé la figure éclectique de Raffaele Gargiulo, marchand d'antiquités célèbre en Europe, collectionneur, personnage complexe et controversé de l'histoire du Musée de Naples, dans le monde des Antiquités napolitaines de la première moitié du XIXème siècle. À partir de sa collection d’objets provenant de la Grande-Grèce; l'une des plus riches du Musée de Naples, et en examinant en particulier les vases peints, nous avons analysé ses méthodes de travail ainsi que ses techniques de restauration, les matériaux qu’il a utilisés et les choix qu’il a faits pour reconstruire et comprendre les critères qui ont guidé la pratique de la restauration des vases du musée Royal Bourbon dans la première moitié du XIXème siècle. La recherche a analysé les événements historiques qui ont conduit le Musée Royal à acheter l’intégralité de la collection de Raffaele Gargiulo et, en particulier, sa collection de vases. Le travail effectué est accompagné de documents d'archives qui illustrent les longues négociations concernant l'achat des matériaux, commencé en 1852 et achevé en 1855 et renseignent sur les tendances et les choix effectués par le Musée Royal de Naples en étroite collaboration avec la Commission des Antiquités et des Beaux-Arts. L’enquête a permis d’en savoir plus sur le restaurateur-marchand qu’était R. Gargiulo et sur les relations qu’il entretenait avec les personnes impliquées dans ces affaires. En partant des sources bibliographiques, des anciens inventaires et des documents d’archives, nous avons identifié les vases de la collection Gargiulo (environ 481 vases) et tous les “vases Gargiulo" achetés par le Musée de Naples. Nous avons compilé le catalogue des vases, en les classant par type de céramique et en rédigeant une fiche pour chacun d’eux. À travers le catalogage des vases, qui a permis la reconstruction de la collection, nous avons cherché à identifier et à mettre en évidence les goûts du collectionneur R. Gargiulo mais aussi des personnes impliquées dans les choix (ministre, directeur du Musée, experts), qui ont déterminé un certain style pour les collections du Musée de Naples. / The research focuses on the eclectic figure of Raffaele Gargiulo, who was a dealer, an expert, a restorer, a collector, a controversial figure in the history of the Naples Museum and Neapolitan antiques market in the first half of the nineteenth century. Starting from his collection of antiquites, one of the richest coming from Magna Graecia and which arrived in the Naples Museum, we have primarily examined the vases and have tried to analyze the restoration methods, the materials used and the choices made to reconstruct the criteria that guided the practice of the vases restoration in the Royal Bourbon Museum in the first half of the nineteenth century. The research analyzes the historical events that led to the purchase, by the Museum, of Raffaele Gargiulo’s collection, focusing mainly on the study of the vases collection. The research, enriched by archival documentation aimed at illustrating the long negotiation in the acquisition of the objects, which began in 1852 and ended in 1855, has shown the judgements and the choices made by the Neapolitan Museum in cooperation with the Commissione di Antichità e Belle Arti. Furthermore, it has contributed to define the figure of the restorer-dealer Gargiulo and his relationship with the people interested in the deal. A combination of archival documentation, old inventories and surveys in the Museum’s stores has allowed us to identify the Gargiulo’s vases collection (about 481 vases) and all the "Gargiulo’s vases" in the Museum. The vases catalogue has been created, in order to classify them according to type of ceramic, with an individual file for each vase. Thanks to the catalogue, which has aimed to the reconstruction of the collection, we have been able to highlight the aspects related to the criteria and to the taste of the collector Gargiulo and of the figures involved (Minister, Director of the Museum, experts, etc.). They have all contributed to the enrichment of the collections of the Naples Museum through the variety of artifacts and provenance from different locations in the Naples Kingdom.The research has also investigated the figure of the restorer Gargiulo, his "career" and his activities at the «Officina dei Vasi Italo-greci» of the Naples Museum. The restoration methods have been analyzed on some vases that still preserve the ancient interventions, focusing on a comparative study between old photos and archival documentation. / La ricerca ha analizzato l'eclettica figura di Raffaele Gargiulo, commerciante, abile restauratore, collezionista, figura controversa nella storia del Museo di Napoli e dell’antiquaria napoletana nella prima metà del XIX secolo. Partendo dalla sua collezione, una delle raccolte più ricche di materiali di provenienza magnogreca mai giunte nel Museo di Napoli, esaminando in particolare i vasi, si è cercato poi di analizzare i metodi di restauro, i materiali adoperati e le scelte attuate per ricostruire e comprendere i criteri che guidarono la pratica del restauro dei vasi del Museo Borbonico nella prima metà dell'Ottocento. La ricerca ha analizzato le vicende che hanno portato all’acquisizione da parte del Museo Borbonico della collezione di Gargiulo nella sua totalità e, in particolare, della collezione vascolare. Il lavoro, corredato da documenti archivistici volti ad illustrare la lunga trattativa nell'acquisizione dei materiali, iniziata nel 1852 e conclusa nel 1855, ha messo in evidenza le valutazioni, le tendenze e le scelte operate a Napoli presso il Museo in stretto rapporto con la Commissione di Antichità e Belle Arti e ha contribuito a delineare la figura del restauratore-commerciante Gargiulo e il suo rapporto con le figure che, più o meno appassionatamente, si interessarono alla vicenda.Sono stati individuati, sulla base delle fonti, degli antichi inventari e dei documenti archivistici, i vasi della collezione Gargiulo (481 vasi ca.) e tutti i “vasi Gargiulo” immessi nel Museo. Si è redatto il catalogo dei vasi, diviso per classi ceramiche e con la redazione di singole schede per ogni vaso. Attraverso il catalogo e quindi la ricostituzione della collezione, si sono potute individuare, nella sua varietà di classi ceramiche e di provenienze, gli aspetti relativi ai criteri e al gusto di Gargiulo e delle figure coinvolte (Ministro, Direttore del Museo, esperti, etc.) che hanno determinato anche una scelta di gusto e di rappresentatività per le collezioni del Museo di Napoli. La ricerca ha anche preso in esame la figura del restauratore Gargiulo, la sua “carriera” e la sua attività presso «l’Officina dei Vasi Italo-greci» del Museo di Napoli. Si sono esaminati i metodi di restauro su alcuni vasi che ancora conservano gli interventi antichi, anche attraverso uno studio comparativo tra le foto antiche e i documenti di archivio.