Ce travail de thèse porte, en premier lieu et principalement, sur le diagnostic à base de modèle d’une classe de SLC (Systèmes Linéaires à Commutations). Une problématique récurrente dans ce type de problème concerne la prise en considération de façon explicite les deux aspects, continu et discret, constituant un SLC. Dans ce cadre, nous avons proposé une méthodologie de détection et de localisation de défauts qui combine les outils initialement dédiés au diagnostic des systèmes continus et d’autres spécifiques aux SED (Systèmes à Evénement Discrets). L’approche proposée est conçue autour de trois modules : deux types de générateurs de résidus (issus de l’Automatique continue) et un estimateur en-ligne de l’état discret, appelé diagnostiqueur (issu de l’Automatique événementielle). Notre diagnostiqueur utilise les deux types de résidus, provenant de la partie continue, afin d’identifier le mode de fonctionnement du SLC et d’isoler les défauts de capteurs. Les résidus utilisés pour la localisation des défauts de capteurs sont générés à travers un générateur développé autour d’un schéma DOS (Dedicated Observer Scheme) à base d’observateurs hybrides,à la fois robustes vis-à-vis des entrées inconnues et sensibles aux défauts de capteurs. En second lieu, sur la base des résultats obtenus à l’aide de l’approche de diagnostic développée, nous avons proposé une approche préliminaire de synthèse de lois de commande tolérantes aux défauts de capteurs stabilisante via un retour d’état. Cette approche permet de préserver les performances nominales du système (situation non défaillante)en présence d’un défaut de capteurs. L’idée consiste à reconfigurer le retour d’état en remplaçant le vecteur d’état estimé à partir d’une sortie en défaut par un autre estimé à partir d’une sortie saine. La redondance des estimations est assurée dans cette approche par un banc d’observateurs hybrides robustes qui fournit plusieurs estimations correctes des vecteurs d’état et de sorties. / This thesis focuses, in first and foremost, on the model-based diagnosis of a class of SLC (Switched Linear Systems). The basic idea is to consider the continuous and discrete aspects, forming an SLC, explicitly.In this context, we proposed a methodology for detecting and locating faults that combines the tools originally dedicated to the continuous systems and the DES (discrete event systems) diagnosis. The proposed approach is designed around three modules: two types of residual generators (from the continuous Automatic) and anon-line estimator of the discrete state, called diagnoser (from the event Automatic). Our diagnoser uses the residual generators issue from the continuous part to identify the SLC mode and isolate sensor faults.Residues used for fault location sensors are generated through a generator developed around a scheme DOS(Dedicated Observer Scheme) based on hybrid observers. These observers are robust vis-à-vis the unknown input and sensitive to sensor faults. Secondly, based on the obtained results using the previous diagnosis approach, we proposed a preliminary approach for fault-tolerant state-feedback control law synthesis. This approach preserves the nominal performance of the system (as non-defaulting) in the presence of defective sensors. The idea is to reconfigure the state feedback by replacing the state vector estimated from defected output by another estimated from non-defected one. Redundancy estimates is provided in this approach by a bank of robust hybrid observer that provides several accurate estimates of state vectors and outputs.

Untersucht wird das Cauchy Problem für degenerierte $p$-Evolutionsgleichungen. Dabei kann für Gleichungen höherer Ordnung in $D_t$, die nur von der Zeit abhängen, gezeigt werden, dass das Problem $H^\\infinity$ korrekt ist. Dafür werden gewisse Bedingungen an die Koeffizienten und deren erste Ableitungen gestellt. $H^\\infinity$ korrekt bedeutet dabei, dass die Anfangsdaten $u_0\\in H^s$, $u_1$ in einem dazugehörigen Sobolevraum und die Lösung bezüglich $x$ in $H^{s-s_0}$ liegen. Eine Notwendigkeit für die Bedingungen kann allerdings nicht gezeigt werden. Auch ist offen, ob der Regularitätsverlust wirklich eintritt. Später wird der Beweis erweitert um das Ergebniss für Koeffizienten zu zeigen, die in gewisser Weise auch vom Ort abhängen können. Im zweiten Teil der Dissertation geht es um Korrektheit für degenerierte $p$-Evolutionsgleichungen mit zeitabhängigen Koeffizienten und zweiter Ordnung in $D_t$. Gefordert werden Bedingungen an die Koeffizienten und die ersten beiden Ableitungen bezüglich der Zeit. Damit wird gezeigt, dass diese in Skalen von Sobolevräumen korrekt gestellt sind. Abschließend wird die Schärfe der Bedingungen und das tatsächliche Auftreten des Regularitätsverlustes in der Lösung bewiesen.

This paper presents the whole process of building up a high precision, high dynamical MEMS acceleration sensor. The first samples have achieved a resolution of better than 500 micro g and a bandwidth of more than 200 Hz. The sensor fabrication technology is shortly covered in the paper. A theoretical model is built from the physical principles of the complete sensor system, consisting of the MEMS sensor, the charge amplifier and the PWM driver for the sensor element. The mathematical modeling also covers problems during startup. A reduced order model of the entire system is used to design a robust control with the Mixed-Sensitivity H-infinity Approach. Since the system has an unstable pole, imposed by the electrostatic field and time delay, caused by A/D-D/A conversation delay and DSP computing time, limitations for the control design are given. The theoretical model might be inaccurate or lacks of completeness, because the parameters for the theoretical model building vary from sample to sample or might be not known. A new identification scheme for open or closed-loop operation is deployed to obtain directly from the samples the parameters of the mechanical system and the voltage dependent gains. The focus of this paper is the complete system development and identification process including practical tests in a DSP TI-TMS320C3000 environment.

When designing controllers with robust performance and stabilization requirements, H-infinity synthesis is a common tool to use. These controllers are often obtained by solving mathematical optimization problems. The controllers that result from these algorithms are typically of very high order, which complicates implementation. Low order controllers are usually desired, since they are considered more reliable than high order controllers. However, if a constraint on the maximum order of the controller is set that is lower than the order of the so-called augmented system, the optimization problem becomes nonconvex and it is relatively difficult to solve. This is true even when the order of the augmented system is low. In this thesis, optimization methods for solving these problems are considered. In contrast to other methods in the literature, the approach used in this thesis is based on formulating the constraint on the maximum order of the controller as a rational function in an equality constraint. Three methods are then suggested for solving this smooth nonconvex optimization problem. The first two methods use the fact that the rational function is nonnegative. The problem is then reformulated as an optimization problem where the rational function is to be minimized over a convex set defined by linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). This problem is then solved using two different interior point methods. In the third method the problem is solved by using a partially augmented Lagrangian formulation where the equality constraint is relaxed and incorporated into the objective function, but where the LMIs are kept as constraints. Again, the feasible set is convex and the objective function is nonconvex. The proposed methods are evaluated and compared with two well-known methods from the literature. The results indicate that the first two suggested methods perform well especially when the number of states in the augmented system is less than 10 and 20, respectively. The third method has comparable performance with two methods from literature when the number of states in the augmented system is less than 25.

This thesis is concerned with developing a control and condition monitoring system for a class of fault tolerant actuators with high levels of redundancy. The High Redundancy Actuator (HRA) is a concept inspired by biomimetics that aims to provide fault tolerance using relatively large numbers of actuation elements which are assembled in parallel and series configurations to form a single actuator. Each actuation element provides a small contribution to the overall force and displacement of the system. Since the capability of each actuation element is small, the effect of faults within the individual element of the overall system is also small. Hence, the HRA will gracefully degrade instead of going from fully functional to total failure in the presence of faults. Previous research on HRA using electromechanical technology has focused on a relatively low number of actuation elements (i.e. 4 elements), which were controlled with multiple loop control methods. The objective of this thesis is to expand upon this, by considering an HRA with a larger number of actuation elements (i.e. 12 elements). First, a mathematical model of a general n-by-m HRA is derived from first principles. This method can be used to represent any size of electromechanical HRA with actuation elements arranged in a matrix form. Then, a mathematical model of a 4-by-3 HRA is obtained from the general n-by-m model and verified experimentally using the HRA test rig. This actuator model is then used as a foundation for the controller design and condition monitoring development. For control design, two classical and control method-based controllers are compared with an H_infinity approach. The objective for the control design is to make the HRA track a position demand signal in both health and faulty conditions. For the classical PI controller design, the first approach uses twelve local controllers (1 per actuator) and the second uses only a single global controller. For the H_infinity control design, a mixed sensitivity functions is used to obtain good tracking performance and robustness to modelling uncertainties. Both of these methods demonstrate good tracking performance, with a slower response in the presence of faults. As expected, the H_infinity control method's robustness to modelling uncertainties, results in a smaller performance degradation in the presence of faults, compared with the classical designs. Unlike previous work, the thesis also makes a novel contribution to the condition monitoring of HRA. The proposed algorithm does not require the use of multiple sensors. The condition monitoring scheme is based on least-squares parameter estimation and fuzzy logic inference. The least-squares parameter estimation estimates the physical parameters of the electromechanical actuator based on input-output data collected from real-time experiments, while the fuzzy logic inference determines the health condition of the actuator based on the estimated physical parameters. Hence, overall, a new approach to both control and monitoring of an HRA is proposed and demonstrated on a twelve elements HRA test rig.

Orientador: Alberto Luiz Serpa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T21:19:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_DanielAugusto_M.pdf: 6268866 bytes, checksum: 3faebe29f9ec8e8f665d11ac095420f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Esta dissertação aborda a aplicação de técnicas modernas de controle de sistemas dinâmicosao problema de detecção de falhas. Duas diferentes abordagens de detecção são utilizadas: estimação da falha e geração de resíduo. Tanto na estimação de falha quanto na geração de resíduo é formulado um problema H1 cujo objetivo é encontrar um filtro que garanta robustez a distúrbios.No caso da geração de resíduos, o índice H- é utilizado como critério de desempenho adicional para garantir a sensibilidade à falha e é transformado em um critério H1. O projeto H1 é abordado sob o ponto de vista de desigualdades matriciais lineares. Falhas e distúrbios devem apresentar comportamento em freqüência distintos para que os filtros consigam separar os efeitos dos mesmos. Para garantir o desempenho nas regiões em freqüência de interesse são utilizados filtros de ponderação. Em contraposição a essa abordagem, os resultados recentes da literatura sobre o lema generalizado de Kalman-Yakubovi?c-Popov e o controle H1 restrito na freqüência também são usados como ferramentas de projeto independentes de filtros de ponderação. Os métodos sãocomparados usando modelos de simulação e experimentos no âmbito de estruturas flexíveis / Abstract: This dissertation adresses the application of modern techniques from control of dynamicsystems to the problem of fault detection. Two different approaches are used: fault estimation and residual generation. Both fault estimation and residual generation are formulated as an H1 problem whose objective is to find a filter ensuring robustness to disturbance. In the case of residual generation, theH- index is used as an additional performance criterion to ensure fault sensitiveness and is transformed into an H1 criterion. The H1 design is treated from the point of view of linear matrix inequalities. Faults and disturbances must have distinct frequency distributions so the filter is able to separate them. Weighting functions are used to guarantee performance at the frequency region of interest. In contrast with this approach, recent results from literature on the generalisedKalman-Yakubovi?c-Popov lemma and frequency restricted H1 control are also used as design methods whose application is independent of weighting functions. All methods are compared using simple simulation models and experiments with flexible / Mestrado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientador: Alberto Luiz Serpa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T23:18:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Medeiros_MarianeMendes_M.pdf: 1617094 bytes, checksum: d2be1eafefa6985fbd91c7c052f71868 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O presente trabalho propõe o estudo de estruturas flexíveis e controle de vibrações sob a ótica da otimização simultânea de ambos. Iniciando pela modelagem da estrutura, é apresentada a justificativa para o uso de Elementos Finitos e modelagem no Espaço de Estados, passando ainda pela realização balanceada e redução de ordem do sistema. Na sequência, é descrita a síntese do controlador ??, que parte do princípio da minimização da Norma ?? do sistema. A solução do problema é então apresentada sob a abordagem das Desigualdades Matriciais Lineares, enfoque mais atual devido às suas propriedades de linearidade e convexidade quando aplicada dentro da teoria de controle. Em se tratando do processo de otimização, é desenvolvido um estudo sobre o método simultâneo, onde parâmetros da estrutura são otimizados juntamente com os do controlador de maneira a diminuir os efeitos negativos entre as dinâmicas quando otimizadas separadamente. Ainda assim, são apresentadas duas outras abordagens como forma de comparação: a Ativa Serial e a Passiva Estrutural. Para todos os três casos, a técnica escolhida para a resolução do problema de otimização foi o Algoritmo Genético, cujas vantagens e desvantagens são mostradas junto com toda a descrição de conceitos envolvidos, considerando seus operadores, fluxo algorítmico e até mesmo critérios de parada. Por fim, serão apresentados os resultados analisados sobre um modelo de uma viga engastada, submetida à distúrbios externos, através de uma simulação em MATLAB que engloba todos os conceitos estudados / Abstract: The present work proposes the study of flexible structures and vibration control under the light of simultaneous optimization. Starting by structure modeling, it presents the reason for use Finite Element and State-Space modeling, passing also through the balanced realization and order reduction of the system. Sequentially, it describes the synthesis of ?? controller, which considers the minimization of ?? norm of the system. The solution of the problem is then presented under Linear Matrix Inequalities approach, the most up-to-date method due to linearity and convexity properties when applied to control theory. Regarding optimization process, it is developed a study of a simultaneous optimization method where structure parameters are optimized along with the controller ones, aiming to diminish negative influence between dynamics when separately optimized. Even tough, two other approaches are presented by means of comparison: Serial Active and Structural Passive. For all three cases, the chosen technique to solve the optimization problem was the Genetic Algorithm whose advantages and disadvantages are shown along with a description of all involved concepts, considering its operators, algorithmic flux and even stopping criteria. Last, the results analysed over a clamped beam model subjected to external disturbances are shown, through a MATLAB simulation that encloses all studied concepts / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientador: Grace Silva Deaecto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T00:51:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_GuilhermeCavalari_M.pdf: 16424850 bytes, checksum: 7f2f16f9c4c4f920f928c8d19273978a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Esta dissertação trata do projeto de controle H2 e Hoo via realimentação de estado para sistemas afins com comutação a tempo contínuo. Nosso objetivo principal é projetar um conjunto de ganhos de realimentação de estado e uma função de comutação assegurando estabilidade assintótica global do ponto de equilíbrio desejado. Este ponto deve pertencer a um conjunto de pontos de equilíbrio atingíveis a ser determinado. Além disso, o projeto deve levar em conta índices de desempenho H2 e Hoo que são adequadamente definidos. Para o projeto de controle Hoo, duas funções de comutação são propostas e discutidas. A primeira delas depende somente do estado, enquanto a segunda representa uma nova proposta que é mais geral e depende também da entrada externa. As condições obtidas são menos conservadoras do que as técnicas recentes disponíveis na literatura, por exemplo, os métodos baseados na função de Lyapunov do tipo máximo e os utilizados normalmente para assegurar estabilidade prática. Exemplos numéricos ilustram os resultados teóricos obtidos e são usados para comparações / Abstract: This Master's thesis deals with state feedback H2 and Hoo control design of continuous-time switched affine systems. Our main goal is to design a set of state feedback gains and a switching function assuring global asymptotical stability of a desired equilibrium point. This point must belong to a set of attainable equilibrium points to be determined. Moreover, the design must consider H2 and Hoo performance indexes to be defined. For the Hoo control design, two different switching functions are proposed and discussed. The first one depends only on the state and the other depends on the state and on the external input. The conditions are less conservative than the techniques available in the literature to date, as for instance, those based on a max-type Lyapunov function and those commonly used to assure practical stability. Numerical examples illustrate the theoretical results and are used for comparisons / Mestrado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

abstract: For the last 50 years, oscillator modeling in ranging systems has received considerable attention. Many components in a navigation system, such as the master oscillator driving the receiver system, as well the master oscillator in the transmitting system contribute significantly to timing errors. Algorithms in the navigation processor must be able to predict and compensate such errors to achieve a specified accuracy. While much work has been done on the fundamentals of these problems, the thinking on said problems has not progressed. On the hardware end, the designers of local oscillators focus on synthesized frequency and loop noise bandwidth. This does nothing to mitigate, or reduce frequency stability degradation in band. Similarly, there are not systematic methods to accommodate phase and frequency anomalies such as clock jumps. Phase locked loops are fundamentally control systems, and while control theory has had significant advancement over the last 30 years, the design of timekeeping sources has not advanced beyond classical control. On the software end, single or two state oscillator models are typically embedded in a Kalman Filter to alleviate time errors between the transmitter and receiver clock. Such models are appropriate for short term time accuracy, but insufficient for long term time accuracy. Additionally, flicker frequency noise may be present in oscillators, and it presents mathematical modeling complications. This work proposes novel H∞ control methods to address the shortcomings in the standard design of time-keeping phase locked loops. Such methods allow the designer to address frequency stability degradation as well as high phase/frequency dynamics. Additionally, finite-dimensional approximants of flicker frequency noise that are more representative of the truth system than the tradition Gauss Markov approach are derived. Last, to maintain timing accuracy in a wide variety of operating environments, novel Banks of Adaptive Extended Kalman Filters are used to address both stochastic and dynamic uncertainty. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 2020

Pour des applications depositionnement, les moteurs piézoélectriquesprésentent aujourd’hui une alternativeintéressante aux moteurs électromagnétiquesclassiques en raison de leur forte précision del’ordre de quelques nanomètres ainsi que de leurfaible niveau de bruit électromagnétique. Dansce contexte, les travaux de cette thèse portent surla modélisation, la conception, et l’implantationen temps réel de contrôleurs en position pour desmoteurs piézoélectriques. L’objectif est deproposer un système de contrôle en positionrobuste pour des applications robotiques avecun cahier des charges prédéfini. Trois moteurspiézoélectriques avec des principes defonctionnement différents (USR60, PAD7220,N-310.13) ont été choisis. Leurs modèlesélectromécaniques ont été développés afin devalider leurs principes de fonctionnement etd’analyser leurs comportements dynamiquesface à des perturbations (variation de couple decharge, de température, etc…). Ensuite, cesmodèles sont utilisés pour simuler et valider lesperformances des algorithmes de contrôle enboucle fermée notamment en termes deprécision, de robustesse et de stabilité. Desbancs de test expérimentaux ont été mis enœuvre pour les trois moteurs, et des modèlesréduits reliant les positions des moteurs auxsignaux de commande correspondants ont étéidentifiés expérimentalement. Deux contrôleursde position de type H-infini (H∞) et RST sontensuite synthétisés et simulés. Ces contrôleurssont implantés en temps réel sur les bancs detests expérimentaux via un système dSPACE.Les performances de chaque moteur associé à sacommande sont évaluées. Une étudecomparative entre les résultats expérimentauxde ces deux contrôleurs et ceux d’un contrôleurPID classique est aussi présentée. / The Piezoelectric motors present aninteresting alternative to electromagneticsmotors for precise positioning systems. This ismainly due to their high accuracy in thenanometer scale, and to their very lowelectromagnetic noise levels. In this context, thework presented in this thesis deals with themodeling, design, and real time implementationof position controllers for piezoelectric motors.The objective is to propose robust closed loopposition controller of piezoelectric motors forrobotic applications. Based on the applicationspecification requirements, three motors withdifferent topologies (USR60, PAD7220, N-310.10) are selected. Their electro mechanicmodels are developed in order to validate theiroperating principle and to analyze theirdynamics.These models are also used to simulate thecontroller algorithms in closed loop.Experimental platforms based on the threemotors are designed, and the reduced modelslinking the motor positions to the correspondingcontrol signals are experimentally identified.Afterwards, two position controllers of type Hinfinity(H∞) and RST are synthesized andsimulated. These controllers are implemented inreal time via the experimental platformsequipped by dSPACE boards. The performancesof each motor in closed loop associated to theposition controllers are evaluated using theexperimental results. Comparative studybetween the experimental results of twoproposed controllers and conventional PIDcontroller is also presented.Université Paris-