Submitted by RANIELLE DE OLIVEIRA SILVA null (ranielleborges@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-14T16:20:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertaçãoMestrado_Ranielle_Silva 2.pdf: 11995453 bytes, checksum: abf2ac6021bf67009b8af99fe28a0026 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-06-16T14:40:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_ro_me_araiq_par.pdf: 1314893 bytes, checksum: 9254863d01a93bf48fa2f06ae37a9209 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-16T14:40:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_ro_me_araiq_par.pdf: 1314893 bytes, checksum: 9254863d01a93bf48fa2f06ae37a9209 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-09 / Híbridos Siloxano-PPO obtidos pela síntese sol-gel foram utilizados como matrizes carreadoras do fármaco cloridrato de propranolol com interesse de se aumentar a disponibilidade do fármaco em meio aquoso. Foram preparados amostras contendo teores de 5 e 30% do fármaco. A eficiência na formação da rede híbrida foi confirmada por análises FTIR, RMN e SAXS. A cinética de liberação mostrou que ela ocorre de forma prolongada (superior a 1200 h) com regimes intermitentes de aceleração e desaceleração da taxa de liberação. Foram aplicados ajustes matemáticos a cada regime utilizando a equação de Korsmayer-Peppas que demonstraram que a saída do fármaco ocorre por diferentes mecanismos. Observou-se que o acesso da água na amostra durante a liberação não é homogêneo, mas sim gradual da superfície ao centro. Devido a esses fenômenos as caracterizações foram feitas em diferentes regiões da amostra (periferia e centro) e em diferentes períodos da liberação, visando acompanhar a difusão da água para o interior da amostra e a cinética de saída do fármaco. As análises estruturais de DRX e as térmicas por TGA e DSC mostraram que o fármaco é incorporado na matriz híbrida na forma solubilizada e na forma cristalina. As medias realizadas em função do tempo mostraram que a velocidade de saída do fármaco e de entrada da água na matriz híbrida é maior na superfície em relação ao volume, confirmando o acesso gradual da água. Essas análises indicam a correlação entre as fases cristalina do fármaco com os primeiros regimes e da parte solubilizada com a liberação mais lenta. As medidas de DSC mostraram que o acesso da água em regiões mais internas da amostra resultaram no comportamento de confinamento da água, indicado pelo fenômeno de super congelamento. Foi detectado por medias de SAXS a existência de espalhadores secundários presentes em todas as amostras, inclusive nas matrizes híbridas sem a adição de fármaco, que foram atribuídos a agregados formados por domínios com maior densidade de nanopartículas de sílica. A evolução no tamanho desses agregados foi correlacionada aos regimes de liberação. Conclui-se, que a cinética de liberação tem uma forte dependência da evolução da matriz híbrida causadas por mudanças estruturais favorecidas pela mobilidade da cadeia polimérica e pela interação do fármaco com a água. / Siloxane-PPO hybrids obtained by sol-gel synthesis have been used as drug delivery systems for propranolol hydrochloride with the intent to increase the drug availability in the aqueous medium. Samples with 5% and 30% of drug have been prepared. The efficiency related to the formation of the hybrid network has been confirmed by means of FTIR, RMN and SAXS analyses. The drug delivery kinetics showed that it occurs in a prolonged form (more that 1200h) with increasing and decreasing intermediate release rates. The Korsmayer-Peppas equation has been used for each release rate with mathematical adjustments that displayed how the drug release occurred through different mechanisms. It has been observed that the water intake inside the sample during the drug release was not homogeneous but gradual, from the surface to the centre. Due to these phenomena, the characterizations have been carried out in different regions of the samples (exterior and interior) and at different drug delivery periods, aiming at accompanying the water diffusion to the sample centre and the drug release kinetics. The XRD structural analyses and the thermal analyses by means of TGA and DSC showed that the drug is incorporated in the hybrid matrix in a solubilized form and in a crystalline form. The tests done as function of time displayed that the drug release velocity and water intake inside the hybrid matrix is greater at the surface in relation to its volume, confirming the gradual access of water. These analyses point to the correlation between the drug crystalline phase with the first release regimes and between the solubilized form with the slower release. The DSC tests showed that the water intake inside more internal regions of the sample resulted in the water confinement, demonstrated by the super-cooling phenomenon. By means of SAXS, the existence in all the samples, including those without drug, of secondary scatterings has been observed and these have been attributed to aggregates formed by domains with a higher silica nanoparticle density. The size evolution of these aggregates has been correlated to the drug release regimes. It has been concluded that the drug release kinetics has a strong dependence with the hybrid matrix evolution caused by structural changes facilitated by polymer chain mobility and by drug/water interaction.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Danilo Justino Carastan / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nanociências e Materiais Avançados, 2017. / Neste estudo foram avaliadas três técnicas de dispersão para o processamento de nanocompósitos de matriz de epóxi com nanopartículas de diferentes geometrias: lamelares, fibrilares e esféricas. Para isso, foram preparados nanocompósitos com montmorilonita, laponita, nanotubos de haloisita, nanotubos de carbono e nanossílica por meio de mistura mecânica, sonicação e moagem de alta energia. A dispersão das nanopartículas na matriz foi avaliada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, difração de raios X e espalhamento de raios x a baixo ângulo. Os resultados mostraram que o processo de sonicação foi o melhor para dispersar as nanopartículas em epóxi, sendo, portanto, utilizado para a fabricação de nanocompósitos híbridos com matriz de epóxi. Esses materiais apresentam duas fases sólidas nanométricas dispersas na matriz e, neste estudo, foram combinadas nanopartículas de diferentes geometrias, a fim de avaliar as propriedades mecânicas e reológicas dos híbridos e compará-las com as dos nanocompósitos com apenas uma nanopartícula (nanocompósitos convencionais). As propriedades mecânicas foram medidas por meio de ensaios de resistência à flexão, de resistência ao impacto (Izod) e análise dinâmico-mecânica. As propriedades reológicas foram medidas por meio de ensaios de cisalhamento oscilatório de pequenas amplitudes das dispersões não curadas. Com exceção da ductilidade, os nanocompósitos convencionais exibiram propriedades inferiores às da matriz. Já os nanocompósitos híbridos apresentaram propriedades mecânicas superiores às dos nanocompósitos convencionais, e em alguns casos, superiores às da matriz, indicando algum nível de efeito sinergético entre as nanopartículas. As propriedades reológicas das dispersões não curadas indicaram que algumas partículas apresentaram boa dispersão na matriz, antes do processo de cura. Contudo, tal característica não foi convertida em ganhos reais de propriedades mecânicas e os nanocompósitos correspondentes exibiram propriedades muito similares às das amostras supostamente mal dispersas. Esse foi um indicativo de que as propriedades finais dos nanocompósitos foram essencialmente determinadas pelos parâmetros envolvidos no processo de cura do material. / In this study, three dispersion techniques were evaluated for the processing of nanocomposites with epoxy matrix and nanoparticles with different geometries: lamellar, fibrillar and spherical. Therefore, nanocomposites with montmorillonite, laponite, halloysite nanotubes, carbon nanotubes and nanosilica were prepared via magnetic stirring, sonication and high energy milling. The dispersion of the nanoparticles in the epoxy matrix was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and small angle X-ray scattering. The results showed that sonication was the best method to disperse the nanoparticles in epoxy. Thus, it was used to manufacture hybrid nanocomposites with epoxy matrix. These materials have two different nanometric solid phases, dispersed in the matrix and, in this study, nanoparticles of different geometries were combined, aiming to evaluate the mechanical and rheological properties of the hybrids and compare them to those of the nanocomposites which have only one nanoparticle (conventional nanocomposites). The mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were evaluated through flexural testing, impact strength (Izod) and dynamic-mechanical analysis. The rheological properties were measured by small amplitude oscillatory shear tests of the uncured dispersions. Apart from ductility, the conventional nanocomposites showed inferior properties to those of the matrix. However, the hybrid nanocomposites exhibited superior properties to those of conventional nanocomposites and in some cases, even superior to those of the matrix, suggesting some level of synergistic effects between the nanoparticles. The rheological properties of the uncured dispersions indicated that some particles had good dispersion in the matrix, prior to the curing process. However, such feature was not converted into real gains on mechanical properties and the corresponding nanocomposites exhibited very similar properties to the supposedly poorly dispersed samples. This was an indicative that the final properties of nanocomposites were essentially determined by the parameters involved in the material curing process.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Eu3+:SiO2 PMMA hybrid nanocomposites were prepared by sol-gel process aiming to study its structure and luminescent properties. Thermal treatment and dopant concentration experimental variables were sequentially altered in order to evaluate their influences on the properties of the final material. At the start, the precursors (MPTS and MMA) were studied and the process of hybrid nanocomposites formation was analyzed by FTIR and TG techniques. As regards to thermal treatments, it was noticed that its execution at 100 and 200 °C for 3 hs don´t change significantly the basic structure of samples, behavior attested by the profile of FTIR spectra and by small variations of TG/DTG curves. There was, however, changes in silicon structures of samples (noticed at 29Si NMR spectra), besides great alterations in the sites occupied by Eu3+ ions, perceptible by photoluminescence spectroscopy. Luminescent behavior indicates a change in the symmetry of lanthanide sites caused by the temperatures imposed in thermal treatments. From the values calculated for a set of spectroscopic parameters, the symmetry change was attributed to the removal of water molecules coordinated to Eu3+ ions, which could coordinate to hybrid matrix groups and so interact stronger with it. The study of Eu3+ concentration influences showed that the higher this variable the broader some bands of FTIR spectra. TG analysis indicate an increase of sample´s residue percentage, assigned to Eu2O3 formation at high temperatures. In these samples, it was noticeable luminescence quenching caused by the increase of Eu3+ concentration, which wasn´t expected owing to the presence of silica network. It was supposed that clusters were formed when Eu3+ amount increases, decreasing Eu-host interaction and quenching the luminescence by energy transfer between Eu3+ ions. / Nanocompósitos híbridos Eu3+:SiO2 PMMA foram preparados pelo processo sol-gel com o objetivo de estudar suas estrutura e propriedades luminescentes. As variáveis experimentais tratamentos térmicos e concentração de dopante foram sequencialmente alteradas visando avaliar as influências exercidas por cada uma sobre as propriedades do material final. Inicialmente estudou-se os precursores (MPTS e MMA) e o processo de formação dos nanocompósitos híbridos foi avaliada por meio das técnicas de FTIR e TG. Quanto aos tratamentos térmicos, observou-se que a realização destes a 100 e 200 °C por 3 horas não alterou significativamente a estrutura básica das amostras, comportamento atestado pelo perfil dos espectros de FTIR e pelas pequenas variações das curvas TG/DTG. Houve, contudo, mudanças nas estruturas de silício presentes nos materiais (notadas nos espectros de RMN 29Si) além de grande alteração dos sítios ocupados pelos íons Eu3+, perceptível por espectroscopia de fotoluminescência. Pelo comportamento de emissão, inferiu-se a ocorrência de mudança da simetria dos sítios ocupados pelos íons lantanídeos causada pelas temperaturas empregadas nos tratamentos. A partir dos valores calculados para um conjunto de parâmetros espectroscópicos, atribuiu-se a mudança de simetria à remoção de moléculas de água coordenadas aos íons Eu3+, que passaram a se coordenar a grupos presentes na matriz híbrida e interagir mais fortemente com esta. O estudo da influência da concentração de íons Eu3+ mostrou que com o aumento deste valor há alargamento de algumas bandas nos espectros de FTIR. As análises por TG demonstraram aumento do percentual de resíduo das amostras, atribuído à formação de Eu2O3 a altas temperaturas. Nestas amostras, pôde-se observar efeitos de supressão de luminescência causados pelo aumento da concentração de íons Eu3+, o que não era esperado tendo em vista a presença da rede de sílica nas amostras. Supôs-se que com o aumento da concentração de íons Eu3+ houve a formação de clusters , os quais provocam a diminuição da interação Eu matriz e provocam efeitos de supressão de luminescência por meio da transferência de energia entre íons Eu3+.

The main motivation of this thesis is derived from the fact that physics of disordered systems like conjugated polymer has yet not achieved as concrete understanding as ordered and crystalline systems such as inorganic semiconductors. Through the work done in this thesis, several efforts have been made in order to understand basic charge transport (hopping, current injection) phenomena and photo-physical properties (photoluminescence quenching, absorption, photoconductivity) in conjugated polymer and their hybrid composites. The thesis consists of 7 chapters. Chapter 1 discusses the background knowledge and information of the general properties of conjugated polymers, quantum dots and their hybrid nanocomposites. Chapter 2 deals with the sample preparation and experimental techniques used in this thesis. Chapter 3 elaborates the temperature and field dependent anisotropic charge transport in polypyrrole. Chapter 4 presents an idea to probe and correlate disorder and transport properties using impedance and Raman spectroscopy. Chapter 5 mainly talks about the doping level dependent photophysical and electrical properties of poly(3-hexylthiophene). Chapter 6 reveals the charge transport phenomena in hybrid composites of poly(3,4-ethyldioxythiophene):polysterene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and cadmium telluride quantum dots. Chapter 1: Conjugated polymers and their hybrid systems are easily processible and cost effective material having huge scope for advanced materials of the future. Although variable range hopping (VRH) is widely accepted to model charge transport in π-conjugated systems, but at very low temperatures, high fields, high carrier concentrations one need to explore other models. Conjugated polymers are anisotropic intrinsically. Therefore, anisotropic charge transport can provide basic insights about the physics of charge hopping. Quantum dots, and their hybrid nanocomposites with semiconducting polymers receiving a huge attention for light emission and photovoltaic purposes. It is important to learn about the charge injection,barrier heights, etc. in order to achieve efficient hybrid devices. Chapter 2: Synthesis of the samples, both conjugated polymers and quantum dots, and fabrication of hybrid devices is an important and integral part of this thesis. An Electropolymerization technique is used for making polymer samples on conducting substrates. This is quite interesting because one can tune doping level, disorder and thickness simultaneously. Hydrothermal process is adopted to get highly aqua-dispersible quantum dots. Samples are characterized by different techniques like Raman spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy. Photoluminescence, UV-Vis absorption, transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy are used to explore several properties of the polymer and hybrid nanocomposites. Chapter 3: It is known that conjugated polymers are intrinsically one–dimensional materials. Therefore it is important to learn anisotropic behavior of these complex systems. Hence, a comparison of electronic transport to their morphology has been carried out and role of carrier density and disorder is discussed further. Both in-plane and out-of-plane charge transport is studied in electrochemically deposited polypyrrole on platinum. Strong anisotropy is observed in the system which is correlated to granular morphology. Field dependence of anisotropic conductivity is also explored. Field scaling analysis shows that all field dependent curves of conductance at different temperatures can fall on to single master curve. Glazman – Matveev model is used to describe nonlinear conduction in field dependence and nonlinearity exponent is estimated. Disorder and carrier density along with the morphological structure like length and orientation of polymer chains with stacking arrangement of different layers in PPy films play an important role in governing the anisotropy in transport properties. Chapter 4: Two different techniques, namely impedance and Raman spectroscopies are used to probe disorder and transport properties in the polypyrrole. An effort is made to correlate the transport properties to the morphology by probing disorder via two different spectroscopic techniques. Frequency dependence of both real and imaginary part has shown that disorder and inhomogeneity varies in different PPy devices, which thus affect the transport properties like conductivity and mobility. Mobility values along the thickness direction for each sample reveal the impact of disorder on out-of¬plane geometry. A circuit based on consideration of the distributed relaxation times, is successfully used to obtain the best fit for the Cole–Cole plot of various PPy devices. FWHM of the de-convoluted peaks of Raman spectra is attributed to the change in distribution of the conjugation length in the PPy films. Chapter 5: The main focus of this chapter is the qualitative exploration of different photo-physical and electrical properties of electropolymerized poly(3-hexylthiophene) and their dependence on doping level. Photoluminescence quenching, band edge shifting in absorption spectra, electrochromic effect, significant enhancement in photocurrent at optimum doping level, two relaxation behaviors in reactance spectra and presence of negative capacitance at low frequencies are distinct features which are observed in poly(3-hexylthiophene) in this work. Quenching in photoluminescence intensity is attributed to charge transfer occurring between polymer chains and dopant ions. Two semicircles in the Cole-Cole plots refer to two type of relaxation process occurring in bulk layer and at interface. Frequency response of capacitance at higher bias and lo side of frequency shows a negative capacitance due to the relaxation mechanism associated with the space-charge effect. Chapter 6: Synthesis of quantum dots and fabrication of hybrid devices is one of the catchy parts of this chapter. Huge quenching photoluminescence intensity and very high increment (~ 400 %) in photocurrent clearly depict the charge transfer at molecular level. Temperature dependent current–voltage characteristics show the absence of thermionic emission since the barrier height is more than the thermal energy of the carriers. Further analysis confirms that the charge carrier injection of ITO/PPCdTe3/Al device is controlled by tunneling processes. The hybrid system has shown a peculiar transition from direct tunneling to Fowler–Nordheim tunneling mechanism which is because of the change in shape of the barrier height from trapezoidal to triangular type with increase in applied electric field. Chapter 7: The conclusions of the different works presented in this thesis are coherently summarized in this thesis. Thoughts and prospective for future directions are also summed up.