Les actes juridiques unilatéraux des États, extrêmement variés dans leurs formes comme leurs contenus, contribuent à la formation et à l’évolution des normes internationales. Cependant, la présente thèse soutient que ces actes unilatéraux ne constituent pas, pris isolément, un mode de production du droit international ; tout au plus en sont-ils des éléments de formation. Parmi tous les actes adoptés par les États, certains seulement véhiculent des «prétentions normatives stricto sensu». Ces prétentions manifestent une certaine tension entre l’exercice par les États d’un pouvoir d’application du droit existant, en vertu de normes d’habilitation établies ou revendiquées, et d’un pouvoir de l’interpréter ou de le transformer. Dans ces conditions, ces prétentions bénéficient d’une existence objective et d’une opposabilité présumée tout en étant potentiellement contestables durant un certain laps de temps. L’attribution d’une valeur au silence des tiers intéressés apporte la preuve d’un tel présupposé. Ainsi, la représentation proposée met en lumière l’exercice par les États d’un véritable pouvoir de sommation : il découle des prétentions identifiées un effet autonome consistant à requérir les réactions des tiers susceptibles d’en remettre en cause le bien-fondé. Les protestations, reconnaissances ou acquiescements silencieux des tiers constituent alors la condition nécessaire et suffisante aux fins de détermination de l’(in)opposabilité du contenu normatif des prétentions. Du processus décrit, il peut être déduit que l’existence et la signification des rapports de droit produits par la confrontation des prétentions et réactions des États reposent certes sur des accords informels. Toutefois, le fonctionnement du processus révèle avant tout l’influence considérable de l’unilatéralisme sur la définition et l’évolution du droit international. Les États se voient en effet soumis à une obligation accrue de vigilance à l’égard des prétentions susceptibles d’emporter des effets sur leurs droits et obligations. / Unilateral acts of States, which are extremely varied in both form and content, contribute to the formation process and evolution of international standards. However, this thesis suggests that unilateral acts, taken in isolation, are not a means of producing international law; at most they are elements in its formation process. Among the acts adopted by States, some merely express “normative pretentions in the strict sense of the term”. These pretentions express a certain tension in a State’s exercising of a power of application of existing law, in virtue of established or claimed capacitation, and the power to interpret or transform it. Under these conditions, these pretentions benefit from objective existence and supposition of opposability, while remaining potentially contestable during a given period of time. The attribution of a value to the silence of concerned third parties is proof of such a presupposition. This means the proposed representation shows the exercising by States of an actual power of summons: the pretentions identified give rise to an independent effect requiring the action of third parties likely to question validity. Protests, recognition or acquiescence of third parties thus constitute the condition deemed necessary and sufficient to the determination of the (un)opposability of the normative content of the pretentions. From the process described, it is possible to deduce that the existence and significance of law produced by the confrontation of pretentions and reactions of States is based on informal agreements. However, the functioning of the process reveals above all the considerable influence of unilateralism on the definition of the evolution of international law. States are subject to an increased obligation for vigilance with regard to pretentions likely to impact their rights and obligations.

El presente trabajo de investigación está orientado a desarrollar un proyecto inmobiliario de una urbanización conformada por módulos de vivienda unifamiliares, ubicada en una zona periurbana del distrito de La Joya, provincia de Arequipa. El predio se caracteriza por tener un gran potencial debido al costo oportunidad del precio del terreno, que permite realizar un proyecto de este tipo. En años recientes, en el sector, se ha venido dando habilitaciones urbanas destinadas, en su totalidad, a casas de campo para los niveles socioeconómicos A y B, soslayando a familias del nivel socioeconómico D; por esta razón el proyecto representa una interesante propuesta al no contar con competencia en la oferta del sector. Este se iniciará con la habilitación urbana de un terreno de 40 896.00 m², teniendo como resultado un área útil de 25 056.00 m², distribuidos en 261 lotes de 96.00 m². En cada uno de estos lotes se edificará un módulo de vivienda unifamiliar básico de 38.29 m² de área techada. Asimismo, comprende un estudio de mercado que marcará las pautas para la definición del producto adecuado a las preferencias y necesidades del cliente objetivo. El estudio de mercado, incluso, presenta un interesante déficit entre la oferta y demanda de este tipo de vivienda en la población de la ciudad de Arequipa, el cual es redituado por el proyecto. El trabajo incluye, además, un análisis de diferentes sistemas constructivos teniendo en cuenta los siguientes indicadores: eficiencia, eficacia, mercado y normatividad. El planeamiento del proyecto se realiza tomando herramientas de Lean Construction para asegurar el cumplimiento de plazos. El trabajo culmina con un flujo de caja, el cual refleja, en sus indicadores, el atractivo académico del proyecto para potenciales inversionistas. / This research work is aimed at developing a real estate project of an urbanization formed by single-family housing modules, located in a peri-urban area of the district of La Joya, province and region Arequipa. The property is characterized by having great potential due to the opportunity cost of the land price, which allows to carry out a project of this type. In recent years, in the sector, it has been giving urban habilitations destined, in its entirety, to houses of country for the socioeconomic levels A and B, bypassing to families of the socioeconomic level D; For this reason the project represents an interesting proposal by not having competition in the supply of the sector. This will begin with the urban habilitation of a field of 40896.00 m², resulting in a useful area of 25056.00 m², distributed in 261 lots of 96.00 m². In each of these lots a basic single-family housing module of 38.29 m² of covered area will be built. It also includes a market study that will mark the guidelines for the definition of the product appropriate to the preferences and needs of the target customer. The market study, even, presents an interesting deficit between the supply and demand of this type of housing in the population of the city of Arequipa, which is hoax by the project. The work also includes an analysis of different constructive systems taking into account the following indicators: efficiency, efficiency, market and regulation. Project planning is done by taking Lean Construction tools to ensure deadlines. The work culminates in a cash flow, which reflects, in its indicators, the academic appeal of the project for potential investors. / Trabajo de investigación

<p>This thesis is about special needs educational competence of educators working in collaborating teams within child and youth habilitation centres. The pedagogy of the moment stands for the decisions made by educators, based on their observations made when meeting the child in its different environments. These decisions build on educational theoretical and practical knowledge and experience developed through collaboration within interprofessional teams. The study was carried out through the use of focus groups consisting of professionals within different child and youth habilitation centres. The data consists of taped and transcribed focus groups discussions. Participants provided additional information concerning, estimations of the focus group session, their education and use of special needs educational assignments through additional questionnaires. The analysis focuses on how the educators conceptualise their competence and the dialogue in the group conversation. To facilitate the interactional analysis, a constructional key for the conversation was developed.</p><p>The educators within child and youth habilitation centers have not developed specific professional strategies, but instead, appear to have adapted a mission through structural means. Their competence appears contextually adapted and devel-oped within three spheres of activities. Their basic education is in the area of pre-school with theoretical focus on children’s normal development, pedagogical experience of working with groups of children, play and learning. On the basis of this background, together with experiences with toy library activities for children with disabilities, they have become one of the corner stone of child and youth habilitation centres of the 1980’s. In these centers, by tradition a mainly medical sphere of activity, they work in teams with family orientated habilitation, and have developed compe-tence for special needs educational intervention for children with disabilities. Special needs education is a supplementary field, which includes educators who are being trained for municipal operation. The educators use professional speech genres with colloquial language terminology, which is adjusted to its communicative context. The educators and their colleagues in the teams emphasize the importance of the educator bridging the medical, treatment and pedagogical contexts, together with a focus on child, parents and staff, at home and in preschool/school. A communicational genre has developed within the occupational group, where the educators reinforce rather than question each other when taking turns during interprofessional conversations. The competence of the educator is based on knowledge and experience when it comes to children, their development, play and learning. The thesis demonstrates that the main focus of the supplementary education increasingly lies on the pedagogical meeting with adults, mostly parents, around specific child. The practical pedagogical work for the child, playing as intervention as well as the specific special needs educational intervention is less conceptualised by the educators. They are requesting relevant research and theories to support their field of knowledge.</p>

This thesis is about special needs educational competence of educators working in collaborating teams within child and youth habilitation centres. The pedagogy of the moment stands for the decisions made by educators, based on their observations made when meeting the child in its different environments. These decisions build on educational theoretical and practical knowledge and experience developed through collaboration within interprofessional teams. The study was carried out through the use of focus groups consisting of professionals within different child and youth habilitation centres. The data consists of taped and transcribed focus groups discussions. Participants provided additional information concerning, estimations of the focus group session, their education and use of special needs educational assignments through additional questionnaires. The analysis focuses on how the educators conceptualise their competence and the dialogue in the group conversation. To facilitate the interactional analysis, a constructional key for the conversation was developed. The educators within child and youth habilitation centers have not developed specific professional strategies, but instead, appear to have adapted a mission through structural means. Their competence appears contextually adapted and devel-oped within three spheres of activities. Their basic education is in the area of pre-school with theoretical focus on children’s normal development, pedagogical experience of working with groups of children, play and learning. On the basis of this background, together with experiences with toy library activities for children with disabilities, they have become one of the corner stone of child and youth habilitation centres of the 1980’s. In these centers, by tradition a mainly medical sphere of activity, they work in teams with family orientated habilitation, and have developed compe-tence for special needs educational intervention for children with disabilities. Special needs education is a supplementary field, which includes educators who are being trained for municipal operation. The educators use professional speech genres with colloquial language terminology, which is adjusted to its communicative context. The educators and their colleagues in the teams emphasize the importance of the educator bridging the medical, treatment and pedagogical contexts, together with a focus on child, parents and staff, at home and in preschool/school. A communicational genre has developed within the occupational group, where the educators reinforce rather than question each other when taking turns during interprofessional conversations. The competence of the educator is based on knowledge and experience when it comes to children, their development, play and learning. The thesis demonstrates that the main focus of the supplementary education increasingly lies on the pedagogical meeting with adults, mostly parents, around specific child. The practical pedagogical work for the child, playing as intervention as well as the specific special needs educational intervention is less conceptualised by the educators. They are requesting relevant research and theories to support their field of knowledge.

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Att arbeta inom synhabiliteringen som kurator idag är en komplex situation. Det gäller att kunna hantera olika typer av problem och att samverka med andra enheter. Att ha svåra samtal med barn om deras synnedsättning, stötta vårdnadshavare och hantera andra myndigheter är vanliga arbetsuppgifter för kuratorn inom synhabiliteringen. Kuratorns roll är att fungera som barn och vårdnadshavares stöd när det gäller skolsituationen. Det är många bitar som ska ordnas för att skolbarn med synnedsättning ska ges en rättvis, tillgänglig och delaktig skolsituation. I denna kvalitativa studie intervjuas fem kuratorer, inom synhabiliteringen i olika delar av Sverige, om sina kunskaper, upplevelser, erfarenheter och insatser till grundskolebarn med synnedsättning och kuratorns samverkansroll kring dessa barns situation i grundskolan. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt är huvudsakligen Bronfenbrenners utvecklingsekologiska systemteori, med komplettering av Foucaults maktteori. Resultaten visar att det finns ett stort behov av samverkan med skolan och andra enheter för att skolsituationen ska bli rättvis för elever med synnedsättning. Varje skolsituation för elever med synnedsättning är unik med många komplexa faktorer utöver rent pedagogiska och sociala som spelar in när det gäller samverkanspusslet. Resultaten tyder också på viss förekomst av samverkansproblem mellan myndigheter, vårdnadshavare och skolan, som kuratorn inom synhabiliteringen får hantera. / Working as a counsellor at low vision habilitation centres is a complex situation. It is important to be able to deal with different problems and collaborate with different actors in other sectors of the society. Having conversations with children about their visual impairment, supporting guardians and dealing with other authorities is common tasks for a counsellor at low vision habilitation centres. The counsellor acts as support for the child and the guardian regarding the child´s school situation. There are many pieces to be arranged to ensure that school children with visual impairment are given a fair, accessible and participatory school situation. In this qualitative study five counsellors are interviewed about their knowledge and experiences working in the Swedish low vision habilitation centres and their interventions to primary school children with visual impairment. The study is based on Bronfenbrenner's ecology system theory of development with complementing Foucault's power theory. The results show that there is a great need for collaboration between the school and other sectors for it to be fair for students with visual impairment. The results also find that there are some collaborative problems between authorities, guardians and the school, which the counsellor have to deal with.

The onset and development of addiction in people with ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) can be predicted by various factors. An essential factor linking the comorbidity of ADHD and the risk of developing substance abuse is increased vulnerability due to neuropsychological deficits and a wide range of biopsychosocial problems that occur from childhood to adulthood. The occurrence of dual diagnoses in substance users treated in residential treatment in therapeutic communities has a major impact on intrapsychic and interpersonal abilities, cognitive and executive functions, and on the ability to manage a treatment program primarily intended for clients without comorbid load. Current research on ADHD in substance users points to a high prevalence of ADHD associated with specific treatment complications and an increased drop-out rate. The aim of the monothematic dissertation, which is based on the results of pre-research and main research project (Study I. - IV.), Is an overview of key findings in terms of ADHD prevalence, ADHD diagnosis in therapeutic communities, treatment complications and gender specifics in treatment and overview. main findings on the development of motivation and specific needs of clients with ADHD. The output of the dissertation is a summary of outputs and...

Bakgrund: Långvarig smärta är ett stort hälsoproblem hos barn och ungdomar. Rehabiliteringen av barn med smärta måste ta hänsyn till andra, ofta mer komplexa faktorer, än motsvarande rehabilitering av vuxna personer. Smärtuttrycket och konsekvenserna av långvarig smärta hos barn är mångfacetterat och har stor inverkan på både individ och samhälle. I avsikt att på sikt möjliggöra en ännu mer effektiv rehabilitering är det därför betydelsefullt att sammanställa fysioterapeuters upplevelser och erfarenheter av mötet med och rehabiliteringen av barn med långvarig smärta.  Syfte: Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka fysioterapeuters erfarenheter av arbete med barn med långvarig smärta.   Metod: Studien är en kvalitativ intervjustudie med induktiv ansats. Totalt utfördes sex semistrukturerade intervjuer baserade på en intervjuguide. Intervjuerna utfördes med verksamma fysioterapeuter som arbetar med barn med långvarig smärta och data analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys.  Resultat: Analysen av informanternas erfarenheter av arbete med barn med långvarig smärta resulterade i fem kategorier: Teamet är kärnan, Den viktiga förtroenderelationen, Motverka utanförskap, Möta smärta och Vägleda framåt.  Slutsats: Att motverka utanförskap, möta smärta hos barnet och vägleda framåt beskrivs av fysioterapeuterna i denna studie som avgörande i rehabiliteringen av barn med långvarig smärta. För att möjliggöra detta förutsätts ett bemötande som främjar en förtroenderelation och stödet av ett välfungerande interdisciplinärt team. Resultatet från denna studie kan bidra till att uppmärksamma arbetets framgångsfaktorer och svårigheter för att på sikt ge förutsättningar till en optimerad och mer effektiv vård av barn med långvarig smärta.

В диссертационном исследовании рассмотрены сущность и содержание средств коррекции двигательной дисфункции при ДЦП, а также условия совершенствования данного процесса. Разработана система абилитации детей с ДЦП, позволяющая более эффективно кооректировать признаки двигательной дисфункции у детей с ДЦП. Сформулированы практические рекомендации, врачам – реабилитологам центров реабилитации, лечебно – профилактических учреждений, которые будут полезны в их работе. Полученные в результате исследования положительные результаты позволяют рекомендовать разработанную нами систему абилитации детей с ДЦП широкому кругу специалистов в области реабилитации (методистам и врачам лечебной физической куль-туры, врачам - реабилитологам). / In the dissertation study examined the nature and the content of correction of motor dysfunction in cerebral palsy, and conditions to improve the process. The developed system of habilitation for children with cerebral palsy, enabling more efficient korektirovki signs of motor dysfunction in children with cerebral palsy. Practical recommendations are formulated, physicians – rehabilitation specialists of rehabilitation centers, medical institutions, which will be useful in their work. The resulting research positive results allow to recommend developed system of habilitation for children with cerebral palsy a wide range of professionals in the field of rehabilitation (specialists and physicians of medical physical culture, doctors, physiotherapists).

Esta investigación muestra los diversos factores de disfuncionalidad que se emergen de un proyecto de habilitación urbana denominado Sector Derrama Magisterial en la ciudad de Chachapoyas, en la región Amazonas, proponiendo un análisis integral de tres grandes escalas: territorio, ciudad y sector, para generar un desarrollo funcional urbano y arquitectónico, Es así que se plantea el análisis para dos factores principales encontrados : Pertinencia y Pertenencia, categorizados en propiedades de sitio, usuario, tecnología y recursos, una metodología extraída y adaptada, del libro “Habitar el presente” (2011) de Montaner, Muxi, H. Falagan, que permite generar un proceso organizado para determinar y cualificar los diversos problemas funcionales de este sector y como afectan no solo al usuario , si no a la comunidad y su relación con ciudad, es por ellos que se puede lograr el objetivo de proponer estrategias que permitan el correcto diseño de un proyecto dirigido a viviendas , en donde se involucren primero el análisis del territorio, segundo el reconocimiento de la ciudad , tercero la inclusión y participación del usuario y por último el diseño urbano arquitectónico , que proyecte cultura, comunidad y sobre todo que cree sociedad. / This research shows the various factors of dysfunction that emerge from an urban empowerment project called Sector Derrama Magisterial in the city of Chachapoyas, in the Amazonas region, proposing a comprehensive analysis of three large scales: territory, city and sector, to generate a urban and architectural functional development. This is how the analysis is proposed for two main factors found: Relevance and Belonging, categorized into properties of site, user, technology and resources, a methodology extracted and adapted from the book “Inhabiting the present” (2011 ) by Montaner, Muxi, H. Falagan, which allows generating an organized process to determine and qualify the various functional problems of this sector and how they affect not only the user, but also the community and its relationship with the city, it is for them that The objective of proposing strategies that allow the correct design of a project aimed at housing can be achieved, which involves first the analysis of the territory, second the recognition of the city, third the inclusion and participation of the user and finally the urban design architectural, that projects culture, community and above all that creates society.