The goal of psychotherapy and Biblical counselling is to change undesirable cognition, affect, and behaviour in the counselee. For the Biblical counsellor change entails more than mere behaviour change. He endeavours to facilitate inner Biblical change where the counselee can grow spiritually through sanctification by the power of the Holy Spirit. Change should occur from the inside and result in Godly living. The central theoretical argument is that pastoral counselling portrays certain unique features that can be used to bring about change in the core of the counselee's being, renewing the mind sufficiently to walk in holiness. The aim is to establish whether pastoral counselling can be used effectively to help the counselee change in his conscious direction to walk in holiness. The first objective was to establish what Scriptural perspectives exist on change. When the believer is set free from the law sin and death, the effect of sin remains. Sinful patterns have been habituated into his thinking and behaviour. Every Christian has to deal with unbiblical beliefs and behaviour which are not easily overcome. Although problems do not disappear at regeneration, God through His Spirit equips the believer to handle them, providing the necessary resources, directions, and power for the change He commands. The Christian life is not static; it is a life that is characterized by change. In the basis-theoretical perspective it has been established that change that is pleasing to God involves the repudiation of the former "old man" and the assumption of the "new man". The believer is also challenged to be transformed by the renewing of his mind. This Scriptural understanding of change is addressed in the epistles of Paul (Ep. 4:22-24; Col. 3:8-10; Ro. 12:l-2). The uniqueness of Biblical counselling and the different perspectives were explored in this study. The exposition of inner change in the life of the counselee rendered important information. If the counsellor ignores what is happening on the inside of the individual, he will be unable to help him change his overt behaviour in any meaningful way. The second objective was to explore what other relevant disciplines had to contribute to the issue of change. The meta-theoretical perspective on change established that psychology is concerned with changing undesirable behaviour, cognitions, and affect. Knowledge of mental processes are important because the mind represents that which needs to be changed. The psychoanalytic, behavioural-cognitive, and person-centred approaches concerning change were expounded. According to answers given in the research of this study, Biblical perspectives included the use of Christian values and spiritual disciplines (use of Scripture, prayer). In most instances counselling included the use of secular perspectives using the Word of God as a foundation from which they derived their own models. It has been indicated that theology and psychology can complement each other, each contributing to a better understanding of the complexities of human nature. The third objective was accomplished by utilizing the basis- and meta-theoretical perspectives in a hermeneutical interaction to formulate a model of change that can be proposed for pastoral counselling. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Practical Theology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

本創作主要為基於習慣、記憶、生命記錄理念而開發的應用程式，希望以眾多的行動應用為基礎，藉由本創作主動提醒的機制，讓使用者更容易回想過去的記憶、再次體驗重遊的經驗和感受，並試圖了解使用者在經由提醒下的影響。 本創作為實作於iPhone上App，使用Objective-C程式語言撰寫，稱之為「iRemind」。實驗結果的三e指標、介面使用經驗皆有達到實驗所設定的目標，結果發現，大多受測者滿意本創作的設計與功能，也滿意本創作提出主動提醒的概念，認為有助於回憶事件，而且覺得是有趣的。但頻繁的提醒記憶會影響使用者在體驗過程的愉悅性，在主動提醒機制上，需要符合使用者需求進行相關設計，因此最後本文有提出幾項建議與設計作為參考。 / This research developed an application based on the concept of people’s habits, memories, and life-logs. We not only hoped that users can recall their memories or re-experience the feeling of their travels easily by the mechanism of active reminder, but also wanted to realize the effect on users. The system was implemented on iPhone, so we used Objective-c as primary language. And we named it “iRemind”. The “3-E indicators” of the experiment results and interface of user experience all achieved the desired goal. Most of users approved iRemind’s design, function and the concept of the active reminder, and they believe it also helps them recall past events. Besides, they think it’s interesting. But when it reminds too frequently, the enjoyment of user experience will be reduced. Therefore, the mechanism of active reminder design should consider users’ needs. In the end, we proposed some suggestions for future improvement.

Analizuojama viena aktualiausių šių dienų problemų Lietuvoje – narkomanija, kuri sąlygoja nusikalstamumą, pavojingų ligų plitimą. Remiantis moksline literatūra ir Bažnyčios dokumentais apie narkomanijos plitimą, aiškinami veiksniai, formuojantys polinkį į narkomaniją, apžvelgiamas statistinis Lietuvos narkomanijos vaizdas, aiškinamos prevencinės galimybės, Bažnyčios įtaka. Atliktas kokybinis tyrimas. / In this work is analysed one of topical issues in Lithuania – the drug habit, what determine the delinquency, dangerous illness and the like. On the ground of research literature and writing of Church about the spread of drug are explained the factors, what formed it. It is under review the statistical view of drug in Lithuania, are analysed the preventive chances, the influence of Church.

The vast majority of pharmaceutical drug products are developed, manufactured, and delivered in the solid-state where the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is crystalline. With the potential to exist as polymorphs, salts, hydrates, solvates, and cocrystals, each with their own unique associated physicochemical properties, crystals and their forms directly influence bioavailability and manufacturability of the final drug product. Understanding and controlling the crystalline form of the API throughout the drug development process is absolutely critical. Interfacial properties, such as surface energy, define the interactions between two materials in contact. For crystal growth, surface energy between crystal surfaces and liquid environments not only determines the growth kinetics and morphology, but also plays a substantial role in controlling the development of the internal structure. Surface energy also influences the macroscopic particle interactions and mechanical behaviors that govern particle flow, blending, compression, and compaction. While conventional methods for surface energy measurements, such as contact angle and inverse gas chromatography, are increasingly employed, their limitations have necessitated the exploration of alternative tools. For that reason, the first goal of this research was to serve as an analytical method development report for atomic force microscopy and determine its viability as an alternative approach to standard methods of analysis. The second goal of this research was to assess whether the physical and the mathematical models developed on the reference surfaces such as mica or graphite could be extended to organic crystal surfaces. This dissertation, while dependent upon the requisite number of mathematical assumptions, tightly controlled experiments, and environmental conditions, will nonetheless help to bridge the division between lab-bench theory and successful industrial implementation. In current practice, much of pharmaceutical formulation development relies on trial and error and/or duplication of historical methods. With a firm fundamental understanding of surface energetics, pharmaceutical scientists will be armed with the knowledge required to more effectively estimate, predict, and control the physical behaviors of their final drug products.

The goal of psychotherapy and Biblical counselling is to change undesirable cognition, affect, and behaviour in the counselee. For the Biblical counsellor change entails more than mere behaviour change. He endeavours to facilitate inner Biblical change where the counselee can grow spiritually through sanctification by the power of the Holy Spirit. Change should occur from the inside and result in Godly living. The central theoretical argument is that pastoral counselling portrays certain unique features that can be used to bring about change in the core of the counselee's being, renewing the mind sufficiently to walk in holiness. The aim is to establish whether pastoral counselling can be used effectively to help the counselee change in his conscious direction to walk in holiness. The first objective was to establish what Scriptural perspectives exist on change. When the believer is set free from the law sin and death, the effect of sin remains. Sinful patterns have been habituated into his thinking and behaviour. Every Christian has to deal with unbiblical beliefs and behaviour which are not easily overcome. Although problems do not disappear at regeneration, God through His Spirit equips the believer to handle them, providing the necessary resources, directions, and power for the change He commands. The Christian life is not static; it is a life that is characterized by change. In the basis-theoretical perspective it has been established that change that is pleasing to God involves the repudiation of the former "old man" and the assumption of the "new man". The believer is also challenged to be transformed by the renewing of his mind. This Scriptural understanding of change is addressed in the epistles of Paul (Ep. 4:22-24; Col. 3:8-10; Ro. 12:l-2). The uniqueness of Biblical counselling and the different perspectives were explored in this study. The exposition of inner change in the life of the counselee rendered important information. If the counsellor ignores what is happening on the inside of the individual, he will be unable to help him change his overt behaviour in any meaningful way. The second objective was to explore what other relevant disciplines had to contribute to the issue of change. The meta-theoretical perspective on change established that psychology is concerned with changing undesirable behaviour, cognitions, and affect. Knowledge of mental processes are important because the mind represents that which needs to be changed. The psychoanalytic, behavioural-cognitive, and person-centred approaches concerning change were expounded. According to answers given in the research of this study, Biblical perspectives included the use of Christian values and spiritual disciplines (use of Scripture, prayer). In most instances counselling included the use of secular perspectives using the Word of God as a foundation from which they derived their own models. It has been indicated that theology and psychology can complement each other, each contributing to a better understanding of the complexities of human nature. The third objective was accomplished by utilizing the basis- and meta-theoretical perspectives in a hermeneutical interaction to formulate a model of change that can be proposed for pastoral counselling. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Practical Theology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

Educators are increasingly being asked to interact with data to facilitate students’ learning in the classroom. However, as an educational measurement community, we have little understanding of the factors and/or contexts that facilitate educators’ successful use of data. Educators’ use of score reports and the relationship to the intended use is integral to the concept of validity. A conceptual model, “Data Habit of Mind,” is proposed to study educators’ understanding, interpretation and potential applications of results from large-scale assessments. The metaphor, “Habit of Mind,” was originally coined by Robert Sternberg and Dan Keating, and has been applied in the education sector to describe educators’ habits of inquiry when interacting with assessments. Based on an extensive review of the literature, Data Habit of Mind is defined as a combination of statistical literacy and score report interpretation. Statistical literacy is the extent to which an individual is able to describe, organize and reduce, represent, and analyze and interpret data. Score report interpretation is the extent to which an individual is able to describe, summarize, question, and propose an application for a given set of elements on a score report. The combination of these two makes up an individual’s Data Habit of Mind. Twenty educators were interviewed to assess their level of statistical literacy and their score report interpretation skills. A cognitive interview approach was used to capture the educators’ cognitive processes as they solved performance-based tasks, and protocol analysis procedures were used to encode the responses into the conceptual model. Descriptions of educators’ Data Habit of Mind were then generated through qualitative matrix analysis. Four groups of educators were identified based on the patterns of relationship between their statistical literacy and score report interpretation scores. Demographic factors, including teaching experience, gender and educational background were not meaningful predictors of educators’ Data Habit of Mind. These results add to our understanding of how educators interpret and use test results and have implications for test validation processes.

Educators are increasingly being asked to interact with data to facilitate students’ learning in the classroom. However, as an educational measurement community, we have little understanding of the factors and/or contexts that facilitate educators’ successful use of data. Educators’ use of score reports and the relationship to the intended use is integral to the concept of validity. A conceptual model, “Data Habit of Mind,” is proposed to study educators’ understanding, interpretation and potential applications of results from large-scale assessments. The metaphor, “Habit of Mind,” was originally coined by Robert Sternberg and Dan Keating, and has been applied in the education sector to describe educators’ habits of inquiry when interacting with assessments. Based on an extensive review of the literature, Data Habit of Mind is defined as a combination of statistical literacy and score report interpretation. Statistical literacy is the extent to which an individual is able to describe, organize and reduce, represent, and analyze and interpret data. Score report interpretation is the extent to which an individual is able to describe, summarize, question, and propose an application for a given set of elements on a score report. The combination of these two makes up an individual’s Data Habit of Mind. Twenty educators were interviewed to assess their level of statistical literacy and their score report interpretation skills. A cognitive interview approach was used to capture the educators’ cognitive processes as they solved performance-based tasks, and protocol analysis procedures were used to encode the responses into the conceptual model. Descriptions of educators’ Data Habit of Mind were then generated through qualitative matrix analysis. Four groups of educators were identified based on the patterns of relationship between their statistical literacy and score report interpretation scores. Demographic factors, including teaching experience, gender and educational background were not meaningful predictors of educators’ Data Habit of Mind. These results add to our understanding of how educators interpret and use test results and have implications for test validation processes.

Antecedentes La adicción a los cigarrillos se debe principalmente a la nicotina que contienen, pero poco se conoce sobre su dosificación en fumadores. La medición de la cotinina, el principal metabolito de la nicotina, ayuda a caracterizar la dosis de nicotina recibida por los fumadores, reflejando diferencias en la conducta tabáquica y en la motivación para dejar de fumar, en el tipo de cigarrillos fumados y en el metabolismo de la nicotina en diferentes poblaciones. Hipótesis 1. El número de cigarrillos fumados será el principal determinante de las concentraciones de cotinina en saliva: las concentraciones de cotinina en saliva se incrementarán al incrementar el consumo de cigarrillos. 2. Las concentraciones de cotinina en saliva serán mayores cuanto menor tiempo haya transcurrido desde que el fumador se despierta hasta que fuma el primer cigarrillo. 3. Los fumadores más dependientes tendrán concentraciones de cotinina en saliva más altas que los fumadores menos dependientes. 4. Los fumadores muy dependientes y con altas concentraciones de cotinina en saliva estarán menos preparados para dejar de fumar. Objetivos 1. Caracterizar la distribución de las concentraciones de cotinina en saliva en fumadores y los factores que la influencian. 2. Estudiar la asociación entre el tiempo transcurrido hasta el primer cigarrillo fumado después de despertarse y la concentración de cotinina en saliva. 3. Analizar la relación entre la dependencia a la nicotina y las concentraciones de cotinina en saliva. 4. Estudiar la preparación para dejar de fumar (estadios del cambio de Prochaska y DiClemente) de acuerdo al perfil de dependencia y los niveles de cotinina en saliva. Metodología Los datos provienen de dos estudios independientes. Uno de ellos es un estudio transversal (2004-2005) de una muestra representativa de la población general de Barcelona (n=1245), en el que se utilizó un cuestionario sobre tabaquismo y exposición pasiva al humo del tabaco, así como una muestra de saliva para determinar la concentración de cotinina. El otro también es un estudio transversal (2006) de una muestra representativa de la población española ≥l8 años (n=2522), en el que se utilizó una entrevista telefónica sobre consumo de tabaco y exposición al humo ambiental del tabaco. Se calcularon medias y desviaciones estándar o medianas y rangos intercuartílicos, según fuera apropiado, para describir los datos. Se utilizaron análisis descriptivos y modelos de regresión múltiple en función de los objetivos propuestos. Resultados Las concentraciones de cotinina en saliva aumentaron a mayor consumo de cigarrillos hasta llegar aproximadamente a los 20 cigarrillos, nivel donde las concentraciones de cotinina se estabilizaban. El consumo diario de cigarrillos, el momento del día en que se fuma más y el tiempo transcurrido desde que el fumador se despierta hasta que fuma su primer cigarrillo estuvieron significativamente relacionados con la concentración de cotinina en saliva. Éste último en particular demostró ser un buen indicador de dependencia. Por otra parte, no se observó una asociación entre las concentraciones de cotinina en saliva y los estadios del cambio, si bien en cada estadio se observó que las concentraciones de cotinina aumentaban a mayor consumo de cigarrillos, a mayor nivel de dependencia y a menor tiempo transcurrido hasta fumar el primer cigarrillo del día. Conclusiones Las concentraciones de cotinina en saliva están relacionadas con el consumo diario de cigarrillos, el tiempo transcurrido hasta fumar el primer cigarrillo del día y el nivel de dependencia a la nicotina, no así con los estadios del cambio en los que se encuentran los fumadores. El consumo diario de cigarrillos, el tiempo hasta fumar el primer cigarrillo y el momento del día en que se fuma más son buenos indicadores del nivel de dependencia del fumador.

Bibliography: leaves 215-236 / xiii, 238, [78] leaves : ill ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Community Medicine, 1988

Includes copies of articles co-authored by the author during the preparation of this thesis. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 334-376). / viii, 376 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Aims to increase understanding of the metabolism and disposition of methadone in humans, in particular in subjects receiving methadone maintenance treatment for opioid dependence, and to identify factors which may contribute to inter-subject variability in these processes, with respect to stereoselectivity / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Adelaide University, Dept. of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, 2001