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Cette thèse se donne pour objectif de mesurer la portée actuelle des principales conceptualisations de Hans Kelsen dans la doctrine et le droit positif international. Pour ce faire, cette étude envisage une reconstruction de la pensée du juriste viennois dans la discipline spécifique de droit international placée à la lumière du contexte de l'évolution normative, institutionnelle et politique de l'ordre juridique international. L'ambition est ainsi de faire ressortir l'originalité de son approche du phénomène international et sa portée actuelle. Il s'agira aussi d'en mesurer les limites et les possibilités de dépassement. / His thesis has the objective of measuring the current scope of the main conceptualizations of Hans Kelsen in the doctrine of international law and international positive law. The study envisages a reconstruction of the thought of the Viennese lawyer in international law placed in the light of the context of the evolving normative, institutional and politic of the international legal order. This is the gift of bringing out the originality of his thought, to measure the presence of the positivist approach in debate of the unity of international law.

[pt] A Teoria Pura do Direito despontou na primeira metade do século XX como uma vigorosa crítica à teoria jurídica tradicional. A posição que contra esta dirigiu consiste em um impressionante empreendimento epistemológico, articulado de modo a afastar do estudo do Direito elementos políticos e métodos com outras ciências compartilhados. Seu autor, Hans Kelsen, pretendia dotar o jurista de um aparato teórico que lhe permitisse contemplar seu objeto de estudo com a mesma qualidade e exatidão já alcançada por quem das ciências naturais se ocupava. Para tanto, ele considerava necessário que o saber jurídico fosse alçado à categoria de saber científico autônomo, o que buscou realizar com o desenvolvimento da sua célebre doutrina. Não obstante o inconteste avanço que representou, a Teoria Pura do Direito parece conter em seu discurso um problema insolúvel que compromete sua integral sustentabilidade. Trata-se da Cláusula Alternativa Tácita, tese kelseniana versada aqui, cujo delineamento é antecedido pela investigação das premissas e conceitos fundamentais à sua compreensão. / [en] The Pure Theory of Law emerged in the first half of the 20th century as a vigorous criticism to the traditional juridical theory. This opposition consists in an impressive epistemological program, whose main target is to eliminate from the study of Law both political elements and specific methods shared with other sciences. Its author, Hans Kelsen, intended to provide a theoretical apparatus to the jurist which would allow him to contemplate his object with the same qualty and accuracy already attained in the natural sciences. In order to do so, he found necessary the juridical knowledge had both scientificity and autonomy, and his famous doctrine was conceived to achieve that. Nevertheless, in spite of the undeniable progress that came with it, the Pure Theory of Law seems to suffer from an insoluble problem that might compromise its integral sustainability. It is the Tacit Alternative Clause, Kelsenian thesis of which we shall treat here and whose delineation is preceded by the investigation of the premises and concepts which are crucial to its full understanding.

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The purpose of this paper is to discuss the communication strategies of medieval fightbooks and the purpose of integrated depictions of their authors and addressees. The point of departure is a series of three articles written by Jan-Dirk MÜLLER between 1992 and 1994, in which he analyses the relationship between mnemonic verses, glosses and didactic images in the tradition of the fencing master Johannes Liechtenauer. On the basis of a case study on the five surviving 15th century manuscripts ascribed to Hans Talhofer, who also stands in the tradition of Liechtenauer, the description of his personal martial art by the use of didactic images is examined.

Enid Blyton and Agatha Christie were the most successful British women writers of their time. Christie and Blyton were contemporaries, living and writing in the United Kingdom during the first half of the twentieth century. This study takes into consideration these similarities in its examination of the depiction of dominant discourses in relation to emergent, alternative and oppositional discourses in their writing. This thesis suggests that while Enid Blyton and Agatha Christie offer alternatives to the dominant patriarchal discourses of the British Empire in the first half of the twentieth century, they show allegiance, too, to the dominant discourses of their time. Specific consideration is given to the portrayal of discourses concerned with gender, feminism, classism, British colonialism, racism, and xenophobia in their writing. The work of Enid Blyton and Agatha Christie was extremely popular in their time and still is today. Their important contribution to popular literature in England in the early twentieth century justifies a study of a selection of their work in relation to detective fiction and children’s literature as well as to studies of social history that include the investigation of how dominant discourse is both endorsed and challenged. / Thesis (DLitt)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / English / unrestricted

Nach der Entdeckung der Radioaktivität und der ersten radioaktiven Elemente durch Henry Becquerel, Marie und Pierre Curie begannen deutsche Wissenschaftler mit Untersuchungen, die zur Entdeckungen weiterer radioaktiven Elemente und der Wirkung und des Charakters der Radioaktivität führten. Dabei war in den ersten Jahren ein Freundeskreis um Justus Elster, Hans Geitel in Wolfenbüttel und Friedrich Giesel in Braunschweig, die ihre wissenschaftliche Arbeit meist neben ihren beruflichen Verpflichtungen durchführten, äußerst produktiv. Dieses interdisziplinäre Zentrum war bereits sehr erfolgreich bevor entsprechende Radiuminstitute in Wien, Paris und an anderen Orten gegründet worden waren. Neben ihrer Forschungen wurden viele andere Wissenschaftler mit radioaktiven Präparaten und wissenschaftlichen Geräten versorgt. / After discovery of radioactivity and radio-active elements by Henry Becquerel, Pierre and Marie Curie German scientists started with investigations, which resulted in the discovery of new radioactive elements and the character and the effects of radioactivity. Very productive have been a circle of friends with Justus Elster, Hans Geitel and Friedrich Giesel in Brunswick and Wolfenbüttel, who have mostly done the scientific work beside their professional duties. This interdisciplinary center was successful working before institutional governmental radium institutes in Vienna, Paris, and other places are founded. Besides their research, other researchers all over the world were delivered with radioactive preparations as well as instruments and glassware that they could start their research about radioactivity.

This study strives to chart the occurrence of mystic and kabbalistic influences inthe textual liturgic material of Jewish prayer books - siddurim - in Stockholm,during the 19th century as well as of today. Two prayer books, both focusing onthe prayer service for sabbath and festivals, were studied and compared to amaterial corresponding to a more traditionally inclined ashkenaz liturgy. Alongsidethis comparative method, the study made use of the hermeneutics of Hans-GeorgeGadamer in order to gain a more thorough understanding of the backgroundleading up to the selection of materials within the Swedish siddurim. This involveda broad historical research of Jewish mysticism, Jewish liturgy and Jewish life inSweden. Furthermore, the reception history theory of Gadamer and Hans-RobertJauss was employed to analyze the reception of mystic and kabbalistic influencesupon the Swedish prayer books, taking in account the ways in which religioustexts are viewed within a certain tradition, depending on theological agendas,historical context, and the intercommunion between these, especially taking thereformist wave of Judaism in the 19th century under consideration. The results andanalysis came to show that, although there had been an extensive purge of explicitkabbalistic materials in the 19th century, texts with very clear connotations tomerkavah mysticism still remained. The siddur in use today has also reintroducedkabbalistic material to the liturgy. Through the lens of reception history theory,mystic and/or kabbalistic influences are shown to be a part of Jewish liturgy inStockholm, sometimes understood as an integral part of a wider liturgic tradition,sometimes as a devotional - but not explicitly esoteric - addition to the prayerservice.

Denna studie behandlar fyra individer som kommer från S:t Hans medeltida kyrka i Visby, Gotland. Samtliga av dessa individer uppvisar tydliga indikationer på att de har fallit offer för våldshandlingar av skarpt slag, varav två av dem avrättade. Syftet med studien är att undersöka skadornas natur och orsak, samt att fastställa tidpunkten för dessa händelser och deras motiv. Vidare ägnas uppmärksamhet åt de begravningspraktiker som dessa individer har undergått, och hur dessa kan bidra till vår förståelse av deras identitet. Slutligen diskuteras de avrättades straff i relation till de rättsliga normer som var rådande under medeltiden i Sverige. / This study examines four individuals originating from St. Hans Medieval Church in Visby, Gotland. All individuals exhibit clear indications of having fallen victim to acts of sharp force trauma, two of whom were executed. The purpose of this study is to investigate the nature and cause of these injuries, as well as to determine the timing and motives behind these events. Furthermore, attention is devoted to the burial rituals these individuals have undergone and how they can contribute to our understanding of their identity. Finally, the punishments inflicted upon the executed individuals are discussed in relation to the legal norms during the medieval period in Sweden.