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Orientador: Walmir de Freitas Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T14:56:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SallesCorrea_Diogo_D.pdf: 3415156 bytes, checksum: 7835be5cca9af3b1ec11e37200c2f1d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A penetração em massa de equipamentos eletrônicos de maior eficiência energética em residências está resultando em distorções significativas das formas de onda de tensão e corrente dos modernos sistemas de distribuição. Há uma necessidade crescente de técnicas que permitam determinar o impacto coletivo destas cargas residenciais nos níveis de distorção harmônica. Tais técnicas podem ser usadas, por exemplo, para prever os impactos da adoção em massa de lâmpadas fluorescentes compactas. Nesse contexto, esta tese de doutorado propõe uma técnica probabilística para avaliação do impacto dessas cargas residenciais na qualidade de energia tanto no primário como no secundário dos sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica. O método modela individualmente e de forma estocástica as injeções harmônicas dos típicos eletrodomésticos a partir da distribuição da probabilidade de que cada aparelho seja ligado, a qual foi obtida a partir da pesquisa de dados de comportamento de carga. O resultado é um circuito elétrico equivalente harmônico variável no tempo representando uma casa residencial. Além disso, um modelo probabilístico para transformadores de distribuição foi desenvolvido através da combinação do transformador e das casas conectadas. Resultados de medições de campo confirmaram a validade da modelagem proposta. Em seguida, a metodologia proposta foi aplicada para investigar o impacto de tais cargas residenciais sobre a qualidade de energia dos sistemas de distribuição, tanto no primário como no secundário. Impactos como distorção harmônica na tensão e corrente; carregamento do transformador; elevação da tensão e corrente do neutro; interferência telefônica foram avaliados. A evolução dos impactos ao longo dos próximos anos, a partir de dados de tendências de mercado, também foi determinada. Adicionalmente, realizaram-se estudos para verificar a eficácia de duas soluções possíveis para mitigar distorção harmônica, sendo que a primeira consistiu em adotar os limites de emissão harmônica definidos pelo guia técnico IEC; e a segunda consistiu na instalação de filtros harmônicos no primário do sistema de distribuição / Abstract: The proliferation of electronic-based residential loads has resulted in significant harmonic distortion in the voltages and currents of distribution power systems. There is an urgent need for techniques that can determine the collective harmonic impact of these modern residential loads. Such techniques can be used, for example, to predict the harmonic effects of widespread adoption of compact fluorescent lights (CFLs). In response to this need, this PhD thesis proposes a versatile Monte Carlo simulation method for evaluating the potential impact of such residential loads on the harmonic levels of power distribution systems. The method models the random harmonic current injections of residential loads by simulating their operating states. This is done by determining the switch-on probability of a residential load based on load research results. The result is a time-varying harmonic equivalent circuit representing a residential house. By combining multiple residential houses supplied from a service transformer, a probabilistic model for service transformers is also derived. Field measurement results confirmed the validity of the proposed technique. The proposed methodology is applied to a typical distribution system for evaluating the impact of residential loads on several power quality aspects. The results of different case studies proved to be valuable in answering the following questions: (1) What are the potential power quality impacts of distributed nonlinear residential loads on primary and secondary power distribution systems? The example impacts include voltage distortion, zero sequence harmonics, neutral voltage/current rise, telephone interference, metering error, increased losses, overloading of distribution transformers. (2) How serious the impacts will become when more and more energy efficient appliances and consumer electronics penetrates into the residential loads? (3) If the consequence is of concern, what are the strategies and options available for utilities to manage the problem? / Doutorado / Energia Eletrica / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

M.Tech. (Electrical and Electronic Engineering) / With the increasing use of nonlinear loads in power systems, harmonic pollution becomes more frequent with disastrous consequences on the electrical network and other loads. Harmonic currents cause problems such as system resonance, protective relays and switchgear malfunction, communication interference, incorrect meter, equipment and process failure, over heating of transmission and distribution systems, insulation degradation and power transformer failure. It appears therefore absolutely essential to determine the current profile of the loads connected to the same Point of Common Coupling (PCC). This study aims to assess a distorted power system in order to determine the characteristics components of distorted waveforms (DC components, fundamental and harmonics components), and to quantify the respective distortion contributions in the power network. The numerical method is applied to analyse the current waveforms captured with the aid of the digital scope meter (DSO) 1200 series at different sections of the network. The power network under study is designed, constructed and analysed with the MatLab/Simulink 7.0 package. In both methods, the Individual Harmonic Distortion (IHD) and the current total harmonic distortion (ITHD) for the line, the non-linear and linear loads are computed for the harmonic components 5th, 7th, 11th and 13th. The results showed that for the analysis of the power system, numerical analysis based on the resultant harmonic curve method and the MatLab/Simulink as applied to the network all converged to highlight that harmonic components appear both on the line, the PCC and the linear load. This is due to the fact that the converter characteristic harmonics (5th, 7th, 11th, 13th…) are found in the network components (line, PCC, linear load…). The resultant harmonic curve method indicated a randomly distributed percentage IHD in different sections of the network for harmonic orders higher than 7th, whereas the Matlab/Simulink results normally show a non-uniform decay pattern of the IHD as the harmonic order increases within the respective section of the network.

Invoking Maxwell's classical equations in conjunction with expressions for the electromagnetic (EM) energy, momentum, force, and torque, we use a few simple examples to demonstrate the nature of the EM angular momentum. The energy and the angular momentum of an EM field will be shown to have an intimate relationship; a source radiating EM angular momentum will, of necessity, pick up an equal but opposite amount of mechanical angular momentum; and the spin and orbital angular momenta of the EM field, when absorbed by a small particle, will be seen to elicit different responses from the particle.

Cenotaph is a work of fifteen minutes duration for solo tape realized on the Synclavier Digital Music System at the Center for Experimental Music and Intermedia. All of the sound materials in the work consist of resynthesized timbres derived from the analysis of digital recordings of seven different human voices, each speaking the last name of one of the Challenger astronauts. The work's harmonic resources are derived in a unique way involving partitioning of the octave by powers of the Golden Section. The work is in a single movement divided into three sections which function as prologue, action, and epilogue, respectively. This formal structure is reinforced by differentiation of harmonicmaterials and texture. Although Cenotaph cannot be performed "live" and exists only as a recording, a graphic score is included to assist analysis and study.

Dans une vision de transports plus économiques, l’apport des matériaux composites est une solution technologique importante pour l'industrie aéronautique, même si cela ouvre de nouvelles questions de compatibilité électromagnétique sur l’ensemble du système et nécessite l’utilisation d’outils de simulation adaptés. Cette thèse présente l’évaluation de cette mutation technologique vis-à-vis de la problématique foudre. Les méthodes conventionnellement utiliséesdans le cadre de la modélisation électromagnétique en 3D des effets indirects de foudre sur les aéronefs s’avèrent limitées car la prise en compte de toutes les particularités géométriques ouphysiques des dispositifs étudiés est difficile. Dans le cadre du Projet PREFACE (PRojet d’ÉtudeFoudre sur Avion Composite plus Électrique), ces travaux de thèse proposent d’évaluer desméthodes de modélisation non conventionnelles dans le domaine de l’aéronautique et enparticulier la méthode intégrale de recherche de schémas électriques équivalents localisés (PEEC).Une maquette composite de type caisson a été conçue et réalisée afin de représenter la structureminimale d’une section de fuselage, incluant du câblage intérieur. Des mesures ont été effectuéespour étudier et évaluer les mécanismes de couplages électromagnétiques entre les structurescomposites et les dispositifs internes après injection d’un courant, en particulier dans le cadre dela problématique de l’agression foudre. Une comparaison avec des modélisations PEEC (codeInCa3D) dans différentes configurations a permis avec succès de comprendre les phénomènesphysiques mis en jeu. Les avantages de cette approche apparaissent très nettement quand il s’agitde prendre en compte les différents paramètres dimensionnant pour déterminer la répartition descourants sur la structure et sur les câbles connectés à l’intérieur. Ceci permet de formuler desrègles générales de conception des protections des équipements internes qui peuvent êtreappliquées sur les avions à moindre coût. / For economic reasons, the use of composite materials seems to be a valuable solution foraeronautic industries, even if their efficiency concerning the electromagnetic compatibility of on-board systems requires some studies. For that, the use of adapted simulations tools isunavoidable. This thesis presents the evaluation of this technological mutation towards lightningissue. The methods conventionally used in the context of 3D electromagnetic modeling oflightning’s indirect effects on aircrafts prove to be restricted because it is difficult to take intoaccount all geometric or physical particularities of devices. In the framework of the PREFACEproject (a national project devoted to the study of Lightning Indirect Effects (LIE) on moreelectric and composite aircrafts), this thesis proposes to evaluate unconventional modellingmethods in aeronautics, in particular, the integral method PEEC (Partial Element EquivalentCircuit). A composite model like caisson has been designed and constructed to represent theminimal structure of fuselage section, including inside wiring. Measurements were performed inorder to study and evaluate the electromagnetic coupling mechanisms between compositestructures and internal devices after a current injection, particularly, in the context of lightningaggression problem. A comparison with PEEC modelling (code InCa3D) in differentconfigurations has enabled successfully to understand the physical phenomena involved. Theadvantages of this approach appear very clearly when it comes to taking into account thedifferent sizing parameters in order to determine the current distribution on the structure and thecables connected to the interior. This will allow formulating general rules to concept theprotections of the internal equipments, which can be applied on aircrafts at a low

Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GIC) have been a growing concern within power system operators and researchers as they have been widely reported to lead to power system related issues and material damage to system components like power transformers. In power transformers, GIC impacts are evidenced by part-wave saturation, resulting in transformers experiencing increased presence of odd and even harmonics. The three-phase three-limb (3p3L) transformer has been found to be the most tolerant to high dc values compared to other core types. The research was based on a hypothesis which reads “transformer laboratory testing results can be used as a guide towards developing suitable Finite Element Matrix (FEM) models to be used for conducting GIC/DC experiments”. This study thus investigates the response of a 15 kVA 3p3L laboratory transformer to dc current, emulating the effects of GICs. GIC and dc current are the same under steady state conditions, and hence mentioned interchangeably. Laboratory tests conducted identified two critical saturation points when the transformer is exposed to dc. The early saturation point was identified to be at around 1.8 A/phase of dc (18% of rated current), while the deep saturation point was at around 15 to 20 A/phase of dc (about 72% of rated current). Further analysis showed that holes drilled on the transformer can lower the transformer knee-point by about 26%, depending on the size and location of the holes. The holes hence end up affecting the operating point of the transformer due to losses occurring around the holes. A transformer FEM model was developed following the laboratory exercise, where it was concluded that a 2D model leads to grossly erroneous results, distorting the magnetizing current by about 60% compared to the laboratory results. A solid 3D model improved performance by about 30% as it took the transformer's topological structure into consideration. The 3D model was then refined further to include joints and laminations. It was discovered that laminations on the transformer need to be introduced as stacks of the core, with each core step split into two, allocating a 4% air gap space between stacks. Refinement of the T-joints proved that the joints have a relatively high influence on the transformer behaviour, with their detailed refinement improving the transformer behaviour by about 60%. The final FEM model was used for dc experiments. The results of such experiments showed close resemblance to the laboratory results, with saturation points identified in FEM lying within 10% of the laboratory identified saturation points. Overall, the various investigation methods explored showed that the hypothesis was satisfactorily proven true. Laboratory results functioned as a guide in developing the model, offering a reference case.

This thesis deals with problem of computation of global illumination in real-time. Two methods are described. Namely Reflective Shadow Maps and Light Propagation Volumes. The first of them deals with the problem by using extended Shadow Mapping algorithm. The second one uses scene embedded into a 3D grid together with Spherical harmonics to compute light propagation in the scene. Furthermore this thesis contains results of measurement of the rendering speed of the Light Propagation Volumes algorithm with various settings on several machines. Quality of the resulting output of the algorithm is also evaluated.

Les performances des antennes Ultra Large Bande (ULB) les rendent appropriées pour de nombreuses applications. En radar à pénétration de surface (SPR), application visée de cette thèse, une telle bande passante offre un excellent compromis entre capacité de pénétration et résolution spatiale en imagerie micro-ondes. De plus, il a été démontré que la prise en compte du champ rayonné par l'antenne en présence de la surface améliore considérablement la qualité des images obtenues. Cette thèse aborde la problématique de la quantité de données représentant les antennes ULB. En effet, les descripteurs classiques d'antenne ne suffisent pas à caractériser l’évolution en fréquence de leurs performances. Le développement en harmoniques ou vecteurs sphériques est utilisé pour modéliser le diagramme de rayonnement d’antennes tout en réduisant le volume de données. D'autre part, les méthodes d'expansion en singularités modélisent la réponse en fréquence (ou impulsionnelle) de l'antenne par un ensemble de pôles de résonance. Le but de ce travail de thèse est d'établir un modèle compact qui représente avec précision le rayonnement d'antenne, et permette la connaissance du champ à différentes distances. A cette fin, plusieurs combinaisons des méthodes de caractérisation ont été étudiées. L'approche proposée est validée par la modélisation du diagramme de rayonnement simulé et mesuré d'une antenne Vivaldi (ETSA). Le modèle établi fournit le champ rayonné à différentes distances de l'antenne avec une erreur inférieure à 3% avec un taux de compression de 99%. La dernière partie de cette thèse présente une application de l'approche proposée au rayonnement d’antennes en présence d’interfaces / UWB antennas bandwidth makes them highly suitable for a number of applications. In surface penetrating radar (SPR) applications, which is the focus of our research, such a bandwidth range allows good signal penetration ability and fine space resolution for microwave imaging. In addition, it has been shown that the knowledge of the radiated field by the antenna enhances drastically the quality of the resulting images. The work reported in this thesis deals with the problematic of the huge amount of data representing UWB antennas. Indeed, due to the frequency dependence, the classical antenna parameters are not sufficient to characterize this type of antenna. The scalar or vector spherical wave expansion is widely used to expand the radiation pattern of a radiating antenna and permit a high compression data rate. On the other hand, the Singularity Expansion Methods are used in frequency/time domain to model the antenna response by a set of resonant poles. The purpose of this thesis is to establish a compact model representing accurately the antenna radiation characteristics, which also allows to find the field at various distances. To this end, several ways of combining the aforementioned methods have been investigated. The proposed approach is validated by modeling the simulated and measured radiation pattern of an Exponential Tapered Slot Antenna (ETSA) in free space. Furthermore, we verify that the established compact model provide radiated field at different distances from the antenna with a compression of the initial pattern up to 99% and an error below 3%. The last part of this thesis, present an application of the proposed methodology to SPR context