Fatal occupational harms have profound and far-reaching impacts, extendingbeyond the directly affected workers. These incidents often result from violationsof occupational health and safety regulations, particularly in the constructionindustry—a crucial driver of the global economy characterized by its dynamicwork environment. Despite their significant impact, occupational harms rarelyreceive public attention and are seldom discussed within criminological discourse.However, the prevention of occupational harm is mandated by law, highlightingtheir nature as higlhy preventable. This study investigates fatal occupationalharms in the Swedish construction industry, focusing on the enforcementmeasures employed by occupational health and safety inspectors. It aims to assessthe impact of these measures on achieving compliance and to identify theunderlying factors contributing to these fatal incidents. Using qualitative contentanalysis, this pilot study examines a sample of 20 reported occupational harmswithin the construction industry reported to the Swedish Work EnvironmentAuthority. The analysis revealed that improvement notices are the most frequentlyused and impactful enforcement measure. Furthermore, a range of unsafe actionsand conditions were identified as underlying factors contributing to the fataloccupational harms reported. While preliminary, the findings provide valuableinsights that can inform more comprehensive future research. Treatingoccupational harm with the same seriousness as street-level crime incriminological discourse is essential for promoting corporate accountability,safeguarding worker well-being, and preserving community welfare. Thisapproach is crucial for enhancing occupational safety and preventing future harmin the construction industry.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

O presente estudo enfoca o trabalho penoso e as consequências nocivas à saúde dos trabalhadores que exercem atividades penosas, com evidência na reparação social dos danos e com fundamento nos princípios ambientais. Analisam-se o trabalho na sociedade atual, o processo de organização do trabalho, a globalização da economia, a precarização das relações de trabalho e os impactos sobre a saúde dos trabalhadores. Os princípios ambientais são estudados, bem como todo o arcabouço constitucional e legal de proteção ao direito à saúde no trabalho. Efetua-se o debate acerca do papel da sociedade civil, das entidades sindicais, dos empregadores, bem como dos poderes públicos, na fiscalização do meio ambiente de trabalho e na prevenção de doenças e acidentes do trabalho. A responsabilidade do empregador é examinada à luz da doutrina e da jurisprudência predominante nos nossos Tribunais. Realiza-se o estudo de doutrina sobre medicina do trabalho, em especial de ergonomia, psicologia do trabalho, bem como de textos de filosofia e sociologia do trabalho, economia e administração de empresas, para a caracterização da penosidade. Por fim, são debatidas formas de reparação dos danos, descartando-se a via da monetização do risco. Propõe-se a revogação de legislação em vigor, para que nova normatização efetivamente imponha aos responsáveis pelos danos causados aos trabalhadores, os empregadores que exigem tarefas ou condições de trabalho no limite do risco proibido, o dever de arcar com as despesas da reparação, de ressarcimento dos benefícios que serão gastos pelos cofres públicos. / This study approaches the unsafe or overly strenuous labor practises and its nocuous effects on workers health, especially the compensation of the social harms based on the environmental principles. An analysis of the work in the current society is undertaken, along with that of the work organization process, of the economic globalization, of the deterioration of the working conditions and the impacts on the workers health. The environmental principles are addressed, as well as the entire occupational health protection legal framework, along with the debate regarding the roles of society, trade unions, employers, as well as the role of the government on investigating the work environment and preventing labor accidents and diseases. The employers responsibility is examined, according to the prevailing doctrine and cases. There are the doctrine studies regarding occupational medicine, especially ergonomics, occupational psychology; including the study of texts relating to labor philosophy and sociology, economy and business management, in order to distinguish the laboriousness. Lastly, there is the discussion about the compensation of the damages, excluding the commodification of the risk. The proposition repeals the current act, in order for the new statute to effectively hold the employers accountable for the damages caused to the employees, through the burden of bearing the costs of the reparation, as well as the reimbursement of the expenses incurred by the Treasury.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein neues Verfahren zur Dünnschichtverkappung von oberflächennahen Mikrostrukturen vorgestellt. Ausgehend von den speziellen Anforderungen an die Verkappung oberflächennaher Mikrostrukturen, insbesondere von Strukturen mit hohem Aspektverhältnis, wurden die Verwendung eines Fluor-Kohlenstoff-Polymers als Opferschichtmaterial und die Eignung unterschiedlicher Schichtstapel zur Realisierung der Dünnschichtkappe untersucht. Die resultierende Technologie ermöglicht eine durchgehend trockenchemische Prozessierung. Für die Abschätzung der notwendigen Schichtdicken und den geometrischen Entwurf der Kappenstrukturen, wurden auf Basis der Plattentheorie analytische und numerische Modelle erstellt. Verschiedene Materialkombinationen bestehend aus Siliziumoxid, Siliziumnitrid und Aluminium wurden hinsichtlich ihrer mechanischen und thermomechanischen Eigenschaften untersucht und bewertet. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt lag auf der Entwicklung und Optimierung der Opferschichtprozesse, sowie deren Integration in die Gesamttechnologie. Die Eignung der plasmagestützten Prozesse zur Abscheidung und Strukturierung des Opferpolymers wurde durch die Fertigung von verkapselten Beschleunigungssensoren nachgewiesen. Ein ausreichender hermetischer Verschluss der Dünnschichtkappe konnte durch die Messung der viskosen Dämpfung an Feder-Masse-Schwingern bestätigt werden.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

O presente estudo enfoca o trabalho penoso e as consequências nocivas à saúde dos trabalhadores que exercem atividades penosas, com evidência na reparação social dos danos e com fundamento nos princípios ambientais. Analisam-se o trabalho na sociedade atual, o processo de organização do trabalho, a globalização da economia, a precarização das relações de trabalho e os impactos sobre a saúde dos trabalhadores. Os princípios ambientais são estudados, bem como todo o arcabouço constitucional e legal de proteção ao direito à saúde no trabalho. Efetua-se o debate acerca do papel da sociedade civil, das entidades sindicais, dos empregadores, bem como dos poderes públicos, na fiscalização do meio ambiente de trabalho e na prevenção de doenças e acidentes do trabalho. A responsabilidade do empregador é examinada à luz da doutrina e da jurisprudência predominante nos nossos Tribunais. Realiza-se o estudo de doutrina sobre medicina do trabalho, em especial de ergonomia, psicologia do trabalho, bem como de textos de filosofia e sociologia do trabalho, economia e administração de empresas, para a caracterização da penosidade. Por fim, são debatidas formas de reparação dos danos, descartando-se a via da monetização do risco. Propõe-se a revogação de legislação em vigor, para que nova normatização efetivamente imponha aos responsáveis pelos danos causados aos trabalhadores, os empregadores que exigem tarefas ou condições de trabalho no limite do risco proibido, o dever de arcar com as despesas da reparação, de ressarcimento dos benefícios que serão gastos pelos cofres públicos. / This study approaches the unsafe or overly strenuous labor practises and its nocuous effects on workers health, especially the compensation of the social harms based on the environmental principles. An analysis of the work in the current society is undertaken, along with that of the work organization process, of the economic globalization, of the deterioration of the working conditions and the impacts on the workers health. The environmental principles are addressed, as well as the entire occupational health protection legal framework, along with the debate regarding the roles of society, trade unions, employers, as well as the role of the government on investigating the work environment and preventing labor accidents and diseases. The employers responsibility is examined, according to the prevailing doctrine and cases. There are the doctrine studies regarding occupational medicine, especially ergonomics, occupational psychology; including the study of texts relating to labor philosophy and sociology, economy and business management, in order to distinguish the laboriousness. Lastly, there is the discussion about the compensation of the damages, excluding the commodification of the risk. The proposition repeals the current act, in order for the new statute to effectively hold the employers accountable for the damages caused to the employees, through the burden of bearing the costs of the reparation, as well as the reimbursement of the expenses incurred by the Treasury.

This thesis gives a view on legislation conserning valuation of human health and life damages in the Czech republic. The aim is to provide a summary and a comparison of laws and other legislative documents and evaluate conditions of reimbursement determination. The paper also gives a basic outline of theoretical ways of valuating human health and life and their connection with reimbursement in accordance with czech legislation.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein neues Verfahren zur Dünnschichtverkappung von oberflächennahen Mikrostrukturen vorgestellt. Ausgehend von den speziellen Anforderungen an die Verkappung oberflächennaher Mikrostrukturen, insbesondere von Strukturen mit hohem Aspektverhältnis, wurden die Verwendung eines Fluor-Kohlenstoff-Polymers als Opferschichtmaterial und die Eignung unterschiedlicher Schichtstapel zur Realisierung der Dünnschichtkappe untersucht. Die resultierende Technologie ermöglicht eine durchgehend trockenchemische Prozessierung. Für die Abschätzung der notwendigen Schichtdicken und den geometrischen Entwurf der Kappenstrukturen, wurden auf Basis der Plattentheorie analytische und numerische Modelle erstellt. Verschiedene Materialkombinationen bestehend aus Siliziumoxid, Siliziumnitrid und Aluminium wurden hinsichtlich ihrer mechanischen und thermomechanischen Eigenschaften untersucht und bewertet. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt lag auf der Entwicklung und Optimierung der Opferschichtprozesse, sowie deren Integration in die Gesamttechnologie. Die Eignung der plasmagestützten Prozesse zur Abscheidung und Strukturierung des Opferpolymers wurde durch die Fertigung von verkapselten Beschleunigungssensoren nachgewiesen. Ein ausreichender hermetischer Verschluss der Dünnschichtkappe konnte durch die Messung der viskosen Dämpfung an Feder-Masse-Schwingern bestätigt werden.

This licentiate thesis consists of three essays which all concern the ethics of imprisonment and what constitutes an ethically defensible treatment of criminal offenders. Paper 1 defends the claim that prisoners have a right to privacy. I argue that the right to privacy is important because of its connection to moral agency. For that reasons is the protection of inmates’ right to privacy also warranted by different established philosophical theories about the justification of legal punishment. I discuss the practical implications of this argument. Ultimately I argue the invasion of privacy should be minimized to the greatest extent possible without compromising other important values and rights to safety and security. In defending this position, I argue that respect for inmates’ privacy should be part of the objective of creating and upholding a secure environment to better effect in the long run. Paper 2 discusses whether the collateral harm of imprisonment to the close family members and children of prison inmates may give rise to special moral obligations towards them. Several collateral harms, including decreased psychological wellbeing, financial costs, loss of economic opportunities, and intrusion and control over their private lives, are identified. Two competing perspectives in moral philosophy are applied in order to assess whether the harms are permissible. The first is consequentialist and the second is deontological, and it is argued that both of them fails and therefore it is hard to defend the position that allowing for these harms would be morally permissible, even for the sake of the overall aims of incarceration. Instead, it is argued that these harms imply that imprisonment should only be used as a last resort. Where it is necessary, imprisonment should give rise to special moral obligations towards families of prisoners. Using the notion of residual obligation, these obligations are defended, categorized and clarified. Paper 3 evaluates electronic monitoring (EM) from an ethical perspective and discusses whether it could be a promising alternative to imprisonment as a criminal sanction for a series of criminal offenses. EM evaluated from an ethical perspective as six initial ethical challenges are addressed and discussed. It is argued that since EM is developing as a technology and a punitive means, it is urgent to discuss its ethical implications and incorporate moral values into its design and development. / <p>QC 20140519</p>

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