A comunicação é um dos grandes desafios para reconstruir de maneira crítica as práticas de saúde, especialmente, quando se visa alcançar um público ampliado por intermédio da grande mídia, orientando-se por valores e concepções não-hegemônicas e pouco familiares ao senso comum. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os limites e as potencialidades gerados pelo diálogo entre o campo da Saúde Coletiva e a comunicação na grande mídia, tomando como base o processo de produção da série médica \"Unidade Básica\", que foi televisionada em setembro de 2016 por importante emissora de televisão a cabo. Realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, de caráter compreensivo-interpretativo, sendo a pesquisadora uma observadora participante. O estudo baseou-se na descrição densa do processo de elaboração da série em suas diversas etapas (desenvolvimento; pré-produção, filmagem, edição dos episódios e divulgação), depoimentos de informantes-chave (profissionais envolvidos na produção da série) e repercussões colhidas na mídia e redes sociais (de forma não sistemática). O material empírico da pesquisa foi produzido e interpretado à luz de conceitos reconstrutivos considerados relevantes no campo da Saúde Coletiva. Dentre eles: 1) diferentes racionalidades implicadas nas ações de saúde (a presença de um discurso biomédico em contraste com novas formas de se pensar o Cuidado em saúde); 2) entendimento ampliado sobre o processo saúde-doença-cuidado, buscando caracterizar as diferentes vulnerabilidades existentes neste processo; e 3) atributos da Atenção Primária à Saúde, tendo a integralidade como eixo norteador de suas ações. Como resultado, observou-se que os conceitos acima referidos foram potencializados no processo de criação da série. Porém o conceito de integralidade revelou-se o mais desafiador para ser comunicado. Como fatores limitantes ao diálogo entre os conceitos trabalhados e o processo de criação estão as estruturas pré-estabelecidas do gênero artístico da obra; as diferentes perspectivas morais que orientam a ação performática na linguagem televisiva; as rotinas de produção e as estratégias de comercialização televisivas. Por outro lado, certos aspectos favoreceram uma relação positiva, como a crítica aos formatos comunicativos hegemônicos e a necessidade de se construir diferentes dimensões racionais-cognitivas, bem como estéticas-afetivas sobre os processos saúde-doença-cuidado; o contexto político brasileiro no período; a presença de um conjunto de saberes e práticas consistentes no campo da Saúde Coletiva, além das experiências concretas de implementação de Atenção Primária à Saúde no Brasil. Por fim, ressalta-se positivamente que processo de construção de uma linguagem estética para a série logrou, por meio de elementos estéticos-afetivos, produzir efeitos relevantes para os objetivos da série por outras vias que não as racionaiscognitivas, mais comumente exploradas nas produções da comunicação em saúde / Communication is a crucial challenge for a critical reconstruction of health practices, especially when the goal is to reach a broad audience through the mass media, guided by non-hegemonic values and unfamiliar concepts to common sense. This study aims to explore limits and potentialities in the dialogue between the field of \"Saúde Coletiva\" (Brazilian Public Health reform movement) and communication in the mass media, through the analysis of the making process of the TV series \"Unidade Básica\", which was exhibited in September 2016 by a cable TV broadcaster in Brazil. Qualitative, comprehensive-interpretive research was carried out, with the researcher being a participant observer. The study was based on dense description of the series elaboration process in its diverse stages: (development, pre-production, filming, editing of episodes and dissemination), statements from key informants (professionals involved in the production of the series) and repercussions from the media and social networks (in a non-systematic way). The empirical material was produced and interpreted considering reconstructive concepts from the Collective Health field. Among them: 1) rationalities involved in health practices (the biomedical discourse as contrasted to new ways of thinking about health care); 2) enriched understanding of the health-disease-care process, looking for characterizing the various vulnerabilities involved in these processes; and 3) Primary Health Care attributes taking \"integralidade\" (comprehensive care) as its guiding axis. As a result, we observed that the concepts above were potentialized in the process of creating the series. But the concept of \"integralidade\" has proved the most challenging to be communicated. Limiting factors to the dialogue between the \"Saúde Coletiva\" concepts and the process of creation were the rigid structures of the series artistic genre; different moral perspectives guiding performative action in television language; routines from the TV production, and commercial strategies of the television. On the other hand, certain aspects fostered a positive relationship such as, the critique of the hegemonic communicative formats and the need for use different rational-cognitive dimensions, as well as aesthetic-affective about the health-disease-care processes; the Brazilian political context in the period; the presence of a consistent set of knowledge and practices from the \"Saúde Coletiva\" field; beyond concrete experiences of primary health care implementation in Brazil. Finally, we pointed out that the constructing process of an aesthetic language that the series has achieved, through aesthetic-affective elements, provoke relevant effects to the objectives of the series by means other than the rational-cognitive ones, more commonly explored in the productions of health communication

A adesão do paciente ao tratamento é crucial para a efetividade dos programas de aids. O Programa Brasileiro recomenda monitorar a adesão e incorporar ao cuidado atividades de promoção, tais como atendimentos individuais com foco em adesão. Revisões sistemáticas apontam maior efetividade das intervenções complexas, que incluem sessões de conversas entre profissional-paciente: informativas, educativas e aconselhamentos motivacionais. Criticam: insuficiente explicitação das bases teóricometodológicas das intervenções; enfoque excessivo no nível individual com baixa incorporação do contexto sociocultural; insuficiência de informação acerca da fidelidade aos protocolos. Poucos estudos descrevem a \"intimidade\" das sessões. Planejada para o cuidado individual, uma modalidade de intervenção psicossocial de apoio à adesão teve seu protocolo implementado em ensaio clínico com pacientes adultos, com carga viral detectável, em serviço especializado do SUS, em São Paulo- Brasil. Suas bases teórico-metodológicas: Quadro da Vulnerabilidade e Direitos Humanos na dimensão psicossocial do Cuidado, filiados a uma perspectiva construcionista de psicologia social na saúde. Focada na noção de sucesso prático, a intervenção objetivou contribuir para que as pessoas construíssem formas de conviver melhor com o tratamento que lhes fossem mais convenientes. Baseada na interação profissional-paciente buscou intensificar a dialogia mediante a exploração dos sentidos intersubjetivos que as \"tomadas\" das medicações adquirem em diferentes cenas/cenários. Para avaliar qualitativamente a implementação selecionaram-se 12 casos (4 de cada uma das profissionais que conduziram a intervenção) entre os 44 pacientes do grupo experimental. A análise contemplou dois eixos interdependentes: a) fidelidade da implementação ao protocolo; b) qualidade dialógica das conversações. Apresentamse os resultados em três artigos. A variação nas modalidades e enfoques comunicacionais implementados permitiu a classificação em quatro níveis crescentes de fidelidade ao protocolo: nível 1 (3 casos), nível 2 (6), nível 3 (1), nível 4 (2). A inflexão na direção da dialogia não ocorreu plenamente. Princípios relacionais como solidariedade, não repreensão, foram bem desenvolvidos. As conversas valorizaram experiências singulares de dificuldades com o tratamento e produziram coentendimentos sobre o que acontecia cotidianamente. Entretanto, a decodificação de sentidos na compreensão \"dos problemas\" e criação de \"soluções\" priorizou o nível individual cognitivo-comportamental. Por exemplo, ao invés de dialogar sobre atrasos/perdas de doses em situações sociais relacionadas ao estigma/discriminação, o sentido \"problemas de memória\" prevaleceu na decodificação das falhas no tratamento. Foi incipiente a incorporação de dimensões socioculturais e programáticas ao entendimento das situações e construção/imaginação de estratégias para lidar com \"impasses\" que implicavam prejuízos à adesão. Mesclados à comunicação de enfoque cognitivo-comportamental ocorreram momentos dialógicos que se mostraram mais promissores à construção pelos participantes de enunciados de satisfação, bem-estar, intenções e mudanças práticas benéficas à adesão. Situações psicossociais dos pacientes influíram sobre a comunicação. Quanto mais complexas, desafiam \"o como dialogar\" sobre aspectos graves, sinérgicos e multidimensionais que prejudicam a saúde. São necessárias, mas insuficientes, estratégias que aprimorem a qualidade comunicacional e o enfoque psicossocial das intervenções em adesão nos serviços. Devem complementálas: a coordenação do Cuidado em equipe e ações clínicas e sociais, imediatas e objetivas, para mitigar situações que implicam graves vulnerabilidades, prejudiciais tanto à adesão ao tratamento da aids como à saúde integral / Patient\'s adherence to treatment is essential to the effectiveness of AIDS programs. The Brazilian Program recommends monitoring adherence and incorporating activities to care that promote adherence, such as individual care focusing adherence. Systematic reviews point towards greater effectiveness of complex interventions, which include conversation sessions - educational, informative, motivational counseling - between the health professional and the patient. They criticize: incomplete explanation of the theoretical-methodological bases of interventions; excessive focus on the individual level, with low incorporation of the sociocultural context; insufficient information on the fidelity to protocols. Few studies describe the \"intimacy\" of the conversation sessions. Planned for the individual care, a modality of psychosocial intervention supporting adherence had its protocol implemented in a clinical trial with adult patients with detectable viral load in a specialized care service of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), in São Paulo. The following theoretical-methodological bases were adopted: the Framework of Vulnerability and Human Rights in the psychosocial dimension of Care, affiliated to a social psychology constructionist perspective in health. Focused on the notion of practical success, the intervention aimed at contributing so that people would build ways of coping better with the treatment which was the most convenient for them. Based on the health professional-patient interaction, it sought to intensify dialogic in exploring intersubjective meanings that the medication intake acquires in different scenes/scenarios. In order to qualitatively evaluate implementation, 12 cases (4 cases of each one of the health professionals who conducted the intervention) were selected among 44 cases of the experimental group. The analysis comprised two interdependent axes: a) implementation fidelity to protocol; and b) dialogic quality of conversations. The findings are presented in three papers. Variation in the implemented modalities and communicational approaches allowed the classification in four levels of increasing fidelity to protocol: level 1 (3 cases), level 2 (6 cases), level 3 (1 case), and level 4 (2 cases). Inflection towards dialogic has not completely occurred. Relational principles, such as solidarity and no reprimand, were well developed. The conversations valued singular experiences of difficulties with the treatment. Furthermore, they produced co-understandings on what happened in the daily routine. Nevertheless, the decoding of meanings in understanding \"problems\" and creating \"solutions\" prioritized the cognitive-behavioral individual level. For example, rather than dialoguing on delays/abolishing doses of medication intake in social situations concerning stigma/discrimination, it prevailed the sense of \"memory problems\" in decoding treatment failures. Programmatic and sociocultural dimensions were incipiently incorporated to the understanding of contexts and construction/imagination of strategies to cope with \"impasses\" which implied adherence losses. Mingled with the communication of cognitive-behavioral approach, there were more dialogic moments which showed to be more promising to the construction by the participants of utterances regarding satisfaction, well-being, intentions, and beneficial and practical changes to adherence. The psychosocial situations of patients influenced communication. The more complex, the more they challenge \"how to have a conversation\" about multidimensional, synergistic, serious issues which harm health. It is necessary, but insufficient, to have strategies which enhance the communication quality and psychosocial approach of adherence interventions in care. The coordination of Care as a team and social and clinical actions, both immediate and objective, should complement them in order to mitigate situations which imply serious vulnerabilities that impair AIDS treatment adherence as well as the overall health

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The aim of this dissertation thesis is to develop a complex diagnostic-therapeutic programme for adults who stutter. The thesis is divided into two parts: theoretical and empirical. The theoretical part consists of 4 chapters and is based on an analysis of foreign and Czech specialized literature, studies and electronic media. This part presents the theoretical basis of the dissertation and shows the topic of stuttering from a broader perspective. It describes how people who stutter (PWS) are affected by this disorder, its effect on speech, how PWS try to cope with it and how their perception, opinions and feelings change. The dissertation describes stuttering in children, adolescents and adults. It deals with the critical period of the onset of stuttering by specifying various risk factors. It also includes a description of other fluency disorders. A special attention is paid to the personality of the therapist and his/her impact on the therapy process. The dissertation also explains the application of ICF (International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health) model as a starting point for diagnosis and therapy of PWS as proposed by Yaruss and Quesal (2004). The empirical part is divided into two chapters. The first part consists of a case study which presents the experimental use of...

Nonvocal alert patients in the intensive care unit setting often struggle to communicate due to inaccessible or unavailable tools for augmentative and alternative communication. A novel communication tool, the Manually-Operated Communication System (MOCS), was developed for use in intensive care settings for patients unable to speak due to mechanical ventilation. It is a speech-generating device designed for patients whose limited manual dexterity precludes legible writing. In a single-arm device feasibility trial, 14 participants (11 with tracheostomies, 2 with endotracheal tubes, and 1 recently extubated) used MOCS. Participants, family members, and observing nurses were interviewed whenever possible. Interviews included a modified version of the System Usability Scale (SUS) as well as open-ended questions; a qualitative immersion/crystallization approach was used to evaluate these responses. Participants with a tracheostomy and their family members/care providers rated MOCS on the SUS questions as consistently “excellent” (average rating across all groups was 84 +/- 17; all subgroups also rated the device highly). Through a qualitative interview process, these stakeholders expressed support for the use of MOCS in the ICU. Based on these data, MOCS has the potential to improve communication for nonvocal patients with limited manual dexterity.

Previous research has shown gender differences in the motivations to be physically active, in mobile phone gratifications, and social media usage, but so far these areas have not been studied together. Based on the uses and gratification approach and self-determination theory, we aimed to identify gender-specific gratifications and determinants of fitness app usage in combination with fitness-related Facebook groups. Results of an online survey (N = 171) and of a mobile experience sampling method (N = 31) revealed that the app Runtastic was primarily used for achieving goals and to improve enjoyment for physical activity, with men and older participants sharing results with others in Facebook groups more often than women and younger participants. Conclusions regarding genderspecific targeting strategies and user-centered design and content of mHealth features are presented.

This thesis recounts my personal experience working as a volunteer medical interpreter for the Language and Culture Resource Center at East Tennessee State University. The result of my time spent volunteering as a medical interpreter, shadowing professional medical interpreters, and witnessing patient-provider interactions during interpreted sessions was an inspiration to study medical interpretation further and delve into the challenges faced by patients who require medical interpreters. During my time researching this topic, I found that the United States is severely lacking in Spanish medical interpreters—with some healthcare facilities employing no medical interpreters—even though the size of the Hispanic population is on the rise. I also found that the language and cultural barriers to the Hispanic population receiving quality healthcare are a significant reason why the Hispanic population reports a lower satisfaction with U.S. healthcare. Through years of observation and practice, I developed research questions to help guide one in discovering what areas the Hispanic population is least satisfied with in healthcare. To discern what those areas of the greatest dissatisfaction are exactly, this research study manifests in the creation of a survey designed to improve the quality of healthcare received by the Hispanic population of Northeast Tennessee by identifying some of the principal issues faced by the Hispanic population within the U.S. healthcare system. The goal of this thesis is to highlight these issues as areas of focus for healthcare providers when they care for patients specifically in interpreted appointments.

Objectives: The objectives of this research were to describe the interactions (formal and informal) in which macrocognitive functions occur and their location on a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU); describe challenges and facilitators of macrocognition using three constructs of space syntax (openness, connectivity, and visibility); and analyze the health care built environment (HCBE) using those constructs to explicate influences on macrocognition. Background: In high reliability, complex industries, macrocognition is an approach to develop new knowledge among interprofessional team members. Although macrocognitive functions have been analyzed in multiple health care settings, the effect of the HCBE on those functions has not been directly studied. The theoretical framework, “Macrocognition in the Health Care Built Environment” (m-HCBE) addresses this relationship. Methods: A focused ethnographic study was conducted, including observation and focus groups. Architectural drawing files used to create distance matrices and isovist field view analyses were compared to panoramic photographs and ethnographic data. Results: Neighborhoods comprised of corner configurations with maximized visibility enhanced team interactions as well as observation of patients, offering the greatest opportunity for informal situated macrocognitive interactions (SMIs). Conclusions: Results from this study support the intricate link between macrocognitive interactions and space syntax constructs within the HCBE. These findings help to advance the m-HCBE theory for improving physical space by designing new spaces or refining existing spaces, or for adapting IPT practices to maximize formal and informal SMI opportunities; this lays the groundwork for future research to improve safety and quality for patient and family care.

Breastfeeding has been established as providing the best and most complete nutrition for newborns, as this method promotes the infant’s health and supports infant growth (American Academy of Pediatrics [AAP], 2005). Mass media have been suggested as powerful and universal means of communication with the potential to impact social norms. Thus, this qualitative descriptive study explored, within the context of the Socioecological Framework, women’s decision making on whether to breastfeed or bottle-feed their infants and the effect of mass media on their decision. Data were collected in individual audiotaped interviews with participants recruited from the Massachusetts Breastfeeding Coalition and UMass Memorial Medical Center. Interview data were compared to text and visual representation from 12 Internet sites on parenting and infant feeding. Data analysis was conducted simultaneously with data collection and was continued until saturation was achieved. The comparison findings demonstrated that the emerging themes from the participant interviews reflected the information represented on the Internet sites. The main theme Media Matters Not suggested that mass media did not influence infant feeding decisions for this group of mothers. What did have an important impact on infant feeding decisions was the information and emotional support provided by partners, family, and HCPs (subtheme of Influences on Decisions). The participants offered suggestions of media messages they would like see in the future such as public service announcements of women breastfeeding their infants. In addition, the participants discussed media issues that had potential for influencing infant feeding decisions (Media Messages—Good and Bad), emphasized the need for public opinion to be altered so that breastfeeding in public would be viewed as more acceptable (Community/Public Opinions), and described suggestions for enhancing media messages about breastfeeding (Recommendations for Future Media Messages). The implications for nursing practice, public policy, and future research related to the topic were discussed.

Much research about advertisements for menstrual products reveals the ways in which such advertising perpetuates shame and reinforces unrealistic ideals of femininity and womanhood. This study aims to examine the content of Instagram posts by four different menstrual product brands in hopes of understanding how these functions may or may not be carried out by social media posts by these brands as well. Building on the body of research about menstrual shame and advertising, I specifically ask: How do the Instagram pages for four menstrual product brands dissuade individuality; how do they prescribe femininity; and how do these functions differ across brands? From a liberal feminist perspective, the examined media exhibits some signs of progress—such as better racial representation—but overall maintains the status quo as to who should be using which products, what womanhood means, and what menstruation entails. These findings indicate that within menstrual product advertising, harmful gender, ability, race, class, and wealth stereotypes continue. Further research of a broader scope is needed to investigate changes on a larger scale, such as within advertising on other platforms and by more brands.