Background: To address the huge human resources for health (HRH) crisis that Zambia and other low and middle income countries (LMICs) are experiencing, most LMICs have engaged the services of small scale community-based health worker (CBHW) programmes. However, several challenges affect the CBHWs’ ability to deliver services. Integration of national CBHW programmes into health systems is an emerging innovative strategy for addressing the challenges. Integration is important because it facilitates recognition of CBHWs in the national primary health care system. However, the integration process has not been optimal, and a more comprehensive understanding of the factors that shape the integration process is lacking. This study aimed at addressing this gap by analysing the integration process of national CBHW programmes in health systems in LMICs, with a special emphasis on Zambia. Methodology: This was a qualitative study that used case study and systematic review study designs. The case study focused on Zambia and analysed the integration processes of Community Health Assistants (CHAs) into the health system at district level (Papers I-III). Data collected using key informant interviews, participant observation, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions were analysed using thematic analysis. The systematic review analysed, using thematic and pathways analysis, the integration process of national CBHWs into health systems in LMICs (Brazil, Ethiopia, India and Pakistan)-(Paper IV). The framework on the integration of health innovations into health systems guided the overall analysis. Results: Factors that facilitated the integration of CHAs into the health system in Zambia included the HRH crisis which triggered the willingness by the Ministry of Health to develop and support implementation of the integration strategy-the CHA strategy. In addition, the attributes of the CHA strategy, such as the perceived competence of CHAs compared to other CBHWs, enhanced the community’s confidence in the CHA services. Involvement of the community in selecting CHAs also increased the community’s sense of programme ownership. However, health system characteristics such as limited support by some support staff, supply shortages as well as limited integration of CHAs into the district governance system affected CHAs’ ability to deliver services. In other LMICs, as in Zambia, the HRH problems necessitated the development of integration strategies. In addition, the perceived relative advantage of national CBHWs with regard to delivering health services compared to the other CBHWs also facilitated the integration process. Furthermore, the involvement of community members and some politicians in programme processes enhanced the perceived legitimacy, credibility and relevance of programmes in other LMICs. Finally, the integration process within the existing health systems enhanced programme compatibility with health system elements such as financing. However, a rapid scale-up process, resistance from other health workers, ineffective incentive structures, and discrimination of CBHWs based on social, gender and economic status inhibited the integration process of national CBHWs into the health systems. Conclusion: Strengthening the integration process requires fully integrating the programme into the district health governance system; being aware of the factors that can influence the integration process such as incentives, supplies and communication systems; clear definition of tasks and work relationships; and adopting a stepwise approach to integration process.

Orientador: Emerson Elias Merhy / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T10:36:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Meneses_ConsueloSampaio_D.pdf: 90410483 bytes, checksum: acf7f99ff60d84ab644755e7f88c1a07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: O mercado privado no de saúde no Brasil, também conhecido como mercado de saúde suplementar, vem apresentando uma expansão significativa nos últimos 30 anos. A importância e a complexidade que adquiriu passaram a exigir uma ação reguladora do Estado, através da Agência Nacional de Saúde (ANS), criada em janeiro de 2000. Considerando-se que o período inicial da regulamentação governamental caracterizou-se por um enfoque eminentemente econômico-financeiro, o objetivo geral desse estudo é estabelecer uma reflexão acerca do significado e do alcance da instituição de marcos regulatórios voltados para a qualificação dos processos assistenciais e para a produção social de saúde no mercado de saúde suplementar brasileiro, por parte do Estado, buscando-se ainda compreender o quanto os mesmos estão afinados com a formulação da política estatal para o setor. Para isto, faz-se necessário analisar os modelos assistenciais vigentes nesse mercado, considerando-se as influências externas que vem recebendo, previamente à existência da ANS, sintonizadas com as novas necessidades de acumulação do capital, sobretudo sob a sua modalidade financeira, no contexto da chamada reestruturação produtiva, que vem moldando paulatinamente as tecnologias organizacionais e a conformação dos processos assistenciais, em diferentes ritmos e graus, através do discurso unicista formador veiculado pela Atenção Gerenciada (Managed Care), que propõe, de forma explícita ou sub-reptícia, uma nova forma de gestão do cuidado. O referencial teórico-metodológico utilizado neste estudo é a micro-política do trabalho vivo, que considera que a concepção de modelo assistencial repousa ao mesmo tempo sobre uma base técnica e uma base política, em que as opções tecnológicas utilizadas não se referem apenas à produção de equipamentos (aqui considerados como tecnologias "duras"), mas estão profundamente ligadas ao conjunto de saberes que os embasam (denominadas tecnologias "leves-duras") e, principalmente, à dinâmica relacional que se estabelece entre os diferentes atores envolvidos na produção de atos de saúde (e que se traduz em processos de vínculo, escuta, acolhimento e responsabilização), daí serem denominadas tecnologias "leves" ou tecnologias "de relações". Estas conformam os processos cuidadores, que são os efetivamente responsáveis pela qualidade e pela integralidade do cuidado produzido. As atuais conformações assistenciais vigentes no mercado privado de saúde, em suas formas polares, estão vinculadas as duas formas históricas de produção do capital neoliberal no setor. A primeira refere-se à organização assistencial impetrada pelo modelo médico-hegemônico, ligado aos interesses do complexo médico-industrial, e que tem como principal característica a prioridade dada à produção de procedimentos, para o que é necessário o enfoque na autonomia do profissional médico e no seu conhecimento específico, em detrimento do investimento nos processos cuidadores, e cujas principais conseqüências são a fragmentação do cuidado produzido, bem como a geração de altos custos para o sistema. Paralelamente, assiste-se à introdução paulatina e silenciosa da nova proposta veiculada pela Atenção Gerenciada (AG), que almeja uma combinação ótima entre o gerenciamento dos custos e a qualidade da atenção produzida, sintetizadas no conceito conhecido como gerenciamento do cuidado. Isto implica primeiramente no deslocamento da micro-decisão clínica para a esfera administrativa (o que corresponde a uma redução da autonomia médica) e, adicionalmente, no privilegiamento de processos mais cuidadores e centralizados nas necessidades do usuário (através da valorização de equipes multi-disciplinares, das estratégias de des-hospitalização, das práticas de prevenção e promoção à saúde e do gerenciamento dos riscos), o que pode ser analisado, entretanto, sob uma perspectiva provavelmente mais voltada para a redução da sinistralidade e dos custos do que propriamente para a produção social de saúde. Diante da necessidade de aprofundamento requerida pelo tema, e também, considerando-se a tendência a um certo grau de uniformidade que o discurso formador inspirado na AG possa estar condicionando no comportamento organizacional e assistencial das operadoras do mercado, em maior ou menor grau, optou-se pela realização de um estudo qualitativo, tendo como estratégia metodológica o estado de caso. Procurou-se tomar como referência uma operadora que reunisse a maior parte das características apontadas e que pudesse ser considerada analisadora do problema que se pretende estudar. Nesse contexto, elegeu-se também o trabalho médico como analisador desses processos. O trabalho de campo consistiu na realização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas e abertas com dirigentes da alta direção e da gerência intermediária da operadora selecionada, bem como com prestadores a ela relacionados. A análise dos resultados baseou-se essencialmente na categoria analítica processo de trabalho, visto sob o prisma da micropolítica do trabalho vivo. É nesse cenário, em grande parte já estruturado pelas influências citadas, o que foi amplamente observado no caso estudado, que a ação governamental procurará intervir. A hipótese deste estudo é que a formatação já estabelecida desse campo limita a sua receptividade e permeabilidade à ação reguladora do Estado, daí se interrogar e estabelecer como pautas para debate a viabilidade da instituição de marcos regulatórios estatais para o mercado de saúde suplementar sob essas condições, que ferramentas deve o Estado dispor para adentrar nesse campo, qual a natureza real do marco regulatório a ser instituído e que conseqüências o mesmo pode trazer para a conformação do mercado de saúde suplementar como um todo, no sentido de se atingir os objetivos propostos, sem perder de vista a preservação dos elementos que alimentam os processos cuidadores, cuja existência é de fundamental importância para a qualidade do cuidado produzido em todo o campo da saúde. / Abstract: The market of private health plans and insurances, also known as supplementary health, has been achieving significant growth in the last 30 years. The importance and the complexity that it has acquired started to demand a state regulatory action, through the National Agency of Health (Agência Nacional de Saúde - ANS), created in January 2000. Taking into consideration that the initial period of the governmental regulation was characterized by an eminently economic-financial focus, the general objective of this study is to establish a reflection concerning the meaning and the reach of the institution of regulatory marks for the qualification of the assisted-oriented processes and for the social production of health in the Brazilian supplementary health market by the state, trying to understand how much they are tuned with the formulation of the state politics for the sector. For this, there is a strong urge to analyze the operative assistance-oriented models, considering the external influences they have been under, previously to the existence of ANS, tuned in with the new needs of accumulation of capital, especially under its financial modality, in the context of the called productive reconstruction, which has gradually been shaping the organizational technologies and the configuration of the assistance-oriented processes, in different rhythms and degrees, through the urdfying instructive speech transmitted by the Managed Care, which proposes a new form of care management, in an explicit or surreptitious way. The theoretical-methodological referential used in this study is the micro-politics of living work, which considers that the conception of the assistance-oriented model lies at the same time on a technical base and a political base, in which the technological options used do not refer only to the production of equipment (in this matter considered as "hard" technology), but they are deeply linked to the knowledge on which they are based (in this matter called "light-hard" technology) and, mainly, to the relationship dynamics that goes on among the different participants involved in health care (and that can be interpreted as processes of relationship, hearing, sheltering and responsibility), which is the reason why they are called "light" technology or technology "of relationships". These kinds of technology comprise the caretaker processes that are, indeed, responsible for the quality and for the integrity of the produced care. The current assistance configurations in operation in the private health market, in their opposite forms, are linked the two historical ways of production of the neoliberal capital in the sector. The first one refers to the assistance organization petitioned by the hegemonic-doctor model, connected to the interests of the industrial-doctor compound and its main characteristic is the priority given to the production of procedures, for which it is necessary to focus on the doctor's autonomy and his specific knowledge, to the detriment of the investment in the caretaker processes, whose main consequences are the fragmentation of the produced care, as well as the generation of high costs for the system. At the same time, one can see the slow and silent introduction of the new proposal transmitted by the Managed Care, that longs for a perfect combination between the costs management and the quality of the produced attention, synthesized in the concept known as care management. This implies firstly in the change from the clinical micro-decision to the administrative sphere (what corresponds to a reduction of the doctor's autonomy) and, additionally, the privilege of more caring and centered processes in the user's needs (through the valorization of multidisciplinary teams, de-hospitalization strategies, prevention practices and health promotion and the risks management), which can be analyzed, however, under a perspective that is more directed towards the reduction of damages and the costs than to the social production of health itself. Due to the need to go deeper into this theme, and also, taking into account the tendency to a certain uniformity degree of that the instructive speech inspired in AG can be conditioning in the organizational behavior of the market operators, to a greater or smaller extent, it was opted for the carrying out a quality study, having as methodological strategy the case study. One tried to take as a reference an operator that gathered most of the pinpointed characteristics and that could be considered as analyzer of the problem that was intended to be studied. In this context, the medical work was also chosen as analyzer of those processes. The fieldwork consisted of semi-structured and open interviews and open with leaders of high staff and of the intermediate management of the selected operator, as well as with third parties related to this operator. The analysis of the results was based essentially on the analytical category work process, seen under the prism of the micro politic of the living work. It is in this scenery, mostly structured by the influences mentioned, which were thoroughly observed in the studied case, that the government action will try to intervene. The hypothesis of this study is that the already established formatting of this field limits its receptivity and permeability for the State regulatory action. Therefore the need question and establish as agenda for debate the viability of the institution of regulatory state marks for the market of supplementary health under those conditions, which tools should the State make available to penetrate in that field, what is the real nature of the regulatory mark to be instituted, and what consequences it can bring for the compound of the supplementary healthy market as a whole, in order to reach the proposed objectives, without ignoring the preservation of the elements that feed caretaker processes, whose existence is of fundamental importance for the quality of the care produced in health field. / Doutorado / Doutor em Saude Coletiva