Text in English / South Africa is currently in the process health care reform as the Government has undertaken the task of providing universal health care to all South Africans through the implementation of the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHI). This study took an in-depth look at the history and progression of the post-1994 South African health care policy, and applied the Power Resources Theory to the political economy of the current health care reform process in South Africa. Through a comparative study of the pivotal elements in the phases of health reform in Canada and Sweden this study drew lessons for the design and implementation of universal public health care provision in South Africa. This study found that a strong culture of care, strong political will, active civil society participation and a focus on equality as opposed to poverty in the creation of policy is essential to a successful implementation of universal health care. / Sociology / M.A. (Sociology)

Na atualidade, a deficiência é conceituada com base em seu caráter dinâmico e biossocial. O processo funcionalidade/incapacidade decorre da interação entre a pessoa com deficiência e os fatores contextuais presentes no ambiente físico e societal, sendo eles determinantes para a participação social. Universalidade, integralidade e equidade formam o tripé do ideário da Reforma Sanitária brasileira, trazendo para o centro das práticas de saúde as demandas e as necessidades de saúde da população. Vários estudos no campo da Saúde Coletiva problematizam as práticas e os modelos de atenção em saúde no Sistema Único de Saúde brasileiro, postulando que o trabalho em saúde tem como finalidade das práticas assistenciais a prestação de serviços com fins de satisfazer demandas e necessidades de saúde daqueles que buscam esses serviços. Entretanto, poucos deles recortaram a temática das práticas de reabilitação na perspectiva da integralidade do cuidado, da funcionalidade humana e da participação social da população de pessoas com deficiência física adquirida. Por meio do método de pesquisa qualitativa se objetivou analisar - a partir do percurso de busca de cuidados - como as necessidades de saúde de pessoas com deficiência física são contempladas nas práticas de saúde e reabilitação, desde a perspectiva da integralidade do cuidado e da funcionalidade humana. O ciclo de pesquisa envolveu uma fase exploratória, com pesquisa documental, e uma fase de campo, na qual foram feitas doze entrevistas abertas com pessoas com deficiência física adquirida na idade adulta, incluindo seus cuidadores, acerca dos percursos de busca de cuidados na rede loco-regional do Sistema Único de Saúde, no município de Santos, estado de São Paulo. Empregou-se a análise temática das entrevistas com apoio do software NVivo11®, enriquecidas com os dados da pesquisa documental, adotando-se a abordagem interpretativa-compreensiva de perspectiva crítico-hermenêutica na discussão, com base no aporte teórico do estudo e em autores que discutem o tema investigado. Os participantes do estudo foram onze homens e uma mulher, com idades variando entre 21 e 79 anos, indicados pelos serviços de atenção básica (n= 8) e atenção domiciliar (n= 4). Segundo informações declaradas pelos participantes, as deficiências decorreram de afecções neurológicas (n= 10) e ortopédicas (n= 2), determinando quadros motores de paralisias e amputações, respectivamente. O tempo transcorrido desde o adoecimento foi de 17 anos para o caso mais antigo; o mais recente ocorrera há menos de trinta dias até o momento da entrevista. Sete deles necessitavam de moderada a completa assistência de terceiros nas atividades de vida diárias e três deles tiveram complicações secundárias, de ordem biológica e/ou psicossocial, após a condição de deficiência física. A análise dos dados produzidos resultou em dois temas centrais. O primeiro identificou aspectos da complexidade das necessidades de saúde inter-relacionados com o conjunto das circunstâncias que compõem a vida doméstica e comunitária dos participantes e elementos sobre as nuances dos encontros terapêuticos entre profissionais de saúde e usuários, que ora se aproximaram ora se afastaram da perspectiva de integralidade do cuidado. Tais necessidades, quando não atendidas, provocaram situações de vulnerabilidades clínicas, sociais e experiências de incapacidade e exclusão social, desvelando, ainda, vulnerabilidades programáticas dos serviços e programas. Com isso se assevera o valor do conceito ampliado de saúde e de funcionalidade, pautado nos saberes interdisciplinares, centrado no usuário e no trabalho interprofissional em direção à integralidade do cuidado nas práticas de reabilitação. O segundo tema revelou aspectos da organização da rede de serviços que antagonizam e tensionam os princípios finalísticos do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS): fragmentação da assistência, fragilidades no acolhimento às demandas e necessidades dos participantes; carência de ferramentas de compartilhamento de informações entre serviços e profissionais intra e interserviços; exiguidade na abordagem dos fatores contextuais; insuficiência nas ações voltadas à orientação e informação que minimizem a dependência de assistência de terceiros no manejo das atividades de vida diária e eliminação de barreiras contextuais. Conclui-se que a reabilitação é um processo multidimensional dinâmico e complexo, que depende de saberes interdisciplinares para melhor direcionar o trabalho em equipe interprofissional tomando as demandas e necessidades de saúde, funcionalidade e participação social individuais e comuns das pessoas com deficiência como seu horizonte normativo para produção das boas práticas de reabilitação. Acredita-se que seja ao tomar o caminho da ética do cuidado e da valorização dos direitos humanos como princípios orientadores das práticas profissionais se fará possível - a profissionais, serviços e usuários - tecer a rede de atenção à saúde, com os fios e linhas da integralidade do cuidado investindo-se em todas as possibilidades e nuances dos projetos de felicidade dos sujeitos / Currently, disability is conceptualized based on its dynamic and biosocial character. The functioning/disability process stems from the interaction between the disabled person and the contextual factors present in the physical and societal environment, which are fundamental to social participation. Universality, integrality and equity form the tripod of the ideology of the Brazilian Sanitary Reform, bringing the population\'s demands and health needs to the center of health practices. Several studies in the field of Public Health problematize practices and models of health care in the Brazilian National Unified Health System (SUS), postulating that health working aims to provide health care services to meet the demands and health needs of those who seek for such services. However, few of them highlighted the theme of rehabilitation practices based on the perspective of comprehensive care, human functioning and social participation of the population with acquired physical disability. By means of the qualitative research method - as from the quest for health care pathways, this study aimed to analyze how health care needs of people with physical disability are approached by health and rehabilitation practices, according to the perspective of comprehensive care and human functioning. The research cycle involved an exploratory phase, with documentary research, and a field phase, in which twelve interviews were conducted with people with physical disability acquired in adulthood, including their caregivers, about the health care pathways in the locoregional network of the Brazilian National Unified Health System, in the city of Santos, state of São Paulo. We have used interviews thematic analysis with the support of Nvivo11® software, enriched with data from the documentary research, and adopted an interpretative-comprehensive approach and a critical-hermeneutic perspective discussion data, also based on the study theoretical framework and authors who discuss the subject. Eleven men and one woman, ranging from 21 to 79 years old, participated in the study, and were referred by primary care (n = 8) and home care services (n = 4). According to reported information by the participants, the disabilities were due to neurological (n = 10) and orthopedic (n = 2) illness, that implicated on motor impairments such as paralysis and amputations, respectively. The elapsed time since illness was 17 years for the oldest case and the most recent one occurred less than thirty days before the interview. Seven of them demanded moderate to total assistance in activities of daily living and three of them sustained secondary conditions due to biological and/or psychosocial complications due physical disability. The analysis of produced data resulted in two central themes. The first one identified aspects of the complexity of health needs interrelated with the set of circumstances which constitutes the participants\' domestic and community life and elements about the nuances of the therapeutic meetings between health professionals and clients, meetings that sometimes get closer, sometimes move away from the perspective of comprehensive care. When health needs were not met, they created situations of clinical and social vulnerability and experiences that potentializes disability and social exclusion, revealing programmatic vulnerabilities related to services and programs organizations. This situation highlights the value of the comprehensive health and functioning concepts based on interdisciplinary knowledge, inter professional team working and client centered towards an effective comprehensive approach in rehabilitation practices. The second theme revealed aspects of the service network organization which antagonize and tension the finalist principles of the Brazilian National Unified Health System: fragmentation of care, fragility attendance on health demands and needs; lack of tools to share information between intra and inter health professionals and services; lack to approach contextual factors barriers; insufficiency actions to promote independence and autonomy on activities of daily living. In conclusion, we highlighted that rehabilitation is multidimensional dynamic and complex and process, which must rely on interdisciplinary knowledge to best guide inter professional team working focusing on individual and common health needs, functioning and social participation of people with disability as a normative horizon to produce rehabilitation best practices. We have confidence that if we take the path of an ethical of care and value human rights as principles to guide professional practices, it will become possible for professionals, services and clients to weave the health care network with threads and lines of comprehensive care, and investing in all the possibilities and nuances of the subjects\' happiness projects

The purpose of this study was to develop a framework for provision of essential medicines for the district health services. A qualitative descriptive, exploratory and contextual action research design was followed. The data collection was conducted through site visits and semi structured interviews targeting the responsible pharmacists who were purposively selected on the basis of their expert knowledge and experiences from the eight of the nine provinces of the Republic of South Africa which is a developing country with limited resources for provision of healthcare services. The study found that there was no standardised framework for provision of essential medicines for the District Health Services. Based on the site visits and action research findings a proposed framework covering the selection, procurement, warehousing, distribution and management support components for provision of essential medicines for district health services was developed and subjected to national pharmaceutical experts and district health services managers review and critique which is finally presented, after taking into consideration the experts inputs as a proposed framework emanating from the study. The proposed framework will contribute towards improving the provisioning and availability of essential medicines within the district health services. / Health Studies / D.Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

Text in English / South Africa is currently in the process health care reform as the Government has undertaken the task of providing universal health care to all South Africans through the implementation of the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHI). This study took an in-depth look at the history and progression of the post-1994 South African health care policy, and applied the Power Resources Theory to the political economy of the current health care reform process in South Africa. Through a comparative study of the pivotal elements in the phases of health reform in Canada and Sweden this study drew lessons for the design and implementation of universal public health care provision in South Africa. This study found that a strong culture of care, strong political will, active civil society participation and a focus on equality as opposed to poverty in the creation of policy is essential to a successful implementation of universal health care. / Sociology / M.A. (Sociology)

Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-04T12:36:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009 / O acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) é uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade, tanto em países desenvolvidos quanto nos menos desenvolvidos. No Brasil essa patologia tem sido responsável por mais óbitos que a doença coronária. Alguns aspectos do cuidado com o AVC são comuns para todos os tipos patológicos, mas existem diferenças fundamentais no tratamento de pacientes com AVC isquêmico e AVC hemorrágico. Assim, o cuidado com o paciente com sintomas de AVC depende muito de um diagnóstico rápido e acurado do processo patológico em andamento. Nesse contexto, o exame de imagem do cérebro por tomografia computadorizada pode proporcionar um diagnóstico acurado da natureza e da extensão do problema, e identificar se ele é isquêmico ou hemorrágico. Todavia, tomógrafos computadorizados (TC) são equipamentos de custo relativamente alto, o que se torna um problema diantedo quadro comum de escassez de recursos econômicos para os sistemas de saúde. Isso reflete a necessidade de se ofertar essa tecnologia para a população, da forma mais racional e equitativa possível. Nesse cenário, por intermédio do levantamento de informações em bancos de dados públicos, sobre internação, mortalidade, população, índice de desenvolvimento humano e oferta de TC; e da utilização de sistemas de informação geográfica para o mapeamento desses parâmetros no território nacional; procurou-se caracterizar a oferta de TC no Brasil e a sua adequação às necessidades de saúde dos pacientes com AVC. Os resultados encontrados no universo pesquisado mostram uma distribuição geográfica de TC pouco equitativa, e uma concentração da oferta dessa tecnologia nos municípios mais populosos e de melhor situação socioeconômica. A metodologia adotada permitiu, ainda, observar uma associação da condição socioeconômica e do local de residência com a internação em municípios com serviços de saúde mais bem equipados para o cuidado com o AVC, o que caracteriza uma situação de desigualdade geográfica e social no acesso aos serviços de saúde para o atendimento ao AVC. / Stroke is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality not only in developed countries but also in developing ones. In Brazil, this pathology has been responsible for more deaths than heart disease. Some aspects of the treatment of stroke are common to all the pathologic types but there are fundamental differences in the care of patients with ischemic stroke and of those with hemorrhagic stroke. Thus, treatment of patients with stroke symptoms is highly dependent on a fast and accurate diagnostic of the pathologic process in progress. In this context, the image exam of the brain through computerized tomography can offer a correct diagnostic of the nature and extension of the problem, as well as identify if it is ischemic or hemorrhagic. However, computerized tomography scanners are relatively expensive equipments, what makes it a problem in the face of the common lack of economic resources to health systems. This reflects the necessity of offering this technology to population, in the most rational and equitable way as possible. In this scenery, through the information picked in public data bases about hospital admission, mortality, population, human developing index and supply of computerized tomography; and also the use of geographic information systems to the mapping of these parameters in national territory; it has been characterized the supply of computerized tomography in Brazil and its association to the health needs of the patients with stroke. The results show inequity in geographic distribution of computerized tomography scanners as well as a concentration of this technology in the most populous cities and those with a better economic situation. The methodology that has been adopted also allowed us to observe the association of the social-economic condition and place of residence, with hospital admissions in cities with better equipped health services for treating stroke, characterizing a situation of social and geographic inequality in the access to stroke adequate diagnosis and treatment.

Na atualidade, a deficiência é conceituada com base em seu caráter dinâmico e biossocial. O processo funcionalidade/incapacidade decorre da interação entre a pessoa com deficiência e os fatores contextuais presentes no ambiente físico e societal, sendo eles determinantes para a participação social. Universalidade, integralidade e equidade formam o tripé do ideário da Reforma Sanitária brasileira, trazendo para o centro das práticas de saúde as demandas e as necessidades de saúde da população. Vários estudos no campo da Saúde Coletiva problematizam as práticas e os modelos de atenção em saúde no Sistema Único de Saúde brasileiro, postulando que o trabalho em saúde tem como finalidade das práticas assistenciais a prestação de serviços com fins de satisfazer demandas e necessidades de saúde daqueles que buscam esses serviços. Entretanto, poucos deles recortaram a temática das práticas de reabilitação na perspectiva da integralidade do cuidado, da funcionalidade humana e da participação social da população de pessoas com deficiência física adquirida. Por meio do método de pesquisa qualitativa se objetivou analisar - a partir do percurso de busca de cuidados - como as necessidades de saúde de pessoas com deficiência física são contempladas nas práticas de saúde e reabilitação, desde a perspectiva da integralidade do cuidado e da funcionalidade humana. O ciclo de pesquisa envolveu uma fase exploratória, com pesquisa documental, e uma fase de campo, na qual foram feitas doze entrevistas abertas com pessoas com deficiência física adquirida na idade adulta, incluindo seus cuidadores, acerca dos percursos de busca de cuidados na rede loco-regional do Sistema Único de Saúde, no município de Santos, estado de São Paulo. Empregou-se a análise temática das entrevistas com apoio do software NVivo11®, enriquecidas com os dados da pesquisa documental, adotando-se a abordagem interpretativa-compreensiva de perspectiva crítico-hermenêutica na discussão, com base no aporte teórico do estudo e em autores que discutem o tema investigado. Os participantes do estudo foram onze homens e uma mulher, com idades variando entre 21 e 79 anos, indicados pelos serviços de atenção básica (n= 8) e atenção domiciliar (n= 4). Segundo informações declaradas pelos participantes, as deficiências decorreram de afecções neurológicas (n= 10) e ortopédicas (n= 2), determinando quadros motores de paralisias e amputações, respectivamente. O tempo transcorrido desde o adoecimento foi de 17 anos para o caso mais antigo; o mais recente ocorrera há menos de trinta dias até o momento da entrevista. Sete deles necessitavam de moderada a completa assistência de terceiros nas atividades de vida diárias e três deles tiveram complicações secundárias, de ordem biológica e/ou psicossocial, após a condição de deficiência física. A análise dos dados produzidos resultou em dois temas centrais. O primeiro identificou aspectos da complexidade das necessidades de saúde inter-relacionados com o conjunto das circunstâncias que compõem a vida doméstica e comunitária dos participantes e elementos sobre as nuances dos encontros terapêuticos entre profissionais de saúde e usuários, que ora se aproximaram ora se afastaram da perspectiva de integralidade do cuidado. Tais necessidades, quando não atendidas, provocaram situações de vulnerabilidades clínicas, sociais e experiências de incapacidade e exclusão social, desvelando, ainda, vulnerabilidades programáticas dos serviços e programas. Com isso se assevera o valor do conceito ampliado de saúde e de funcionalidade, pautado nos saberes interdisciplinares, centrado no usuário e no trabalho interprofissional em direção à integralidade do cuidado nas práticas de reabilitação. O segundo tema revelou aspectos da organização da rede de serviços que antagonizam e tensionam os princípios finalísticos do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS): fragmentação da assistência, fragilidades no acolhimento às demandas e necessidades dos participantes; carência de ferramentas de compartilhamento de informações entre serviços e profissionais intra e interserviços; exiguidade na abordagem dos fatores contextuais; insuficiência nas ações voltadas à orientação e informação que minimizem a dependência de assistência de terceiros no manejo das atividades de vida diária e eliminação de barreiras contextuais. Conclui-se que a reabilitação é um processo multidimensional dinâmico e complexo, que depende de saberes interdisciplinares para melhor direcionar o trabalho em equipe interprofissional tomando as demandas e necessidades de saúde, funcionalidade e participação social individuais e comuns das pessoas com deficiência como seu horizonte normativo para produção das boas práticas de reabilitação. Acredita-se que seja ao tomar o caminho da ética do cuidado e da valorização dos direitos humanos como princípios orientadores das práticas profissionais se fará possível - a profissionais, serviços e usuários - tecer a rede de atenção à saúde, com os fios e linhas da integralidade do cuidado investindo-se em todas as possibilidades e nuances dos projetos de felicidade dos sujeitos / Currently, disability is conceptualized based on its dynamic and biosocial character. The functioning/disability process stems from the interaction between the disabled person and the contextual factors present in the physical and societal environment, which are fundamental to social participation. Universality, integrality and equity form the tripod of the ideology of the Brazilian Sanitary Reform, bringing the population\'s demands and health needs to the center of health practices. Several studies in the field of Public Health problematize practices and models of health care in the Brazilian National Unified Health System (SUS), postulating that health working aims to provide health care services to meet the demands and health needs of those who seek for such services. However, few of them highlighted the theme of rehabilitation practices based on the perspective of comprehensive care, human functioning and social participation of the population with acquired physical disability. By means of the qualitative research method - as from the quest for health care pathways, this study aimed to analyze how health care needs of people with physical disability are approached by health and rehabilitation practices, according to the perspective of comprehensive care and human functioning. The research cycle involved an exploratory phase, with documentary research, and a field phase, in which twelve interviews were conducted with people with physical disability acquired in adulthood, including their caregivers, about the health care pathways in the locoregional network of the Brazilian National Unified Health System, in the city of Santos, state of São Paulo. We have used interviews thematic analysis with the support of Nvivo11® software, enriched with data from the documentary research, and adopted an interpretative-comprehensive approach and a critical-hermeneutic perspective discussion data, also based on the study theoretical framework and authors who discuss the subject. Eleven men and one woman, ranging from 21 to 79 years old, participated in the study, and were referred by primary care (n = 8) and home care services (n = 4). According to reported information by the participants, the disabilities were due to neurological (n = 10) and orthopedic (n = 2) illness, that implicated on motor impairments such as paralysis and amputations, respectively. The elapsed time since illness was 17 years for the oldest case and the most recent one occurred less than thirty days before the interview. Seven of them demanded moderate to total assistance in activities of daily living and three of them sustained secondary conditions due to biological and/or psychosocial complications due physical disability. The analysis of produced data resulted in two central themes. The first one identified aspects of the complexity of health needs interrelated with the set of circumstances which constitutes the participants\' domestic and community life and elements about the nuances of the therapeutic meetings between health professionals and clients, meetings that sometimes get closer, sometimes move away from the perspective of comprehensive care. When health needs were not met, they created situations of clinical and social vulnerability and experiences that potentializes disability and social exclusion, revealing programmatic vulnerabilities related to services and programs organizations. This situation highlights the value of the comprehensive health and functioning concepts based on interdisciplinary knowledge, inter professional team working and client centered towards an effective comprehensive approach in rehabilitation practices. The second theme revealed aspects of the service network organization which antagonize and tension the finalist principles of the Brazilian National Unified Health System: fragmentation of care, fragility attendance on health demands and needs; lack of tools to share information between intra and inter health professionals and services; lack to approach contextual factors barriers; insufficiency actions to promote independence and autonomy on activities of daily living. In conclusion, we highlighted that rehabilitation is multidimensional dynamic and complex and process, which must rely on interdisciplinary knowledge to best guide inter professional team working focusing on individual and common health needs, functioning and social participation of people with disability as a normative horizon to produce rehabilitation best practices. We have confidence that if we take the path of an ethical of care and value human rights as principles to guide professional practices, it will become possible for professionals, services and clients to weave the health care network with threads and lines of comprehensive care, and investing in all the possibilities and nuances of the subjects\' happiness projects

Abstracts in English and Zulu / Immunisation is a cost-effective public health intervention that contributes to the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). About 40% of children under the age of five years die from vaccine-preventable diseases in Nigeria. Routine immunisation has been quite low in Nigeria, where national coverage is estimated to be 33%, according to a 2016–2017 survey. This empirical research was aimed at determining the key socio-economic and gender determinants of immunisation in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), identifying gaps and proffering solutions. Mixed methods of data collection and analysis were used. Data were gathered from several secondary sources and from 11 key informants using semi-structured interviews and 501 household and 26 health-facility surveys using questionnaires mounted on Open Data Kit. Lot quality assurance sampling and probability to population size methodology were used to size the samples and identify survey locations. Odds ratio analysis and logistic regression analysis were conducted to gauge the statistical association between the determinants and the coverage of immunisation. The main finding that was reached on the basis of the documents reviewed and the feedback received from the key informants was that they were gender blind at worst and gender neural at best. Most of the current strategies give little attention to socio-economic and gender barriers. Over 40 immunisation variables were identified. The analysis, particularly using the 2x2 odds ratio, yielded mixed results. The majority of the variables exhibited a close statistical association as far as immunisation indices were concerned. These variables included urban residency, married couples, literacy, birth at a health facility, antenatal care experience, vaccination card possession, immunisation knowledge, child health information, non-farming earnings, socio-economic status and tolerance of spouse beating. On the other hand, variables that were found to have no statistical significance included sex, marital status, marriage type, age, religion, tetanus toxoid (TT) vaccination and adequacy of income. Immunisation and gender are intertwined, particularly because of mothers’ biological and social attachment to their children. At the same time, conducting vaccination avails the opportunity to access almost all households. Moreover, it is important to recognise that socio-economic and gender determinants are not totally in control of one ministry. Single agenda interventions will not produce the desired result. A paradigm shift and the concerted effort of various sectors and partners are required. Therefore, the Nigerian government should galvanise the relevant stakeholders to bring gender and socio-economic variables into the mainstream throughout the immunisation ecosystem and to implement integrated development initiatives by prioritising vulnerable communities. / Ugonyo yindlela engcono yokungenela kwezempilo yabantu engathela esivivaneni ekufinyeleleni izinhloso zentuthuko eqhubekela phambili ezaziwa ngelokuthi yi- Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Cishe izingane ezifinyelela ku 40% ezingaphansi kweminyaka emihlanu zibulawa yizifo ezivimbelekayo ngomgcabo emitholampilo eNigeria. Ukugonya njalo kusezingeni eliphansi eNigeria, laphokhona ukwengamela kuzwelonke kulinganiselwa ku 33%, ngokuya kocwaningo olwenziwe phakathi kuka 2016-2017. Ucwaningo lokuthola ubufakazi lwalunenhloso yokubona imithelela yezesimo sabantu nomnotho (socio-economic) kanye nobulili ngokugonya kwi-Federal Capital Territory (FCT) ukubona amagebe kanye nokutholakala kwezixazululo. Amamethodi axubene okuqokelela ulwazi kanye nohlaziyo kwasetshenziswa. Ulwazi lwaqokelelwa ngokufunda imithombo yemibhalo (secondary sources) kanye nakubantu ababalulekile abanolwazi (key informants) abangu 11 ngokusebenzisa ama-semi-structured interview kanye nemizi engu 501 kanye namasurvey amafasilithi ezempilo angu 26 ngokusebenzisa uhla lwemibuzo yamaquestionnaire ebifakelwe kwi-Open Data Kit. Kwasetshenziswa nemethodi ye-Lot quality assurance sampling ne-probability, ngemethodoloji yobuningi babantu, ukwenza usayizi wamasampuli kanye nokubona izindawo okumele kwenziwe kuzo ama-survey. Kwenziwa nohlaziyo lwe-Odds ratio analysis kanye ne-logisic regression analysis ukubona ukuhambelana kwamastatistiki phakathi kwezinto eziwumthelela kanye nokunaba kongamelo lokwenziwa kogonyo. Okukhulu okutholakele ngokulandela amadokhumende okufundwe kuwo, kanye nezimpendulo ezivela kulabo abanolwazi ababalulekile (key informants) kube wukuthi bekungaboneleli ubulili (gender blind) kanti futhi bekungachemile ngokulandela ubulili (gender neutral) ngezinga elibi nangokungcono kakhulu. Amasu amaningi amanje awanakekeli kakhulu izihibe ezimayelana nabantu nezomnotho kanye nezobulili. Kwaphawulwa cishe izinto ezehlukene zama-variable ezingu 40 mayelana nogonyo. Uhlaziyo, ikakhulukazi ngokusebenzisa i 2x2 odds ratio, lwaveza imiphumela exubene. Ezinto zama-variable ehlukene eziningi zikhombise ukuhlobana phakathi kwamastatistiki mayelana namaindices ogonyo. Lama variable, abandakanye ukuhlala emadolobheni, abantu abashadile, ikhono lokubhala nokufunda, ukuzalwa kwezingane kumafasilithi ezempilo, izipiliyoni zonakekelo lwengane ngaphambi kokuzalwa, ukuba nekhadi lomgcabo ix wasemitholampilo, ulwazi ngogonyo, ulwazi ngempilo yengane, ukuthola imali ngemisebenzi engeyona eyokulima, isimo sabantu mayelana nezomnotho, kanye nokuqinisela ukuhlukunyezwa ngokushaywa kwabesimame. Kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-variable atholakale engenakho ukubaluleka ngokwamastatistiki, abandakanya ubulili, isimo ngokomendo, inhlobo yomendo, iminyaka yobudala, inkolo, umgcabo we-tetanus toxoid (TT), kanye nokwenela kwengeniso lemali. Ugonyo kanye nobulili kuyangenelana nokuhambelana, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokusondelana komama kanye nezingane zabo. Ngaso leso sikhathi, ukwenziwa kogonyo kuhlinzeka ngethuba lokufinyelela cishe kuwo yonke imizi eminingi. Nangaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukwamukela ukuthi isimo sabantu mayelana nezomnotho kanye nobulili kuyizinto ezinomthelela, azinalo ulawulo oluphelele kumnyango kangqongqoshe owodwa. Ungenelo ngento eyodwa ngeke kwaveza imiphumela efiswayo. Ukugudluka ngokomqondo (paradigm shift), kanye nemizamo eqhubekela phambili yemikhakha ehlukene kanye nabasebenzisani kuyadingeka. Ngakho-ke uhulumeni waseNigeria, kumele agqugquzele ababambiqhaza abafanele ukuhlanganisa nokufaka emkhakheni ofanele izinto ezimayelana nabantu nomnotho kanye nobulili, kuyo yonke inqubo yokusebenzisana kwemikhakha okumele isebenzisane nehlangene ukusebenza ngokulandela inqubo yentuthuko ehlangane ngokubonelela imiphakathi ekwizimo ezibucayi / Development Studies / D. Phil. (Development Studies)

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Research indicates that negative affective traits (e.g., depression) are predictors and consequences of excess adiposity. Given that racial minorities and positive affective traits have been underrepresented in past investigations, more prospective studies are needed which examine multiple affective traits in relation to obesity in these populations. The objective of the current study was to investigate the prospective, bidirectional associations between multiple affective traits and multiple adiposity indicators in African Americans using data from the African American Health (AAH) study. The AAH study is a prospective cohort study of African Americans aged 49-65 years at baseline (N = 998). The longest follow-up period in the current study was 9 years (N = 579). Self-reported and measured body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) and body fat percent (BF%) were used as adiposity indicators. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the 11-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D), and anxiety was assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 (GAD-2) scale. Positive affective traits were assessed with the Vitality subscale of the Short Form-36 and Positive Affect subscale from the CES-D. Latent variable path analysis, a structural equation modeling technique, was conducted. Although fit statistics indicated that the models fit the data (RMSEA < .06), examination of the structural paths revealed that the CES-D and GAD-2 were not predictors or consequences of self-reported BMI, measured BMI, or BF% (ps > .05). Likewise, Vitality and CES-D Positive Affect were not related to any adiposity indicator (ps > .05). The results of this prospective cohort study suggest that affective traits are not predictors or consequences of adiposity in middle-aged African Americans and that this group may require obesity prevention or intervention programs with little to no emphasis on affective traits. Possible explanations for the current results include ethnic differences in the mechanistic pathways between affective traits and adiposity.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Vaccinations are an important step in preventing childhood illnesses and disease outbreaks in the community. Complete immunizations before school assure eligibility for enrollment and protect children against severe illness. The fact that foreign-born children of Latino immigrants face health disparities in receiving vaccinations is well documented. However, there is little information in the literature about the actual experience of immigrants facing the complexities of the health system, and through their eyes, which factors ultimately affect vaccination rates of immigrant Latino children. The purpose of this study is to give voice to Latino immigrant families who have recently immigrated to the United States, in terms of the issues they encountered when engaging the health care system for vaccinations.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / A significant body of literature has accumulated in the last decade that provides evidence of the growing health care disparities among racial and ethnic groups in the United States. The literature suggests that Black adults share a disproportionate burden in death, disability, and disease. In 2002, the Institute of Medicine report, Unequal Treatment, showed that racial-ethnic disparities in health cannot be entirely attributed to problems of health care access, clinical performance, or patients’ personal characteristics. Many studies have shown that institutional and individual level discrimination that Blacks face in the health care system impacts their health status. This study used secondary data analysis to examine how primary care experience impacts self-reported health status and health care utilization among Black adults. Data were from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) implemented by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Specifically, MEPS Panel 10 (2005-2006) and Panel 11 (2006-2007) data were used in the analyses. The final sample comprised of N=15,295 respondents ages 18 and over. Logistic regression analyses were carried out using Stata Statistical Software, version 11. The study results reflect the disparities among Blacks and Whites on self-reported health and health care utilization. Blacks were 15% less likely to report good health status compared to Whites and had 0.11 less expected office-based doctor visits. Respondents who had better primary care experience had 0.05 times higher expected office-based doctor visits than respondents who did not have good primary care experience. Health care Social Workers should advocate for structural changes in health policy that will take into account the historical marginalization and contemporary inequities that continue to encompass the lives of many Black Americans.