Bibliography: leaves 215-226. / This study evaluates the costs and effectiveness of preventive and curative procedures currently available for Tuberculosis (TB) control purposes. The procedures examined are as follows : i) BCG vaccinations; ii) Secondary chemoprophylaxis; iii) Health education; iv) Mass screening campaigns; v) Investigation of contacts of infectious TB cases and symptomatic persons, i.e. suspects; and vi) Treatment regimens for notified TB patients. The analysis is largely based on data from the records of 300 randomly selected TB patients, treated at clinics in the Cape Divisional Council area in 1983. The major finding of this study is that resources available for TB control should be reallocated in the direction of secondary chemoprophylaxis, BCG vaccination administration in the Black and Coloured populations, investigation of contacts and suspects, and ambulatory treatment of notified TB patients. Conversely, vaccinating the White population, mass screening campaigns and hospitalisation of TB patients should be given relatively less emphasis in the overall TB control programme. In addition, the proportion of patients confirmed as TB cases by means of bacteriological examinations should be increased to reduce misdiagnosis.

Yes / Teenage pregnancy is often a very emotive subject. The media image of pregnant teenagers and young parents can be very negative, promoting the idea that young people become pregnant for financial reasons or for want of a responsible attitude. In reality, this is seldom true and the picture is far more complex. For many young parents the decision to become pregnant is not taken lightly. Their parenting, though perhaps more challenging than for older parents, is no less caring and effective. Sadly, this is not the experience for all young parents and their children. A number of negative outcomes for teenage parent families have been identified (see Box 1).1 As well as the difficulties faced by teenage parents, many young people become pregnant without intending to be and do not continue their pregnancies. Figures from the Office for National Statistics show that in 2015 almost 50% of under 18 pregnancies ended in termination. Risk factors for teenage pregnancy include poor school experience, low educational attainment, bullying and domestic violence, use of alcohol and spending time in local authority care.

The HIV/AIDS epidemic and the COVID-19 pandemic have ruined many people's lives. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has controlled the HIV/AIDS epidemic and COVID-19 vaccine is expected to ease confusion caused by the pandemic. However, the supply of health-resource falls far short of the demand in resource-constrained countries; thus, decision-making about resource allocation should be discussed. Botswana, as a resource-constrained country with a high prevalence of HIV, needs to construct its own framework for ART allocation. We propose an equitable framework for ART and COVID-19 vaccine allocation in Botswana based upon the egalitarian principle, which provides each individual has an equal chance of receiving them. We use a spatial mathematical model of treatment accessibility with an equity objective function, and sequential quadratic programming is used to address the nonlinear programming model. Considering Botswana's current health infrastructure, our strategy brings the most equal health outcomes. However, the disparity of accessibility still exists between rural and urban areas even from our equitable strategy. We present proposals that can increase the accessibility of rural areas using sensitivity analysis. Our work can be applied to different contexts, especially in sub-Saharan Africa.