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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
221

Diretrizes para o processo de registro sanitário dos medicamentos / Directives for the process of sanitary registration of medicines.

Natália Bellan 08 March 2013 (has links)
O controle sanitário no Brasil merece elevado nível de consideração, pois caracteriza-se por grande importância social e econômica. Abrange um leque grande de produtos e serviços de diversas naturezas, como: medicamentos, alimentos, produtos biológicos, vacinas, hemoderivados, saneantes e desinfetantes, produtos de higiene pessoal, perfumes e cosméticos, controle dos portos, aeroportos, estações de fronteiras e uma ampla variedade de serviços à saúde. A Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) foi criada no Brasil especificamente conforme artigo 3º da Lei nº 9782/1999, sendo relativamente recente comparando-se com as agências regulatórias no âmbito internacional, e desde então evoluiu, angariando respeito no nível nacional e internacional. Outras agências reguladoras igualmente importantes abrangem variedades de produtos e serviços semelhantes à ANVISA. Inclusive a Food and Drug Administration - (FDA) e a European Medicines Agency (EMA) apresentam em seu \"rool\" de medicamentos os veterinários, enquanto que no Brasil este tipo de produto é regulamentado pelo Ministério de Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA). O processo de registro no sistema de vigilância sanitária é um recurso de grande valia para assegurar a comercialização de produtos seguros e eficazes disponíveis à sociedade. Qualquer falha na cadeia produtiva pode impactar nos critérios de qualidade. Assim, a regulamentação sanitária sobre medicamentos abrange toda a cadeia farmacêutica desde o início dos estudos de pesquisa clínica até normas referente à publicidade. O objetivo desse trabalho é contribuir na promoção do conhecimento de regulação sanitária para os medicamentos pelo estudo da estrutura organizacional e atribuições da ANVISA, e paralelamente, efetuar a análise e comparação da regulamentação sanitária entre as diferentes categorias de medicamentos, bem como discutir a estratégia regulatória adotada pelo setor farmacêutico. Como material dessa pesquisa, empregou-se essencialmente, a regulamentação sanitária farmacêutica nacional, tendo como contrapontos a situação política e econômica do país, pautando-se como método a pesquisa qualitativa utilizando-se do modelo documental. Com vistas à estrutura organizacional das agências reguladoras de medicamentos descritas neste trabalho, verificou-se semelhanças inerentes as concepções técnicas e regulatórias, diferenciando-se, principalmente, da brasileira pelo fato dos medicamentos de uso humano e veterinário não estarem contemplados sob a responsabilidade da mesma instituição. Dentre as sete categorias de medicamentos estudadas, a composição técnica de seus dossiês de registro são consideravelmente análogas, sendo distintas as exigências regulatórias tangíveis aos quesitos específicos inerentes a cada tipo de medicamento. No período analisado (2009 a 2010), com o intuito de retratar a tendência regulatória adotada pelo setor farmacêutico brasileiro, as categorias de medicamentos genéricos e similares são as que mais apresentaram solicitações e deferimentos de registros no país. / The sanitary control in Brazil deserves a high level of consideration, because it is characterized by large social and economic importance. It encompasses a wide variety of products and services of various natures, as medicines, food, biological products, vaccines, blood products, sanitizing and disinfectants, toiletries, perfumes and cosmetics, control of ports, airports, frontiers stations and an extensive variety of health services. The National Agency for Sanitary Surveillance (ANVISA) was created in Brazil specifically as Article 3 of Law No. 9782/1999 and is relatively recent compared with regulatory agencies internationally, and has since evolved, gaining respect in the national and international level . Other regulatory agencies equally encompass important varieties of products and services similar from ANVISA. Even the Food and Drug Administration - (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) in its present \"rool\" medicine veterinarians, while in Brazil this type of product is regulated by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA). The registration process in health monitoring system is a very valuable resource to ensure that commercialization of safe and effective products available to society. Any failure in the supply chain can impact on the quality criteria. Thus, the sanitary regulation on medicines covers the entire pharmaceutical chain since the early clinical research studies relating to the advertising standards. The objective of this work is to contribute in promoting knowledge of sanitary regulation for medicines by studying the organizational structure and responsibilities of ANVISA, and in parallel, perform analysis and comparison of the sanitary regulation between different categories of medicines, as well as discuss the regulatory strategy adopted by the pharmaceutical industry. As material of this research, we used essentially the national pharmaceutical the sanitary regulation, having as counterpoints the political and economic situation of the country, basing itself as a qualitative research method using the model document. With views to the organizational structure of drug regulatory agencies described in this study, it was found similarities inherent in the concepts and techniques regulatory, differentiating itself mainly by the fact that the Brazilian medicines for human and veterinary use are not covered under the responsibility of the same institution. Among the seven categories of drugs studied, the technical composition of their registration dossiers are considerably analogous, with different regulatory demands tangible to specific questions related to each type of medicine. In the analyzed period (2009 to 2010), in order to portray the regulatory trend adopted by the Brazilian pharmaceutical sector, the categories of generic medicines and similar are the ones that submitted more requests for deferrals and registries in the country.
222

Atividade física de adultos nas capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal: um estudo transversal / Physical activity in adults in the brazilian capitals and in the Federal District: a cross-sectional study

Dartel Ferrari de Lima 26 September 2014 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: Existem dúvidas em relação à atividade física (AF) de adultos residentes nas capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal no que tange à organização e à execução desta prática. Neste estudo avaliamos a prevalência de AF segundo cada uma das principais diretrizes internacionais que recomendam a AF para a promoção da saúde e exploramos as divergências e consensos na classificação do nível da AF. Avaliamos também a associação entre características sociodemográficas e comportamentais com a prática da AF, como os principais componentes da AF se relacionam na determinação do nível da AF individual e descrevemos o padrão nos portadores de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT). METODOLOGIA: Os participantes foram selecionados a partir de dados prévios do Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico para as estimativas sobre frequência e distribuição sociodemográfica de fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas nas capitais dos 26 estados brasileiros e no Distrito Federal em 2006. RESULTADOS: Foram elegíveis 54.369 participantes sendo 51,5% classificados como inativos. Houve divergências importantes na graduação da AF pelas principais diretrizes entre os ativos (Kappa = 0,4). A frequência das sessões de AF foi o aspecto que mais contribuiu para a determinação do grau de AF. Recomendação que orienta a frequência diária resultou em uma prevalência menor de AF suficiente. As que orientam volume semanal, sem determinar frequência mínima tiveram as maiores prevalências de AF suficiente. Como decorrência dessa divergência, a prevalência de AF suficiente nas cidades abordadas variou, distinguindo diferentes rankings conforme a recomendação adotada. Cerca de 90% da população ativa realizava sessões com duração entre 30 a 60 minutos e não houve diferença significante entre o grupo que alcançou e o que não alcançou a meta da recomendação. A quase totalidade (90%) dos participantes que alcançou a meta se exercitava três ou mais vezes na semana e 80% dos que não alcançaram a meta se exercitavam entre 1 a 2 vezes na semana. A caminhada, o futebol e a musculação foram as modalidades de exercício físico ou esporte mais frequentes. Encontramos maior prevalência de AF em homens. Negros e amarelos foram fisicamente mais ativos, e a AF diminuiu com a idade, com menor escolaridade e com viuvez. Aproximadamente 65% da população consideraram a sua saúde boa ou excelente e entre os que a consideraram ruim, a maioria estava inativa. O deslocamento ativo e a dieta hipocalórica são características predominantes dos participantes ativos. O tabagismo foi mais frequente entre os inativos e o maior consumo de bebidas alcoólicas ocorreu entre os ativos. As pessoas fisicamente ativas mais frequentemente conheciam instalações próprias para a prática de AF nas proximidades de suas moradias. A inatividade física (62%) foi uma característica destacada entre os participantes portadores de DCNT. No conjunto 70% dos portadores de alguma DCNT não alcançaram a recomendação mínima de AF. CONCLUSÕES: O nível de AF variou muito entre as diretrizes que recomendam a AF. Para uma boa parte desta população, a resposta para a pergunta: \"estou fazendo AF suficiente para a minha saúde?\" Pode ser simultaneamente \"sim\" e \"não\", dependendo do critério da recomendação escolhida. Dentre os insuficientemente ativos, a duração do esforço em cada sessão foi adequada na maioria dos relatos, o que tornou a AF insuficiente foi a baixa frequência. Pensar estratégias que aumentem a frequência semanal para 2 a 3 dias pode elevar o nível de AF para 90% dos insuficientemente ativos / INTRODUCTION: In regards to the organization and implementation of physical activity (PA), there are many doubts related to the PA in adults residing in the capitals of the federation and in the Federal District. This study evaluated the prevalence of PA according to each of the main international guidelines that recommends the practice of PA for good health, explores its divergences, and also the concordances of the PA level classification. We also evaluated the association between the sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics to the practice of PA. More specifically, we focused on how the main components of the PA relates to themselves to determine the level of individual PA and which patterns are present in patients with chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCD). METHODOLOGY: Participants were selected from previous data that the System of Risk Factors Surveillance and Chronic Diseases Protection Telephone Survey, which was used for the estimation of frequency and sociodemographic distribution of risk and protective factors for chronic diseases in the 26 Brazilian state capitals and in the Federal District in 2006. RESULTS: There were 54,369 eligible participants of which 51.5% classified as inactive. There were important divergences in the PA graduation by the main guidelines among the active participants (Kappa = 0.4). The PA session frequency was the main reason that most contributed to the determination of the PA degree. The recommendation, which guides the daily frequency, resulted in the lowest prevalence of enough PA. The recommendations that guide weekly volume without determining minimum frequency had the highest prevalence of enough PA. As a result of this divergence, the prevalence of enough PA in the addressed cities ranged in different distinguishing rankings according to the adopted recommendation. About 90% of the active population performed sessions which lasted between 30 to 60 minutes. From this data, it was evident that there was no significant difference between the group which achieved the recommended PA and the the group which did not achieve the goal of the recommended PA level. Almost all of the participants (90%) who achieved the goal of recommended PA levels exercised three or more times a week and 80% of those who did not reach the goal exercised between 1 to 2 times a week. Trekking, soccer and weightlifting were the most frequent physical exercise modalities or sports performed. We found a higher prevalence of PA in men than in women. Furthermore, the study showed that Blacks and Yellows were more physically active. The amount PA level decreased with age, decreased amongst those with less education and amongst those who were widowed. Approximately 65% of the population considered their health good or excellent and among those who considered it bad, the majority were inactive. Active commuting and hypocaloric diets are predominant characteristics of the active participants. Smoking was more common among the inactive participants but higher alcohol consumption occurred among those that were active. Physically active people frequently knew more suitable facilities for the PA practice near their homes. Physical inactivity (62%) was a prominent characteristic among the participants suffering from CNCD. Overall, 70% of the participants suffering from any CNCD did not attain the minimum recommendations of PA. CONCLUSIONS: The PA levels varied widely among the guidelines that recommend PA. For a large portion of the population, the answer to the question of whether one is doing enough PA for ones health can simultaneously be \"yes\" and \"no\", depending on the criterion of the chosen recommendation. Among the insufficiently active population, the exercise duration in each session was adequate enough in most reports but what made the PA insufficient was the low frequency. Thinking about strategies to increase the weekly frequency for 2 to 3 days can raise the level of PA for 90% of the insufficiently active population
223

Understanding geographic and temporal variations in preterm birth rates and trends : an international study in 34 high-income countries / Variations géographiques des taux de prématurité et tendances dans le temps : une étude comparative dans 34 pays à haut niveau de développement

Delnord, Marie 14 November 2017 (has links)
La prématurité, définie par une naissance avant 37 semaines d’aménorrhées (SA), est une cause majeur de mortalité et de morbidité infantile. Comparés aux enfants nés à terme, les prématurés font face à des risques importants de troubles moteurs et cognitifs durant l'enfance, ainsi que de maladies chroniques et décès prématurés à l’âge adulte. La prématurité constitue un enjeu important de santé publique et en Europe, les taux varient entre 5 et 10%. Notre objectif pour cette thèse était de mieux comprendre les sources d’hétérogénéité des taux à l’échelle des pays. Dans un premier temps, nous avons effectué une revue exhaustive de la littérature qui montre que les caractéristiques maternelles, les pratiques médicales, et les méthodes d'estimation de l'âge gestationnel ont un impact sur les taux de prématurité. Cependant, ces facteurs n'expliquent pas l’ampleur des différences observées entre les pays. Puis, en utilisant des données sur les femmes enceintes, les nouveau-nés et les mort-nés dans 34 pays à revenus élevés de 1996 à 2010, nous avons établi que: 1) les différences d'enregistrement des naissances dans les pays à revenus élevés ont un impact limité sur les taux, sauf pour les naissances à 22-23 SA, 2) les tendances de PTB dans les pays sont associées à des variations plus importantes dans la distribution des âges gestationnels 3) et enfin, en utilisant les données d'un échantillon représentatif des naissances en France en 2010, qu’il existe des facteurs de risques maternels prénatals et socio-démographiques communs aux naissances avant terme (<37SA) et proche du terme à 37-38 SA. Viser à réduire les facteurs de risques de la naissance proche du terme et de la prématurité dans une approche conjointe pourrait apporter un nouvel élan à la prévention de la prématurité. Comparés aux enfants prématurés, les enfants nés proche du terme sont individuellement moins à risque, mais à l’échelle des pays ces enfants représentent environ une naissance sur quatre et ils contribuent de manière importante au fardeau de morbi-mortalité néonatale et infantile. Au niveau national, élargir les efforts de prévention de la prématurité à cette nouvelle population-cible pourrait avoir un plus grand impact sur la santé publique. / Preterm birth (PTB), defined as birth before 37 weeks, is a leading cause of infant mortality and morbidity. Compared to term infants, preterm infants face important risks of motor and cognitive impairments throughout childhood, as well as chronic diseases and premature death later in life. PTB represents a significant public health burden and in Europe, rates range between 5 and 10%. Such wide differences suggest that reductions may be possible, but there are few effective interventions, and these tend to target selected groups of high-risk pregnancies, based on clinical risk factors. Our aim for this thesis was to better appraise sources of population-level PTB rate variations and trends. First, we conducted an exhaustive review of the literature and found that maternal characteristics, reproductive policies, medical practices and methods of gestational age (GA) estimation affected PTB rates, but could not explain observed differences across countries. Next, using population-based data on pregnant women, newborns and stillbirths in 34 high-income countries from 1996 to 2010, we showed that: 1) reporting criteria for births and deaths affected PTB rates at early gestations and PTB rankings, but differences between countries with high and low rates are not just due to artefact 2) PTB trends were associated with broader shifts in countries’ gestational age GA distribution of births, and 3) using data from a representative sample of births in France in 2010, that there were shared maternal prenatal and socio-demographic risk factors for deliveries that did not reach full term, at 39 weeks GA. Our work confirms that recording differences in high-income countries have a limited impact on PTB rate variations. However, a broader focus on earlier delivery, including early term birth at 37-38 weeks, could shed light on the determinants of low PTB rates and provide a useful public health prevention paradigm.
224

The Influence of Disease Mapping Methods on Spatial Patterns and Neighborhood Characteristics for Health Risk

Ruckthongsook, Warangkana 12 1900 (has links)
This thesis addresses three interrelated challenges of disease mapping and contributes a new approach for improving visualization of disease burdens to enhance disease surveillance systems. First, it determines an appropriate threshold choice (smoothing parameter) for the adaptive kernel density estimation (KDE) in disease mapping. The results show that the appropriate threshold value depends on the characteristics of data, and bandwidth selector algorithms can be used to guide such decisions about mapping parameters. Similar approaches are recommended for map-makers who are faced with decisions about choosing threshold values for their own data. This can facilitate threshold selection. Second, the study evaluates the relative performance of the adaptive KDE and spatial empirical Bayes for disease mapping. The results reveal that while the estimated rates at the state level computed from both methods are identical, those at the zip code level are slightly different. These findings indicate that using either the adaptive KDE or spatial empirical Bayes method to map disease in urban areas may provide identical rate estimates, but caution is necessary when mapping diseases in non-urban (sparsely populated) areas. This study contributes insights on the relative performance in terms of accuracy of visual representation and associated limitations. Lastly, the study contributes a new approach for delimiting spatial units of disease risk using straightforward statistical and spatial methods and social determinants of health. The results show that the neighborhood risk map not only helps in geographically targeting where but also in tailoring interventions in those areas to those high risk populations. Moreover, when health data is limited, the neighborhood risk map alone is adequate for identifying where and which populations are at risk. These findings will benefit public health tasks of planning and targeting appropriate intervention even in areas with limited and poor-quality health data. This study not only fills the identified gaps of knowledge in disease mapping but also has a wide range of broader impacts. The findings of this study improve and enhance the use of the adaptive KDE method in health research, provide better awareness and understanding of disease mapping methods, and offer an alternative method to identify populations at risk in areas with limited health data. Overall, these findings will benefit public health practitioners and health researchers as well as enhance disease surveillance systems.
225

Análise de intervenção em séries temporais de dengue e leptospirose da cidade de São Paulo: influência de fatores políticos, administrativos, técnicos e ambientais / Intervention analysis in time series of dengue and leptospirosis of the city of São Paulo: political, administrative, technical and environmental factor impact

Masi, Eduardo de 03 June 2014 (has links)
A dengue e a leptospirose estão entre as principais zoonoses de ocorrência no mundo. A primeira pelo elevado potencial epidêmico e a segunda pela alta letalidade. Na cidade de São Paulo, anualmente ocorrem dezenas de casos de leptospirose e centenas de casos de dengue, fazendo desses agravos alguns dos eventos de maior interesse da vigilância em saúde do município. Para melhor compreender o efeito de fenômenos climáticos e o impacto de medidas de prevenção e controle sobre a transmissão desses agravos ao longo do tempo, dois diferentes modelos estatísticos de estudo de séries temporais foram usados: 1) Função de Transferência, com erros dados por modelos ARIMA (ARIMAX), os quais foram modelados segundo a filosofia de Box-Jenkins e 2) Modelos Aditivos Generalizados (GAM) de regressão de Poisson, com estrutura de defasagem dada por funções polinômios PDL (Polynomial Distributed Lags). Os principais fatores climáticos associados ao aumento do número de casos de dengue na cidade de São Paulo foram a elevação da temperatura mínima do ar, dos níveis de precipitação pluviométrica, da densidade do vetor e a entrada de casos importados da doença, estimulada pelo feriado de carnaval. A chegada de frentes frias (temperatura < 16°C) e valores extremos de precipitação ( 70mm) reduzem o número de casos de dengue. Medidas de prevenção adotadas pelas equipes de vigilância em saúde do município também contribuem com a redução do número de casos. Os fatores associados ao aumento do número de casos de leptospirose foram o aumento da precipitação pluviométrica e da temperatura máxima do ar. O aumento das horas de brilho do sol reduz o número de casos. Os métodos adotados foram adequados aos objetivos do estudo e conseguiram captar as relações defasadas entre os fatores de interesse e a transmissão de dengue e de leptospirose na cidade de São Paulo. Tais técnicas também parecem adequadas como ferramentas a serem incorporadas à rotina da vigilância em saúde, permitindo fazer previsões do número de casos futuros e compreender as relações temporais entre as doenças e seus fatores determinantes e condicionantes / Dengue and leptospirosis are among the major zoonosis of occurrence in the world; the first because of the epidemic potential and the second due to high lethality. In São Paulo, dozens of leptospirosis cases and hundreds of dengue fever cases are registered annually, being some of the most important events to the municipal public health surveillance system. To understand the effect of climatic conditions and the impact of measures of prevention and control over the transmission of such diseases in the time context, two time series approaches were used: 1) Transfer Functions, with ARIMA error structure (ARIMAX), modeled by Box-Jenkins methods and 2) Additive Generalized Models (GAM) of Poisson regressions, with time structure given by Polynomial Distributed Lags (PDL). The most important climatic factors that increased the number of cases of dengue fever in the city of São Paulo were the elevation in air temperature, precipitation, vector density and the number of imported cases, which increased after carnival holiday (an important calendar event). The arrival of cold fronts from the south (air temperature < 16°C) and extreme precipitations (70mm) are factors that decrease the number of new dengue cases. The public health preventive interventions adopted by the municipality were effective in diminishing the dengue occurrence. The most important factors that increased the number of leptospirosis cases in São Paulo were elevation in maximum air temperature and precipitation. Largest amount of hours of sunshine decreased the number of new cases of leptospirosis. The methods used were adequate to the study objectives, the relations among the interest lagged factors and dengue and leptospirosis transmission in the city of São Paulo were satisfactorily modeled. Such techniques also seem appropriate as tools to be incorporated into the municipal health surveillance system, allowing the prediction of the number of future disease cases and understanding temporal relations between diseases and their determinants and conditioning factors
226

Poluição do ar em Salvador, Bahia: uma abordagem para a tomada de decisão baseada em análise de riscos / Air pollution in Salvador, Bahia: Air pollution in Salvador, Bahia: an approach based on risk analysis for decision making

Vianna, Nelzair Araujo 10 February 2015 (has links)
Bases científicas para o entendimento dos efeitos da poluição atmosférica sobre a saúde humana são ainda necessárias em todo o mundo, considerando que os dados locais devem ser utilizados como parâmetro para tomada de decisão e controle da poluição do ar. Países em desenvolvimento carecem de tecnologia para detecção e mensuração dos níveis de poluição do ar, o que dificulta a atualização de legislação sobre padrões da qualidade do ar para o controle das fontes emissoras. Diversas abordagens metodológicas tem sido sugeridas por agências internacionais, no entanto para o contexto local faz-se necessário adaptações que resulte em métodos replicáveis pelas agências brasileiras. No Brasil, o Ministério da Saúde, através da Vigilância em Saúde Ambiental, estimula o desenvolvimento de metodologias que possam viabilizar a implementação do programa de vigilância em saúde relacionada à qualidade do ar. O objetivo deste estudo foi aplicar a metodologia de análise de riscos para avaliar a qualidade do ar na cidade de Salvador e o impacto sobre a saúde, na perspectiva de implantação de ações da Vigilância em Saúde Ambiental. Este estudo se caracteriza como ciência no contexto da ação. Foram realizados dois estudos para aplicação da metodologia proposta. No primeiro estudo, em fase de identificação do perigo, os poluentes foram caracterizados em termos de sua composição química, utilizando a técnica de biomonitoramento como ferramenta alternativa para acessar as partículas presentes na atmosfera urbana. Para a detecção de metais no material particulado foram utilizadas técnicas analíticas de espectrofotometria de absorção atômica e para a análise morfológica destas partículas foram utilizadas técnicas de microscopia eletrônica de varredura convencional e micro análises de raios-x. A composição química do material particulado foi estudada para entendimento das emissões locais. No segundo estudo, além da identificação do contaminante e caracterização do risco foi também avaliado a exposição à saúde humana. Estratégias de comunicação de riscos foram utilizadas para o envolvimento de partes interessadas. Os resultados de contaminação atmosférica observados nesta tese sugerem que as ferramentas aplicadas no contexto da análise de riscos, em suas diversas etapas, são viáveis, apresentando evidências científicas aos tomadores de decisão, e assim contribuindo com novas tecnologias para o SUS, especialmente na implementação de programa em vigilância da saúde relacionada à qualidade do ar / Scientific bases for understanding the effects of atmospheric pollution on human health are still necessary in all parts of the world, considering that local data should be used as a parameter for decision-making and the control of air pollution. Developing countries lack the technology to detect and measure levels of air pollution, making it difficult to update legislation on air quality standards for the control of emission sources. Several methodological approaches have been suggested by international agencies, however for the local context it is necessary to make adjustments that will result in replicable methods across Brazilian agencies. In Brazil, the Ministry of Health, through the Environmental Health Surveillance, stimulates the development of methodologies that can facilitate the implementation of a health surveillance program related to air quality. The objective of this study was to apply risk analysis methods to evaluate the air quality of the city of Salvador and its impact on health, from the perspective of the Environmental Health Surveillance\'s regulatory actions. This study is characterized by science and decision. Two studies were conducted that applied the proposed methods. In the first study, during the hazard identification phase, pollutants were characterized in terms of their chemical composition using a biomonitoring technique as an alternative tool to access the particles present in the urban atmosphere. The analytic techniques of atomic absorption spectrophotometry were used for the detection of metals in the particulate matter, and for the morphologic analysis of these particles, conventional scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis techniques were used. The chemical composition of the particulate matter was then studied to understand local emissions. In the second study, in addition to contaminant identification and risk characterization, human health exposure was also evaluated. Risk communication strategies were used for the involvement of stakeholders. The observed results of atmospheric contamination in this thesis suggest that the applied tools within the context of risk analysis, in its diverse stages, are viable and present scientific evidence to decision-making, thus contributing new technologies for National Health System, particularly the implementation of a health surveillance program related to air quality
227

Poluição do ar em Salvador, Bahia: uma abordagem para a tomada de decisão baseada em análise de riscos / Air pollution in Salvador, Bahia: Air pollution in Salvador, Bahia: an approach based on risk analysis for decision making

Nelzair Araujo Vianna 10 February 2015 (has links)
Bases científicas para o entendimento dos efeitos da poluição atmosférica sobre a saúde humana são ainda necessárias em todo o mundo, considerando que os dados locais devem ser utilizados como parâmetro para tomada de decisão e controle da poluição do ar. Países em desenvolvimento carecem de tecnologia para detecção e mensuração dos níveis de poluição do ar, o que dificulta a atualização de legislação sobre padrões da qualidade do ar para o controle das fontes emissoras. Diversas abordagens metodológicas tem sido sugeridas por agências internacionais, no entanto para o contexto local faz-se necessário adaptações que resulte em métodos replicáveis pelas agências brasileiras. No Brasil, o Ministério da Saúde, através da Vigilância em Saúde Ambiental, estimula o desenvolvimento de metodologias que possam viabilizar a implementação do programa de vigilância em saúde relacionada à qualidade do ar. O objetivo deste estudo foi aplicar a metodologia de análise de riscos para avaliar a qualidade do ar na cidade de Salvador e o impacto sobre a saúde, na perspectiva de implantação de ações da Vigilância em Saúde Ambiental. Este estudo se caracteriza como ciência no contexto da ação. Foram realizados dois estudos para aplicação da metodologia proposta. No primeiro estudo, em fase de identificação do perigo, os poluentes foram caracterizados em termos de sua composição química, utilizando a técnica de biomonitoramento como ferramenta alternativa para acessar as partículas presentes na atmosfera urbana. Para a detecção de metais no material particulado foram utilizadas técnicas analíticas de espectrofotometria de absorção atômica e para a análise morfológica destas partículas foram utilizadas técnicas de microscopia eletrônica de varredura convencional e micro análises de raios-x. A composição química do material particulado foi estudada para entendimento das emissões locais. No segundo estudo, além da identificação do contaminante e caracterização do risco foi também avaliado a exposição à saúde humana. Estratégias de comunicação de riscos foram utilizadas para o envolvimento de partes interessadas. Os resultados de contaminação atmosférica observados nesta tese sugerem que as ferramentas aplicadas no contexto da análise de riscos, em suas diversas etapas, são viáveis, apresentando evidências científicas aos tomadores de decisão, e assim contribuindo com novas tecnologias para o SUS, especialmente na implementação de programa em vigilância da saúde relacionada à qualidade do ar / Scientific bases for understanding the effects of atmospheric pollution on human health are still necessary in all parts of the world, considering that local data should be used as a parameter for decision-making and the control of air pollution. Developing countries lack the technology to detect and measure levels of air pollution, making it difficult to update legislation on air quality standards for the control of emission sources. Several methodological approaches have been suggested by international agencies, however for the local context it is necessary to make adjustments that will result in replicable methods across Brazilian agencies. In Brazil, the Ministry of Health, through the Environmental Health Surveillance, stimulates the development of methodologies that can facilitate the implementation of a health surveillance program related to air quality. The objective of this study was to apply risk analysis methods to evaluate the air quality of the city of Salvador and its impact on health, from the perspective of the Environmental Health Surveillance\'s regulatory actions. This study is characterized by science and decision. Two studies were conducted that applied the proposed methods. In the first study, during the hazard identification phase, pollutants were characterized in terms of their chemical composition using a biomonitoring technique as an alternative tool to access the particles present in the urban atmosphere. The analytic techniques of atomic absorption spectrophotometry were used for the detection of metals in the particulate matter, and for the morphologic analysis of these particles, conventional scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis techniques were used. The chemical composition of the particulate matter was then studied to understand local emissions. In the second study, in addition to contaminant identification and risk characterization, human health exposure was also evaluated. Risk communication strategies were used for the involvement of stakeholders. The observed results of atmospheric contamination in this thesis suggest that the applied tools within the context of risk analysis, in its diverse stages, are viable and present scientific evidence to decision-making, thus contributing new technologies for National Health System, particularly the implementation of a health surveillance program related to air quality
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Análise de intervenção em séries temporais de dengue e leptospirose da cidade de São Paulo: influência de fatores políticos, administrativos, técnicos e ambientais / Intervention analysis in time series of dengue and leptospirosis of the city of São Paulo: political, administrative, technical and environmental factor impact

Eduardo de Masi 03 June 2014 (has links)
A dengue e a leptospirose estão entre as principais zoonoses de ocorrência no mundo. A primeira pelo elevado potencial epidêmico e a segunda pela alta letalidade. Na cidade de São Paulo, anualmente ocorrem dezenas de casos de leptospirose e centenas de casos de dengue, fazendo desses agravos alguns dos eventos de maior interesse da vigilância em saúde do município. Para melhor compreender o efeito de fenômenos climáticos e o impacto de medidas de prevenção e controle sobre a transmissão desses agravos ao longo do tempo, dois diferentes modelos estatísticos de estudo de séries temporais foram usados: 1) Função de Transferência, com erros dados por modelos ARIMA (ARIMAX), os quais foram modelados segundo a filosofia de Box-Jenkins e 2) Modelos Aditivos Generalizados (GAM) de regressão de Poisson, com estrutura de defasagem dada por funções polinômios PDL (Polynomial Distributed Lags). Os principais fatores climáticos associados ao aumento do número de casos de dengue na cidade de São Paulo foram a elevação da temperatura mínima do ar, dos níveis de precipitação pluviométrica, da densidade do vetor e a entrada de casos importados da doença, estimulada pelo feriado de carnaval. A chegada de frentes frias (temperatura < 16°C) e valores extremos de precipitação ( 70mm) reduzem o número de casos de dengue. Medidas de prevenção adotadas pelas equipes de vigilância em saúde do município também contribuem com a redução do número de casos. Os fatores associados ao aumento do número de casos de leptospirose foram o aumento da precipitação pluviométrica e da temperatura máxima do ar. O aumento das horas de brilho do sol reduz o número de casos. Os métodos adotados foram adequados aos objetivos do estudo e conseguiram captar as relações defasadas entre os fatores de interesse e a transmissão de dengue e de leptospirose na cidade de São Paulo. Tais técnicas também parecem adequadas como ferramentas a serem incorporadas à rotina da vigilância em saúde, permitindo fazer previsões do número de casos futuros e compreender as relações temporais entre as doenças e seus fatores determinantes e condicionantes / Dengue and leptospirosis are among the major zoonosis of occurrence in the world; the first because of the epidemic potential and the second due to high lethality. In São Paulo, dozens of leptospirosis cases and hundreds of dengue fever cases are registered annually, being some of the most important events to the municipal public health surveillance system. To understand the effect of climatic conditions and the impact of measures of prevention and control over the transmission of such diseases in the time context, two time series approaches were used: 1) Transfer Functions, with ARIMA error structure (ARIMAX), modeled by Box-Jenkins methods and 2) Additive Generalized Models (GAM) of Poisson regressions, with time structure given by Polynomial Distributed Lags (PDL). The most important climatic factors that increased the number of cases of dengue fever in the city of São Paulo were the elevation in air temperature, precipitation, vector density and the number of imported cases, which increased after carnival holiday (an important calendar event). The arrival of cold fronts from the south (air temperature < 16°C) and extreme precipitations (70mm) are factors that decrease the number of new dengue cases. The public health preventive interventions adopted by the municipality were effective in diminishing the dengue occurrence. The most important factors that increased the number of leptospirosis cases in São Paulo were elevation in maximum air temperature and precipitation. Largest amount of hours of sunshine decreased the number of new cases of leptospirosis. The methods used were adequate to the study objectives, the relations among the interest lagged factors and dengue and leptospirosis transmission in the city of São Paulo were satisfactorily modeled. Such techniques also seem appropriate as tools to be incorporated into the municipal health surveillance system, allowing the prediction of the number of future disease cases and understanding temporal relations between diseases and their determinants and conditioning factors
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Analysis of Oregon's Domestic Well Testing Act data for use in a sentinel surveillance system for private well contaminants

Hoppe, Brenda O. 01 May 2012 (has links)
The Safe Drinking Water Act ensures that public systems provide water that meets health standards. However, no such protection exists for millions of Americans who obtain water from private wells. Concern for safety is warranted as most wells draw from underground aquifers, and studies demonstrate that groundwater is affected by a range of contaminants, most often nitrate. Oregon's Domestic Well Testing Act (DWTA) links well testing to property sales, enabling continuous data collection by the State. This research addresses a need for identifying datasets for characterizing exposure to private well contaminants by evaluating DWTA data for use in a sentinel surveillance system. Validation of DWTA data was accomplished by developing a land use regression (LUR) model based on agricultural nitrogen inputs and soil leachability to predict nitrate concentrations in well water. Geographic information systems (GIS) were used to advance methods for high resolution spatial modeling of fertilizer and manure nitrogen with statewide coverage. Hazard mapping with these datasets suggests that nearly half of recently drilled wells are susceptible to nitrate contamination. Spearman's rank correlation demonstrated a significant correlation between LUR-predicted nitrate levels and levels reported in the DWTA dataset. These results suggest that DWTA data is valid for use in a sentinel surveillance system, such that evidence of nitrate contamination in a single well may indicate an area-wide health hazard. However, a low fraction of variance explained by the LUR model highlighted the need for specific improvements to datasets crucial for understanding nitrate contamination in well water, including the DWTA. / Graduation date: 2012
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Surveillance épidémiologique fondée sur des indicateurs de santé déclarée : pertinence et faisabilité d’un dispositif à l’échelle locale en santé environnement. / Epidemiological surveillance based on self-reported health indicators : relevance and feasibility of the a system at local scale in environmental health

Daniau, Côme 27 June 2014 (has links)
Ce travail présente un dispositif de surveillance épidémiologique novateur en santé environnementale fondée sur des évènements de santé déclarée, au plus près de la nature des plaintes exprimées par les populations : des symptômes et une dégradation de la qualité de vie. Ce dispositif est proposé à partir d’une réflexion conceptuelle reposant sur une revue de la littérature sur les théories psychométriques et le modèle transactionnel du stress et d’une application de terrain portant sur la population (n=1 495) riveraine du site industriel chimique de Salindres (Gard). Ces travaux permettent de vérifier les principales propriétés métriques d’indicateurs de santé déclarée mesurés, par les instruments MOS SF-36 et SCL-90-R, dans le cadre d’une population exposée à une pollution environnementale. Ils vérifient également l’adéquation et la sensibilité de ces indicateurs pour étudier les facteurs de risque environnementaux qui se réfèrent aux représentations cognitives des risques, comme la perception sensoriels des stimuli émis par les sites industriels. Ils montrent, en outre, que la disponibilité de références nationales portant sur la mesure de ces indicateurs leur confère un critère de qualité essentiel d’interprétation des résultats. Ces travaux apportent enfin des éléments d’appréciation de l’acceptabilité de la mesure des indicateurs de santé déclarée dans la population, des recommandations sur la communication pour la mise en œuvre d’un tel dispositif et des pistes de réflexion pour la gestion. / This work presents an innovative epidemiological surveillance system in environmental health based on self-reported health indicators, closer to the complaints of the local population leaving around a source of environmental pollution: symptoms and loss of the quality of life. This approach is built up from a conceptual framework based on the psychometric theory and the transactional model of stress. A field application of this approach was carried out the population neighboring (n=1 495) the chemical industrial area of Salindres, Gard. This study verifies that self-reported health indicators measured with MOS SF-36 and SCL-90-R can be used to study populations exposed to multifactorial environmental risks. This study confirms that these indicators are relevant and sensitive when applied to environmental risk factors referring to the cognitive representations of risks, such as the sensorial perception of stimuli emitted by the industries. This work shows, besides, that the availability of national references for these indicators confers interpretability to these indicators, an essential quality criterion. This work discusses qualitatively the acceptability of measuring indicators of self-reported health in the population, proposes recommendations on communication for the setting of that kind of approach, and opens up avenues on management orientations.

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